4. made up of single words or phrases
to organize material according to topics or
subtopics or subjects
show what topics are covered, the
relationships between the topics, and the
importance of the ideas in the order they
were covered in the original material
5. One rule for making a topical outline
concerns how the topics are enumerated.
Each additional division in an outline must
contain information that is more specific
than the division before it. Main headings are
enumerated with Roman numerals (I, II, III,
IV, etc.), the next level of subheadings is
enumerated with capital letters ( A, B, C, D,
etc.), the next level of subheadings is
enumerated with Arabic numbers (1, 2, 3, 4,
etc.), and the next level of subheadings is
enumerated with lower case letters (a, b, c,
d, etc.).
6. Another rule for making a topical outline is
that you cannot have just one subtopic; there
must be at least two. So, if there is a
subtopic A, there has to be a subtopic B. if
there must be subtopic 1, there must be a
subtopic 2. The reason for this is that if a
topic is divided, there must be at least two
parts, though there could be three or four or
more parts depending on how many times it
is divided.
7. I. Jazz styles
A. Roots of jazz
B. Jazz in society
C. Elements of Jazz
1. Tone color
2. Improvisation
3. Rhythm, melody, and harmony
II. Ragtime
A. What is ragtime?
B. Scott Joplin
III. Blues
8. more detailed and requires more explanation
to fully organize your reading material
9. I. Jazz styles
A. Roots of jazz
1. Started when European music was changing
2. Improvised, syncopated rhythm, steady beat, different
tone colors, performance techniques
3. Not originally written down
4. West African, American, European Background
5. West Africa- improvising, drumming, complex rhythm
6. Call and response
a. West Africa- originally chorus responding to solo
b. Jazz- responding with instruments
7. In America, work songs, spirituals, gospels hymn, dances
8. Influence of white America-hymns, popular songs,
marches, piano pieces
B. Jazz in society – originally for dancing and controversial for
sexuality, now for listening and well-respected
