Life Is Great

Life Is Great
Dashain Vacation Home Assignment–2069 Grade XI, Science Note: Home assignments of each
subject should be done in different copies/papers. English 1. Write an essay on 'Dashain and its
significance in Hindu Religion'. 2. Prepare a report on 'Global Warming, its consequences and
solutions'. 3. Write an article on 'Importance of Media'. 4. Write on 'English for Global education'.
Mathematics 1. Find the angle between the pair of straight lines x2 –2secAxy +y2= 0. 2. Evaluate:
limx→∞ 3x2–2x+5x3 3. Prove that: A–B=B–A 4. Define lower triangular matrix with an example.
5. Find the equation of circle concentric with the circle x2+ y2 – 6x + 12y + 15 = 0 and having the
area twice the area of the given circle. 6. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
9. State and explain Graham's law of diffusion. a) The rate of diffusion of a saturated hydrocarbons
(CnH2n+2) gas is 1.033 times that of O2 gas under similar conditions. Find the molecular mass and
the value of 'n' for the gas. b) How many moles of O2 must be added to a mixture of 2.8 gm of CO
and 3.2 gram of SO2 present in 7 liters flask at 25oC to bring the total pressure to 1.5 atm? 10.
Describe the manufacture of nitric acid by Ostwald's process. Write the action of i) Conc. HNO3
with iodine ii) Dilute HNO3 with Mn iii) Cold and conc. HNO3 with Fe 11. How Ozone is prepared
in laboratory? Write its action on a) PbS b) HCl c) acidified K2MnO4 d) K4[Fe(CN)6] e) P4 12.
State and explain Law of reciprocal proportion. 13. State and explain Law of multiple proportions.
14. State and explain Law of definite proportion. 15. Write a short note on Position of Hydrogen in
periodic table. Physics Short Questions 1. What types of experimental data are most reliable?
Describe in terms of precession and accuracy. 2. What is the angle between two vectors A and B for
the cross product A.B = 0? 3. You throw a stone along–side of a river with velocity 20 m/s at an
angle 40o that makes just cross the river. Is there another angle to achieve the same range? 4. A body
covered a distance of 1 m along a semicircular path. What will be the magnitude of displacement of
the body and
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Logical Reasoning Of Computer Science
Assessment 1 – Report
Logical Reasoning
And
Number Systems and/or Assembly Language
Student Name: Ioannis Violitzopoulos
Student ID: 1115297262
Course: Computer Science
Program Leader: Liz Gandy
Module: CET105 Computational Thinking
Table of Contents
Logical Reasoning 3
Logical Reasoning in Computer Science. 3
What is Logical Reasoning? 3
Why we use Logical Reasoning? 4
Types of Logical Reasoning 4
Deductive Reasoning 4
Inductive Reasoning 5
Abductive Reasoning 5
Wrong can be Right Logically 5
Symbolic Logic 6
Conclusion 6
References 7
Logical Reasoning
In computing – programming there is almost always more than one solution to a problem and this is
where Logical Reasoning used to. The main use of Logical Reasoning is to anticipate the outcomes

of the algorithms that are designed to solve a problem, to help select the best solution. Consequently
Logical reasoning is the systematic application of rules to problem solving and task completion.
These rules could be mathematical, logical, programming, grammatical, engineering, scientific,
story construction in fact anybody of rules based around a logical system.
Logical Reasoning in Computer Science.
Logical reasoning is very important in all areas of knowledge of the curriculum but it is especially
crucial for Computer Science as much of the design work is done in your head using programming
to test these hypothesis. For primary computer science it means that pupils use an appropriate

Importance of Group Work
Assignment
Introduction
I am Zeeshan Ali; I am working as a Computer teacher for Classes VI–X–M in Canal Side Boys
Campus. I have done Masters in Computer Science (MCS) from Punjab University College of
Information and Technology (PUCIT) Lahore. The students are the main focus of every teacher and
our entire teaching efforts circle round our students to achieve the set targets. Effective Teaching
includes many useful teaching strategies that a teacher chooses according to the requirement of
his/her respective subject and topic as well. In result of my years of experience and as a Computer
teacher I find Group Work as the most effective and fruitful technique at every level.
Rationale
Group work is a successful teaching strategy in which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Implementation of the Chosen Strategy
Keeping in view the importance of group work I applied the strategy in my comprising of 16
students to teach them 'Conversion of Hexadecimal into Binary Number System and Conversion of
Binary Number System into Hexadecimal Number System'. The objective of my lesson was to make
students know how to convert an Octal Number into Binary Number System on the board and its
practical implementation. To achieve these objectives I started my lesson with a question answer
session to revise their previous concepts. After the recap session I divided my class into groups of 4
students each and said them to identify Hexadecimal and Binary digits. Then through exposition I
explained the current topic how to convert a hexadecimal number into binary on the board. For more
detail explanation I solved three related examples on the board interactively. In these examples I
involved students to help me in solving these examples. This was their learning towards the
application of current topics properties. Later I assigned the conversion task to the groups. Each
group did its work and it was the responsibility of the group leader to make sure participation of
each member of the group. The groups prepared their presentation and to give everyone an equal
chance presentation was divided into parts. I kept on observing the groups and encourage the
participation of reluctant students during discussion time. Then every group got a five minutes time
to

An Array Is Stored In A Continuous Sequential Memory...
HOMEWORK – 2
1. The range of 16 bit two's complement is –32768 to 32767
Excess notation is: –32768 to 32767
Unsigned binary range is: 0 to 65535
2. The larger format increases both the range of values that can be represented and the precision of
large and small values. Processing data represented in a larger format requires more complex
circuitry and more time for executing the codes. Either of them will slow the program execution.
3. An array is stored in a continuous sequential memory locations. Where the first element is stored
in the lowest address. Linked list is stored in memory as unordered 7 non continuous set of list
element. Where each consisting of a data value and a pointer to the next data list element.
Arrays Linked ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
5. The value is assumed to be in 2's complement form hence the number is negative because of 1 in
the left most bit of the binary.
1 –> Negative
0 –> Positive
2's complement = 1's complement +1
(1000 0000 0010 0110 0000 0110 1101 1001) + 1
= 0111 1111 1101 1001 1111 1001 0010 0110
Binary complement = 2's complement –1
= –(1000 0000 0010 0110 0000 0110 1101 1001) – 1
= –(0111 1111 1101 1001 1111 1001 0010 0111)
= –(2144991527)10
If the value is assumed to be in binary32 notation (1000 0000 0010 0110 0000 0110 1101 1001),
then the mantissa sign is the left bit, so the mantissa is negative. The exponent (0000 0000) occupies
the next 8 bits and is stored in 8–bit excess–127 notation, which yields the value –12710.
The mantissa occupies the next 23 bits and is assumed to be preceded by 1 and the radix point.
Therefore, its value is –1.010011000000110110110012, or –1.2970839738845825195312510. The
floating–point value is –1.29708397388458251953125 x 2–127.
6. Types of sound cards are
i. PCI interface ii. Firewire interface iii. USB interfaces/ External sound cards iv. Standard Sound
Cards

Standard Sound cards
These sound cards come along with motherboard and are used to transmit audio and video signals.
Specifications : Sampling frequency = –48k Hz
Number of bits: 16 bits
USB interfaces/ External sound cards
These devices are connected to your computer via the USB port.
They serve as external sound

Investigating Concepts Of A Digital Device Essay
The purpose of this assessment is to investigate concepts relating to a system that is used within a
digital device. For my assessment, I chose the A5158 model MP3 player that belongs to my dad.
The features of this device include:
High–Contrast LCD Display, Resolution 96 x 32
Integrated Flash Memory
Plays MP3 and WMA Digital Music Files FM Radio
4GB – Stores up to 1000 songs
USB 2.0 Hi–Speed for fast file transfers
Key lock preventing accidental key presses
Integrated 100mAh Lithium rechargeable battery – for up to 5 hours playback
Data Representation
In computer terms, a bit is a numeric value – either a zero or a one – that holds a single unit of
digital information. Bits are usually strung together in a sequence – eight bits normally equals one
byte. Bits are used to write binary numbers, which can be used to store decimal numbers such as 244
or 93 as patterns of ones and zeroes.
ASCII – or American Standard Code for Information Interchange – is a computer code that was
developed to allow computers to convert human text into bits that computers could understand. In
ASCII code, for example, the letter A is 65 – a number that can then be converted into the binary
value 1000001.
In the 1960's, the 7 bit ASCII table was first adopted. Within a 7 bit number, 128 different characters
can be stored – English letters from A–Z (upper and lower case), numeric digits from 0–9 and
"special" characters such as !/*+. The eighth bit was used to detect transmission errors.

Review of Essential Terms and Concepts Essay
Review of Essential Terms and Concepts
CIS–300
1. The word bit is a contraction for what two words?
Binary digit
2. Explain how the terms bit, byte, nibble, and word are related.
A bit is one digit, a nibble consists of four bits, and a byte consists of eight bits, while a word
consists of two or more adjacent its.
3. Why are binary and decimal called positional numbering systems?
Each position in a number of is weighted by a power of the radix
4. Explain how base 2, base 8, and base 16 are related.
Base 2 each bit stands on its own example 1011011111
Base 8 you divide 1011011111 into groups of 3 Example 001–011–011–111
Base 16 you divide 1011011111 into groups of 4 Example 0010–1101–1111
5. What is a radix?
In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
12. With reference to the previous question, what are the drawbacks of the other two conversion
methods?
Using the double–dabble method does not require remembering several different rules such as what
signed to use and which number to add or subtract from, it is straightforward math.
13. What is overflow and how can it be detected? How does overflow in unsigned numbers differ
from overflow in signed numbers?
Overflow is when you have a carryover of a number, thus giving the wrong sign example causing
two numbers to be added together, giving the result a negative number. It can be detected by simply
knowing if the carry into signed bit equals the carry out signed bit, no overflow has occurred in
unsigned numbers. We know they are positive so overflow does not change this, it will always
remain positive, while in signed numbers. This overflow, unless programmed correctly, could
change the entire outcome of the intended result.
14. If a computer is capable only of manipulating and storing integers, what difficulties present
themselves? How are these difficulties overcome?
Should the programmer of the system not take appropriate measures to check all be code written for
a specific program, mathematical calculations could produce in accurate results. Difficulties like
these be overcome by checking all programs and having other programmers and users test the
system prior to deployment.

15. What are the goals of Booth's algorithm?
To increase

Application Of Linux And Linux
Topic 1 questions: Summary for topic 1:
This topic gives the introduction to Windows and Linux. It explains about Virtualization. Linux is
used on virtual machine which actually doesn't exist. Virtualization is creation of virtual version
rather than the actual one, such as storage system, network server or virtual operating system. It also
defines the host OS and Guest OS. On which the virtualization software runs is Host OS and the one
we want to play with is the Guest OS. The host operating system is the primary or actual operating
installed on the computer 's hard drive. The guest OS is the secondary OS installed under the host
for the purpose of partitioning the disk. The guest operating system is either a part of partitioned ...
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for example 01. 02 . 03 . 04 The format of IPv6 is y : y : y : y : y : y : y : y : y : , where 'y ' is
considered as segment seperated by colons ' : '. It must contain eight segments. however a short form
of IPv6 can be written using specific notations. for example 2014 : bd8 : 1232 : 0000 : 0000 : 0001 :
C0A8 : 1020 can be written as 2014 : bd8 : 1232 : : 1 : :C0A8 : 1232 ; where : : is considered as
0000. These IP address is nothing but he exact address of the computer just like a phone number.
Consider a phone number like +61 3 53 232323 this shows where this number belong to like +61 3
53 means /Australia/Victoria/Ballarat and 232323 says to which person exactly it belongs to. Similar
is the IP address.
IPv4 address uses 4 bytes first shows the network shows where in whole world and the last two
bytes shows where exactly. Similarly in IPv6 of 16 bytes firts 8 bytes are netwrok and last 8 are
nodes.
IP IPv4 address have three classes in it Class A : few big networks
1 byte network and 3 byte node
Class B: Medium sized networks 2 bytes are network and 2 bytes are nodes
Class C: A lot of small networks
3 bytes networks and only 1 byte node.
Task 1.2
Using pen and paper complete the following table. Once completed you may use a calculator
(Windows calc for instance) to check that your answers are correct. Note – In the theory test and
exam you will not be permitted to use a calculator.
Decimal Binary Octal

Advanced Concepts From Computer Science
My report demonstrates my understanding of advanced concepts from computer
For this report, I have chosen a Samsung Galaxy Note 2 16 & 32 or 64 GB of internal storage to
demonstrate my understanding of advanced concepts from computer science.
Specifications of Samsung Galaxy Note 2:
http://www.gsmarena.com/samsung_galaxy_note_ii_n7100–4854.php Digital Systems
Digital systems can be used for numerical systems other than base 2 which uses the values of 1 and
0.
Digital Systems are electronic technology that generates, stores, and processes data in terms of
discontinuous data. The levels of operation for a digital computer, includes the wiring, mechanical
parts, the logical elements, and the functional units for reading, writing, storing, also manipulating
information. For instance Computers, Mp3 Players and Smartphones are examples of digital
systems. It stores or compresses music files and it converts this data into sound waves. It has an
input so the user can interact with the device, like listening to the songs the user have on the users
Mp3 Player.
Digital systems: Compare and Contrast
MP3 is a digital system because it has input, output and process. It processes it into compressed
data. Sounds are stored in numerical form. CD'S are much older music formats Music is stored as a
physical or magnetic representation of the original sound. Mp3 Player for example an MP3 has 4 gig
of space can store bits/bytes of data. Typically 1 minute needs one megabyte per

Mathematical Connection Essay
Mathematical Connection Mathematics has had an incredible impact on technology as we know it
today. Understanding this impact aids in understanding the history of how technology has developed
so thoroughly and what significant events happened to facilitate such an advanced society. A better
understanding can be derived by analyzing the historical background on the mathematicians, the
time periods, and the contributions that affected their society and modern society as well as specific
examples of how the mathematical developments affected society. Math had and has a great impact
in technology. During the 20th century mathematics made very quick advances on all fronts.
Mathematics sped up the development of symbolic logic as the ... Show more content on
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John Von Neumann –(1903–1957) was born in Hungary and studied in Switzerland, Budapest and
Berlin. In 1930 he immigrated to the United States to teach at Princeton University. Neumann
contributions were his development of the game theory as a new branch in mathematics. He is also
known for his contributions to the theory and design of electronic computers.
Alan Turing – (1912–1954) A British mathematician educated at Cambridge and Princeton
universities. He introduced the concept of a theoretical computing device when his published the
paper named "On Computable Numbers" in 1936. Turing was a pioneer working in computer
theory; he expanded his research studying artificial intelligence and biological forms.
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz – Gottfried Leibniz was born on July 1, 1646 in Leipzig, Saxony
Germany. He died November 14 1716 in Hannover, Hanover Germany. In the seventy years that he
lived he, he has accomplished many things as a mathematician, philosopher, scientist, engineer,
lawyer, moralist, theologian, philologist, and sinophile. As a philosopher, Leibniz wrote the
Théodicée in 1710. As a scientist and engineer, his writings are included in Gerhardt's Mathematical
Writings. Leibniz

Pac Man Project
Tyrone Mills BSE 15021 C 1 Game Design Document Project Name: Pac Man Project Name:
Tyrone Mills Batch: BSE 15021 C Date: 22/06/2015 Lecturer: Shilpa Ranjit Tyrone Mills BSE
15021 C 2 Overview PacMan is a relatively simple arcade style game in which the player controls
the PacMan, guiding him through a maze collecting food pills while avoiding the various ghosts
present in the game. Each of the ghosts present in the game have their own unique pattern of
behavior. The red ghost (Blinky) tries to catch the player by moving towards the player at all times
using the shortest possible path. The pink ghost (Pinky) tries to move to a point four movement
steps ahead of the player, this has the effect of causing him to appear to be trying to cut off ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Additional sound has been added for the additions to the game. This is to add to the effect of the
fireball. Sounds has been added for the collection of the Power pill to indicate to the player that
something different to eating normal pills has happened. During the intro screen the original
soundtrack plays once the game starts though this sound is stopped. This is because the sound
triggered by PacMan eating the pills and the original soundtrack add up to become unpleasant at
normal speaker settings and there is no method within Game Maker to alter the balance. UI The UI
is very simple having only the score and the player's lives on the screen at the bottom below the
maze. This simple display is all that is needed as the only two factors the players needs is their
current score and lift total. A prompt informing the player that spacebar will fire a fireball will also
appear at the bottom of the screen next to the bonus lives counter when the player collects a Power
pill. This has been added as the ability to fire fireballs is not standard and the player will Tyrone
Mills BSE 15021 C

Nt1110 Unit 7
So what we need to do is convert each number into binary and then use the number defined by the
subnet mask to pick out the nth most significant bits and then convert the number back to decimal,
followed by checking that number against the provided table.
135.46.63.10. In binary this is 10000111.00101110.00111111.00001010. The 135.46 preface points
us to one of the Interfaces on the table, which both have a subnet mask of /22. The 22 MSB's of the
binary are 10000111.00101110.00111100.00000000. Back to decimal, this is 135.46.60.0, which
matches Interface 1, so it is routed there.
135.46.57.14 in binary is 10000111.00101110.00111001.00001110. Again the prefix points us to one
of the Interfaces, so we take the 22 MSB's, or 10000111.00101110.00111000.00000000. Back to
decimal, this is 135.46.56.0, which points to Interface 0, so that's where it is routed.
135.46.52.2. In binary this is 10000111.00101110.00110100.00000010. Again, we are looking at one
of the Interfaces, so we take the 22 MSB's, which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Give one reason why PPP uses byte stuffing instead of bit stuffing? Tanenbaum(2011) states that the
primary reason behind this is that PPP is byte–oriented. While HDLC is still in use to a limited
extent, it was created before the Internet as part of the OSI model. The internet itself is byte–
oriented, so it follows that PPP (as a protocol designed for the internet) would use byte stuffing
instead of bit stuffing.
References
Tanenbaum, A. S., & Wetherall, D. (2011). Computer networks (5th

Praxis
1. D. The top priority of any software designer is to design a program that is useful to the end user.
2. C. Spreadsheets are too complicated for young children. As a result, it is typically more
appropriate to start them out with a simpler file format such as a database.
3. A. Students should be familiar with common phishing ploys as well as the process of
authenticating websites.
4. C. A peripheral is a device outside of the computer that either brings information into the system
or allows the system to create an output.
5. B. Students can learn new computer programs much faster when they are allowed to participate
and make progress through trial and error.
6. D. In the early years of school, children should only use software that ... Show more content on
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When color and copy are combined with a logo to create a corporate identity, it is known as
branding. Educators rely on graphics to illustrate and explain. Creatively formatting information
using pictures, graphs and white space makes books easier to read and understand.
The Entertainment Industry tells stories. Whether it's a film, theatrical production or comic book,
graphic designs are used to set the scene and create a mood. Journalism reports facts, analyzes
events and offers opinions on diverse topics in print and on television. Graphics are used to
illustrate, inform and entertain.
15. Answer: C. Animation is the process of making drawings and inanimate objects appear to move.
It began in the mid 1850s with the use of the zoetrope to simulate movement, graduated to stop–
action photography as seen in the early cartoons of Walt Disney in the 1930s and has progressed to
the computer–generated films currently being produced. Digital animation creates moving images
using a computer. It is the same process used to produce movement on television and in films. A
simple explanation for the process: An image is displayed on the screen; it is quickly replaced with
another image that is similar to the first but has shifted ever so slightly. This process is repeated as
many times as necessary to complete the desired action. The images are then layered onto a virtual
skeleton. Details are added (eyes, mouth, ears, hair) and all the related images are shown

Computer Information
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MATERIALS MANAGEMENT JUN–2010 Post Graduate Diploma in
Materials Management Graduate Diploma in Materials Management PAPER 4 IT and E–
COMMERCE Date:15.06.2010 Time:2.00 pm to 5.00 pm Instructions: 1. From Part "A" answer all
the questions (compulsory). Each sub–question carries 1 mark. Total marks = 32. 2. From Part "B"
answer any three questions out of 5 questions. Each subquestion carries 16 marks. Total marks = 48
. 3. Part "C" is a case study (compulsory) Total marks = 20. Max Marks:100 Duration:3Hrs
______________________________________________________________________________
Part A 1. Expand the following. EDVAC MICR DTP HTTP B2B UVEPROM RAM SIMM 2. State
true or false. 1) One nanosecond is one billionth ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An example of the type of service demands that Exodus encounters occurred when the Webmasters
of the RollingStone.com, the website of Rolling Stone magazine, had difficulty trying to solve a
slow response time problem just a day before the publication of a multimedia cover story on Britney
Spears. This would obviously cause a spike in demand that would exacerbate the response time
problem. Since Exodus was hosting and maintaining the site, its engineers helped in solving the
problem, which involved incorrect configurations data that caused server to use 10 to 15 seconds to
refresh domain name data every few minutes instead of daily. Approximately 400 of its
customers( 12% of its customer base of 3300 companies) are application service providers (ASPs)
that run application software for other firms using remote servers linked to a WAN so that those firs
no longer have to install and maintain the software. Exodus charges for service based on usage, and
this fits well with an ASP charging scheme. Its ASP customers range from start–ups to established
software firms such as PeopleSoft and Oracle's Business Online. According to Ellen Hancock, "it's
very hard to say what you're not doing, but we've spent a lot of time trying to do that. We say we're
not going to know applications. We're not in that business. We just support the ASP....... We have no
notion of competing with Oracle on E–commerce. We do not intend to ever understand HR (human
resources) apps.

Essay on Systems Arch
Solutions Manual for Systems Architecture, Fourth Edition
Stephen Burd
Chapter 1
Systems Architecture: An Introduction
Vocabulary Exercises
1. Students of computer science generally focus on system software, while students of information
systems generally focus on application software.
2. Configuration of hardware and system software occurs during the systems implementation phase
of the SDLC.
3. Professional organizations with which an information systems student or professional should be
familiar include Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), Association for Information
Technology Professionals (AITP), and Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Computer ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
8. A program that solves a(n) formulaic problem requires no branching instructions.
9. The primary components of a CPU are the control unit, arithmetic logic unit, and a set of
registers.
10. Primary storage may also be called main memory and is generally implemented using random
access memory (RAM).
11. A set of instructions that is executed to solve a specific problem is called a(n) algorithm or
program.
12. A(n) supercomputer typically is implemented with the latest and most expensive technology.
13. A(n) input/output (I/O) unit is a hardware device that enables a computer system to
communicate with humans or other computers.

14. A CPU is a(n) general–purpose processor capable of performing many different tasks by simply
changing the program.
15. The system bus is the "plumbing" that connects all computer system components.
16. The CPU executes program instructions one at a time.
17. The term systems architecture describes a computer system's components and the interaction
among them.
18. Most programs are written in a programming language such as C or Java, which is then
translated into an equivalent set of CPU instructions.
19. Resource allocation and direct hardware control is the responsibility of a(n) operating system.
20. System software is general purpose. Application software is specialized to a specific user need.
21. A(n) computer network is a set of hardware and software

Nt1210 Chapter 1 Review Essay
Multiple Choices 1. Which of the following is true about 1 bit? C. Represents one binary digit 2.
Which of the following terms means approximately 106 bytes? B. Megabytes 3. Which answer lists
the correct number of bits associated with each term? C. 64 bits per quadruple word 4. Which of the
following are true about random–access memory (RAM) as it is normally used inside a personal
computer? A.Used for short term memory E. Is installed on the motherboard 5. This chapter
describes the concepts behind how a CPU reads the contents from RAM. Which of the following is
true about the process of read data. As described in the chapter? A.The CPU tells the RAM which
address holds data that the CPU wants to read. 6. A user ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
C. Input of commands that controls the computer 19. For a particular computer display, the screen
resolution is set to 1280 x 1024. Which if the following is true about the term screen resolution,
these two numbers, and what they describe? C. The screen is using more than 1 million pixels D.
1024 is the number of items top to bottom in a grid on the screen. 20. Which of the following might
be a useful part of a pixel map? A.Information that identifies each individual pixel on the computer
display B. A binary code for each pixel, defining its color Key Terms Computer– A computer the
process–recieves in, thinks about, changes, stores, sends out, displays, and prints data in the form of
bits. Bit– The smallest unit of data stored in a computing device, representing a single binary digit of
value 0 or 1. Byte– A unit of data in a computer: 8 bits Random–access memory (RAM)– A type of
short–term memory computer memory used by computers, primarily used as a temporary working
memory by the CPU. Character set– A list of the characters that can be used in a given language and
languages, mapped to corresponding unique binary codes and published as a convention or standard
so that computers can use a consistent set of binary values to represent text values. File– A
collection of bytes, assigned a name for easy reference by the file system ad grouped together for
storage on a

Nt1310 Unit 8 Data Types
In this presentation I will be looking at data types and how they can be used and represented.
I will be looking at the following data types
Text is represented in what is known as ASCII (american standard for code for information
interchange)
1 character in ASCII is the equivalent to 1 bytes or 8 bits
ASCII is coding system for letters and numbers. Each character has its own number for example the
ASCII code for A is 097, A In binary is 01100001 we can work out the ASCII code by using its
binary number
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 64+32+1=97, This is the ASCII code for A
Number is represented using the hexadecimal system. This system is a way to condense binary into
smaller and more easy to work with pieces. There for every number has a hexadecimal code. The
hexadecimal code for 589 is 24D. By doing this large numbers are ... Show more content on
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Because a video is just a string of images its bit depth and pixels are exactly the same as images.
All audio is recorded is analogue and needs to be converted to digital. In order to do this a technique
known as sampling is used. Here is a picture of how sampling works. The red line is the original
analogue audio. The gray blocks are each sample of the audio. The more samples there are the
higher quality or more true to the original it will be.
Audio sampling will always create a drop in quality. The closer together the sampling is the more it
represents the original analogue sound. Also the more levels you have the less "error" there will be.
However even though a low sample rate will reduce quality, the higher the sample rate the bigger
the file size will be. This means companies can only reach a certain sample rate to put it on a CD
before the file size gets too big, an average CD only has 700MB of usable space. Therefore you
need to be able to strike a happy balance between quality and

Notes On Computer Science Course
Daria Fedosova
Barb Warner
ISM 3011–901
5 April 2015
Code.org Extra Credit
#1. Signed up for Code.org as DariaFedosova
#2. Flappy Code Activity
#3. Intro to Computer Science Course
Stage 1. Introduction to Computer Science
In this stage, I have watched an introductory video about computer science and what a computer
scientist does in general. According to this video, computer science is a certain way to impact the
world. This course will provide more information about computer science and why it is important to
know.
Stage 2. The Maze
Here, I learned the basics about coding through different games. In the first one, I helped an angry
bird move through a maze in order to get to the evil pig. In order to write a program, I needed to
drag and drop blocks correctly. Also, by using the "repeat" block in the game I learned how loops
are valuable and how computer repeat commands can be useful so people do not waste their time.
Next, I had to use "repeat until" block to set determined goals such as until the angry bird gets the
pig. Another game was about a zombie that I needed to feed, where I also used "repeat until"
command to achieve the goal. Besides, I learnt about fundamental concept in programming – "if"
statement. By using "if" commands the computer program makes a decision. Then, I learn about
"if/else" block command, which made a decision what zombie should do choosing between the two
actions. There were some struggles that I have faced. Sometimes I didn't quite

Fpga As A Calculator That Receives Two Four Bit Binary...
Maryann Dalal
Final Project
Prof. Ken Arnold
FPGA as a calculator 12/2/2015
Introduction: This project is designed to make the FPGA as a Calculator that receives two four bit
binary numbers and do four different operations on those two numbers. The four operations are
addition, subtraction, division, and XOR (bit wise operation). The project is designed with top
model and sub modules. Moreover, when the user enters the two inputs in binary the result will
display in decimal except for the last operation which is the bit wise (XOR) that should be displayed
in binary. The only challenge part that I wasn't able to fix is I have very long code because I saved
the result from add, subtract, and multiplication in a register and had to do check from 0–225 cases
and that's how I can display the binary numbers on the FPGA board.
Modules:
1–Top Level Module: includes all the inputs, outputs and variables that needed in the program along
with six sub modules. Moreover, I used the top module to instantiate the sub modules and defined
the two input numbers and the four operations. Furthermore, most of the code work is done in the
top level and here's is the code source:
`timescale 1ns / 1ps
module Final_Project(input M_CLOCK, output IO_SSEG_COL, output reg [4:0]F_LED, output reg
[7:0]IO_LED, output [7:0]IO_SSEG, output [3:0]IO_SSEGD, input [7:0] IO_DSW, input
[3:0]IO_PB); assign IO_SSEG_COL = 1 'b1;
parameter

A Life Without Mathematics
Could you imagine a life without mathematics? Although many would say that it would be a dream
come true life as we know it would not have been the same. Without mathematics our society would
have not evolved as much with technology and many other discoveries as we have today.
Mathematics is a theory that developed overtime and that it has been made from many contributors
who have discover many different types of branches that go under mathematics. For example, some
of the concepts in mathematics are algebra, calculus, geometry, trigonometry as well as many others.
According to the dictionary "Merriam Webster" the definition of Mathematics is the "science of
numbers and their operations interrelations, combinations, generalizations, and abstractions and of
space configurations and their structure, measurement, transformations, and generalizations."
Society has created mathematics the building block for everything in our daily activities. Math is
involved from little to the food that we consume to the way we communicate with one another. Math
is very important despite that many believe that their daily activities do not require any of the
formulas or equations thought to them, they are completely wrong. Since math has been around for
thousands of years now there is no evidence of who was the first person who use it or who
discovered mathematics. It is to be said that early mathematics started with counting, when
humanity first started to keep records of objects and that's

Business Maths Statistics Assignment 1
BMS11 Business Maths and Statistics ASSIGNMENT 1 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS USING
EXCEL PART B. QA). The pie charts show that a higher percentage of the male gender has tried the
product in comparison to the female gender. Over 50% of both genders have tried the product.
However, the fact that the percentage of males who tried the product is higher, suggests that gender
does play a role in whether the people will try the product. Yet the role genders play is small,
because the difference between the percentage of females who tried the product and males who tried
the product is small at only 7%. However, since the graphs do not compare the genders within the
total sample surveyed and are only a percentage of each specific gender, more ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The type of data itself is nominal not numerical. The income of both males and females is not as
accurate as we would like, because it has been collected within large income ranges, for example $0
to $25,000. Therefore to use the data, midpoints must be found, doing this has caused the data to
become very general and does not show specifics on income levels per person. The incomes are
shown on the graph as midpoints which have a large range within them. This further shows that the
information is too general for many business applications and decision making. The graph has
narrowed down the five income midpoints of interest to three. These three income midpoints were
$12,500 $37,500 & $62,500. However exactly what income levels within these ranges have not been
determined. This means that the information is vague. The information would be more useful if
specific income levels and 'have tried' frequencies per income were investigated. The graph would
be more useful if it showed actual income levels and numbers of people within that income level
who had tried the product. It only tells us the midpoint which has a large range and therefore, the
information is quite general. This information would be fine if we wanted to target general income
groups but it would be insufficient if we wanted to determine specific income levels who have tried
the product, as we do not know what that income level

Technology And Physics Behind The Compact Disc
Good morning students and teachers, today I will be talking to you about the technology and physics
behind the Compact disc otherwise known as the CD
Everybody knows that the CD is slowly fading out and being replaced by a digital world where files
and streams are the main methods of music delivery. But the CD is not yet done.
What is a CD? A CD is a thin circular disc comprised of metal and plastic, the CD is about 12cm in
diameter and is usually made up of 3 layers, it is capable of storing up to 74 minutes of audio but
usually only has 50 minutes stored on it to make sure it is at optimal function, the digital data that
can be stored on a CD is; 44 100 samples per second, therefore, you can store 682 MB on a CD that
is capable of 74 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lacquer is used rather than the polycarbonate due to the positioning of the metal film.
The metal layer of the CD is the layer that contains the data. CD data is represented as tiny
indentations known as "pits", these pits are encoded in a spiral track that if unrolled from it spiral
would be around 5.5 km long, the spiral is moulded into the top of the polycarbonate layer, these are
microscopic and usually expressed in the measurement of a micron µm which is 1 millionth of a
meter. The areas between pits are known as "lands". The pits are even smaller than the lands and are
approximately 100 nm deep by 500 µm wide, and vary from 850 µm to 3.5 µm in length. The
measurement of the pit represents the binary information of the data stored on the disc.
The optical system employs a highly coherent light source and the pits are made approximately a
quarter wavelength deep. The readout beam axis is nominally aligned to be perpendicular to the disc
plane. When there are no pit–land edges in the spot, all of the reflected beam will share the same
phase. The phase of the reflected beam will, however, change by 180 degrees when the spot moves
from pit to land or vice versa. When the optical spot traverses a pit–land edge the magnitude of the
beam reflected back into the sensor will momentarily drop almost to zero...The reflected beam then
consists of two portions, equal in magnitude but opposite in phase.
Both

Pacman Research Paper
Pacman is a game in which you are a yellow circle character called Pacman, you are trying to eat all
of the little white dots to add to your score as well as eating any other bonus to increase your score.
However, there are a number of ghosts which are trying to stop you, if you run into them you die
and lose a life, once you are out of lives you lose and will have to start from the beginning. There
are also big dots which will give you a temporary power up when you consume them, this power up
makes the ghosts scared of you and try to run away, during this time you are also able to eat them to
get even more score. Once you have eaten all of the dots you clear the level and have won the game.
This game is an arcade game and so has bright colours and is not meant to look realistic, this also
applies to the sound, which has an 8–bit feel to it making the game come to life and making the
player feel more connected to it. I have kept this in mind when making changes to my game as I do
not want to disrupt Pacman's unique feel. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First off, I have made all of the Pacman Ghosts the same colour, I have done this just because I
wanted to have 8 Ghosts and found it harder to concentrate when they were all different colours
buzzing around the screen, so making all the Ghosts one colour made it easier to concentrate and
still kept the ghosts fun. I also changed the base number of ghosts from 4 to 8 and increased the map
size, also removing the tunnels from the side. I have done this as I wanted to make a large map
however found that it would be too easy if the player could jump from one side of the map to the
other, and found that there weren't enough ghosts for the large map

Memory storage and numbering system Essay
In this lab, you will demonstrate the ability to work with decimal and hexadecimal numbers.
Required Setup and Tools
In this lab, you will need only paper and pencil to do the required work. However, the use of a
calculator is permitted to verify the results of a calculation. The Windows calculator may be used for
this purpose.
Recommended Procedures
Task 1: Convert Decimal Number into Binary
Procedure
1. Convert the decimal number 125 into binary. Use the division–by–two method shown in the
following example below.
2. Convert your binary result back into decimal to prove your answer is correct. This is also shown
in the following example.
Example:
Convert the decimal number 50 into binary using the division–by–two method. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
When the Windows calculator starts up, you should see the following window:
To be able to use binary and hexadecimal numbers, we must switch the calculator mode to scientific
mode. Click View on the toolbar and then choose Programmer.
To enter a binary number, first click the Bin radio button. Then, enter all the binary bits by clicking
the 0 and 1 buttons.
To convert the binary number in the display into decimal, click the Dec radio button.
Weights 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Bits 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
Adding the weights whose bits are 1: 128+32+8+4+1= 173
Task 3: Convert Decimal Number into Hexadecimal
Procedure
1. Convert the decimal number 210 into hexadecimal. Use the division–by–sixteen method shown in
the following example.
2. Convert your hexadecimal result back into decimal to prove your answer is correct. This is also
shown in the following example.

Example:
Convert the decimal number 50 into hexadecimal using the division–by–sixteen method.
Solution:
50/16= 3 remainder 2 (least significant digit [LSD])
3/16= 0 remainder 3 (most significant digit [MSD])
Read the answer from bottom (MSD) to top (LSD): 32
Convert 32 hexadecimal into decimal.
Weights 16 1
Digits 3 2
Multiply each weight by its corresponding digit and add the two products together:
(16 * 3) + (1 * 2) = 48 + 2 = 50
Alternatively, you can also convert the decimal number into binary and then convert the binary
number into

M150 Tma2
l M150 Mathematics and Computing: Level 1 M150 Data, computing and information M150 AB1
Assignment Booklet 1 Contents TMA M150 01 2006J Cut–off date 14 November 2006 This
assignment should be submitted via the Electronic TMA (eTMA) system. You should write your
solutions to the questions in a single wordprocessed document, which is named using your OUCU
(e.g. tst99) as follows: tst99_TMA01 Head the document with your name, the number of the TMA
(as given above) and your Personal Identifier. You do not need to include any other forms with your
document. Submit your document as a zip file to the eTMA system on or preferably before the cut–
off date shown above. You will find details on how to create a zip archive file in the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
These tell you what you should be able to do after studying the course. Write down the learning
outcome that you feel you are most interested in achieving, and write one or two sentences to
describe why you have chosen that learning outcome. [3] (e) Who should you contact with queries
about course software? [2] (f) There is no extension possible for CMA 41. If you feel there are
exceptional circumstances why you cannot complete and post or upload the CMA to arrive in Milton
Keynes by the cut–off date what should you do? What might be an exceptional circumstance? (Hint:
you might find the Assessment Handbook useful.) [2] (ii) Read the whole question before beginning
to do the tasks. (a) Use a search engine to find out when Alan Turing was born and his contribution
to computer science. As your answer to this question give: the name of the search engine used the
search terms you entered the reference to the website you considered most appropriate the year of
his birth his importance to computer science. [8] page 3 of 8 (b) What is the Turing Test and what
is it used for? In your answer include an appropriate, properly referenced, excerpt from your chosen
website. [6] (c) The results of a weather station are stored on a computer. They are presented as a bar
chart showing rainfall for the months of the year. Is the bar chart an example of data or a
representation of information? Explain your

Explain How Technologies Convert Light And Sound Into The...
Senior Science – Information Systems Chloe Tilley Question 1– Explain what binary code is and
describe how technologies convert Light and sound into this code. Binary code is a coding system,
which is used in electronics to symbolise a letter or digit using the binary digits 0 and 1. Electric
pulses are used to represent 1's and a lack of pulse to represent 0's therefore the binary digit 0
represents off and 1 represents on. There are many forms of electronic devices that use binary code
as their function, some of the common devices include; cell phones, computers and tablets. These
devices only use 0's and 1's (on and off) because they only require these 2 digits to send and receive
information; therefore they can function without using all digits 1 to 10. Binary code is used in
computers as they can only read and store an on or off charge. Light and sound are both methods of
communication that can be used as digital or analog signals. The signal that is being sent is
converted into a series of pulses that record information using binary code. For example sound and
light starts as analog signals and are then converted into digital sound or light signals using binary
coding to convert the sound or light ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore information is transmitted at a higher frequency and higher energy level via visible light
in an optical fibre than if it were to be transmitted as microwaves. Visible light has a frequency
range of 1014 Hertz to 1015 Hertz, while microwaves have a frequency range of 109 Hertz to 1012
Hertz. Image 2 shows the electromagnetic spectrum, this image illustrates that microwaves have
longer wavelengths and lower frequency and energy than visible light as they are sitting higher on
the electromagnetic

Computer Organisation
1. Analyse the von Neumann architecture, which is the basis for most digital computers today, with
respect to the von Neumann bottleneck. [5 marks]
2. What are the limitations of Moore's Law? Why can't this law hold forever? Explain [4 marks]
Intel Founder Gordon Moore stated "The density of Transistors in an integrated circuit will double
every year" There are physical and financial limitations. At the current rate of miniaturaturization, it
would take about 500 years to put the entire solar system on a chip! Clearly, the limit lies
somewhere between here and there. Cost may be the ultimate constraint. Rock's Law, proposed by
early Intel capitalist Arthur Rock is a corollary to Moore's law. "The cost of Capital equipment to
build ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For a) MSB is 1 that means the number is negative so the absolute number is converted to decimal
as 0011101 equivalent to 11101 and converted into decimal number as
= 16+8+4+0+1
=29
Thus, the decimal equivalent of Signed–magnitude representation of the given number is –29.
For b)
Since the MSB is 1 that represents the given number in binary when represented as Signed–2's
complement is negative and the binary conversion follows as above and the decimal equivalent is –
(29+1) = –30. Negative binary number in Signed–2's complement number is always added 1 to its
absolute decimal value. 5. Construct the XNOR operator using only AND, OR and NOT gates. [4
marks]
6. Write a Boolean function, construct the truth table and design a logic circuit, use of basic logic
gates to activate a speed camera during morning 7.00 am to 10.00 am and afternoon 1.00 pm to 3.00
pm. You need to use 24 hour clock timing when designing this circuit. [6 marks]
Truth Table Time | a | b | c | d | Y | 00:00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 01:00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 02:00 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0
| 03:00 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 04:00 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 05:00 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 06:00 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 07:00 | 0 |
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 08:00 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 09:00 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 10:00 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 11:00 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0
| 12:00 | 1 | 1

How The Volunteers May Have Built Our World
"Did they do it as some kind of benefit for us? Hell, I don't know. But they are responsible for
creating everything around us, that's for sure. Every last atom, molecule... every last perceived
perception of our world." "And you can prove this?" Cary challenged. "That's what you, Cassidy,
and Phillip were trying to do down at the town hall?" Inez nodded. "We can prove it." "How?" "This
world–our world–is nothing more than one elaborate, giant computer program, maybe even several
programs or systems working together and corresponding with one another. Think of it like your
different levels of law enforcement before the volunteers arrival. New America–America–had an
FBI, U.S. Marshalls, state police agencies, and even local communities ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Becoming angry and breaking a dish was the input... but my response was why would anyone want
to break their wife's dishes? Phillip's said his response to wanting to bust up his grandfather's watch
with a hammer was that he couldn't bring himself to do it. Krista's response to smashing the
anniversary present I'd given her, the crystal with the Eiffel Tower engraved into it, was that she
couldn't bring herself to do it either. That's wrong... that's all wrong... the appropriate response to
each of these inputs is that the objects shatter into pieces... the appropriate response to Inez's
question is that the dish shatters asunder. Holy Fuck! It is mind control... We are living in a
simulated world. They are controlling our actions by changing our emotional responses to stimuli.
Cary looked up at Inez and their eyes met. "You got it , my man," Inez said continuing to smile.
"Welcome to the world of those who know." "How do you prove it?" "By disrupting the coding,
throwing a monkey wrench into the function box." "Is that what you were doing down at the town
hall today?" "You bet your ass it was... or, at least, supposed be going down, but they put a stop to
it." "They? The volunteers?" "Yeah, we made too much noise. They saw it coming. They took away
our power source to our experiment." "If

Gnfgj
Perhaps the earliest device for working out sums was the abacus. This began as a clay tablet into
which grooves were cut. Pebbles were then placed or taken away from grooves to perform addition
and subtraction. (Our word calculation comes from the Latin word calculus meaning 'pebble').
Because the pebbles were likely to become mislaid, they were later replaced by beads threaded on to
wires and mounted in a frame. By moving the beads backwards and forwards, addition, subtraction,
division and multiplication could be done. In 1614 John Napier, an astronomer, invented a ready–
reckoned, known as Napier's bones, to help him make complex calculations accurately. From this
was developed in 1621 the earliest form of the slide rule.
The first ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These circuits are mainly used for solving a wide variety of complex engineering problems, like
investigation of stresses in aircraft, ships and large engineering structures. They can also be used to
simulate and set up models of complex installations and study the effect of various operational
factors on the complex installations.
They can for example, be used to simulate the behavior of an aircraft in response to the actions of
crew members. Using analog computers, apparent equipment failures or other emergencies can be
introduced for proper training of the crew. The first automatic analog computer designed to solve
complex differential equations, was described in detail in 1876 by the English Scientist William
Thomson.
Digital Computers: These are used in commerce and industry for extensive arithmetical calculations
which would otherwise require enormous clerical effort. Such computers carry out mathematical
operations with the variables expressed in the computer as numbers, usually in the binary system
(given below).
These numbers are recorded in the computer electronically, as a series of temporary magnets, each
magnetized in one of the two possible directions. The two magnetization direction corresponds two
numbers of the binary system.
The first electronic digital computer, known as the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer or
NIIAC was developed at the University of Pennsylvania in 1947 by

Case Study Of Computer Arithmetic
CASE STUDY
Title: Division Algorithms in Computer Arithmetic
Computer Organization and Architecture
CSE 301
B.Tech(E&T), Batch 2013–17, Section – A
Submitted By: Submitted To:
Sourjya Sen (A16071113015) (2 Names for Case Study) (Space for Sign) Anil Kumar Sajnani
Asst.Professor ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The dividend is shifted to the left and the divisor is subtracted by adding its 2's complement value.
The information about the relative magnitude is available in E. If E= 1, it signifies that A>=B.A
quotient bit 1 is inserted into Qn and the partial remainder is shifted to the left to repeat the process.
If E=0, it signifies that A<B soothe quotient in Qn remains a 0 (inserted during the shift).The value
of B is then added to restore the partial remainder in A to its previous value. The partial remainder is
shifted to the left and the process is repeated again until all five quotient bits are formed. Note that
while the partial remainder is shifted left, the quotient bits are shifted also and after five shifts the
quotient is in Q and the final remainder is in

Essay On Hand-Engineered Feature Extraction Techniques
2.1 Introduction
In last few years, remote sensing image scene classification has got a remarkable attention due to its
importance. Researchers are trying hard to classify remote sensing images correctly. For this reason,
we have studied different topics related to this research. Rest of this chapter will describe some
important Hand–Engineered feature extraction methods along with deep learning technique. In
section 2.2, we will discuss some hand–engineered feature extraction methods, in section 2.3, we
will discuss some deep learning models and finally, in section 2.4 we will draw a conclusion.
2.2 Hand–Engineered Feature Extraction Method
Feature plays a very important role in the area of image processing. Different feature extraction ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
LBP [1] is very simple to understand and easy to implement. To compute LBP at first we need to
divide the image into cells like 16X16. Then take a pixel into the grid and consider the neighboring
pixels around the pixel. If the center pixel value is greater than or equal to its neighbor, then
consider 1 for the neighboring pixel otherwise consider 0. Then take the binary numbers in a
sequence (clockwise or anti– clockwise). Assume the number is a binary number and compute the
decimal number. Then set the value to the middle pixel. Compute histogram for each 16x16 cells
and finally concatenate the histograms. The histogram gives the feature vector for entire window.
Example of LBP feature extraction is given in the Figure 2.1
Figure 2.1: Finding decimal value for central pixel using LBP
LBP has some limitations that reduces its application fields. LBP is not rotation invariant and the
size of the features increases exponentially with the number of neighbors which leads to an increase
of computational complexity in terms of time and space.
2.2.1 Noise Adaptive Binary Pattern (NABP)
Noise adaptive binary pattern [12] is a modification of local binary pattern. Though LPB is one of
the most powerful method for feature extraction but it has a lack of discriminative power and
sensitive to noise. LBP may produce same

Issues in Information Technology
Brent C. Dugan IT101–AT6
Ethical issues in Information Technology
Information Technology And Resource Use
As of Autumn 2003, leadership of the Network for E (N4E) is being taken over by Professor Scott
Matthews of Carnegie Mellon, one of its founding members. Jon Koomey began a leave of absence
from LBNL beginning in August 2003 (his LBL email and phone will still reach him while he's on
leave).
Koomey et al., "Sorry, wrong number: The use and misuse of numerical facts in analysis and media
reporting of energy issues.", which contains the most complete summary of the controversy over
electricity used by office equipment, was published in the 2002 issue of Annual Review of Energy
and Environment (also LBNL–50499). vol. 27,. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Uniquely Cheap
Because computers can perform millions of computations each second, the cost of an individual
calculation approaches zero. This unique property of computers leads to interesting consequences in
ethics.
Uniquely Discrete
In a stimulating paper "On the Cruelty of Really Teaching Computer Science," Edsger Dijkstra
examines the implications of one central, controlling assumption: that computers are radically novel
in the history of the world. Given this assumption, it follows that programming these unique
machines will be radically different from other practical intellectual activities. This, Dijkstra
believes, is because the assumption of continuity we make about the behavior of most materials and
artifacts does not hold for computer systems. For most things, small changes lead to small effects,
larger changes to proportionately larger effects. If I nudge the accelerator pedal a little closer to the
floor, the vehicle moves a little faster. If I press the pedal hard to the floor, it moves a lot faster. As
machines go, computers are very different.
Uniquely Coded
Computers operate by constructing codes upon codes upon codes –– cylinders on top of tracks,
tracks on top of sectors, sectors on top of records, records on top of fields, fields on top of
characters, characters on top of bytes, and bytes on top of primitive binary digits. Computer
"protocols" like TCP/IP are comprised of layer upon layer of obscure code conventions that tell

Yeah
Computer and its components
Computer : Computer itself a combination of different type of separate electronic device. i.e.
Computer only will be computer if it has INPUT DEVICE, PROCESS UNIT, and OUTPUT
DEVICE.
Central Processing Unit (CPU) : It is heart and mind of the computer without this unit computer
unable to process.
Keyboard : This is an input device which is used to input the data into the computer.
Mouse : This is also an input device which is used to input the data into the computer.
Monitor : This is an output device which is used to show the result of the instructions. There are
variety of monitor available in the market such as, CRT Monitor, LCD Monitor, Touch Screen
Monitor, TFT Monitor etc.
Switched Mode ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Compiler : This is also a convertor which converts whole high level language programme to low
level language programme at a time.
Number System
Binary Number System : It has only base 2 i.e 0 and 1
Octal Number System : Base of octal is 8 i.e. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Decimal Number System : Base of Decimal is 10 i.e. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Hexadecimal Number System : Base of this number system is 16 i.e. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
Operating System
Windows : This is an Proprietary Operating system and vendor is Microsoft. i.e. Windows 2007,
Windows vista, Windows 2008 etc.

Linux : This is an open source Operating System such as ubuntu, fedora, debian, mandriva, centOS
etc. Linux (Ubuntu ) Desktop Elements. File Management in Linux (Ubuntu)
Computer Security
Virus and worms : These are the computer programme which malfunction the computer system.
Virus requires a carrier while worms does this by itself. Worm does not requires any carrier.
Spoofing : Through this, deceiving the computer users and making the fool.
Intrusion or Hacking : If a computer is used and controlled by unauthorised users then it is called
hacking and who does this is called hacker. Main purpose of hacking to steal the private data or alter
the actual data.
Denial of Services: The main aim of this attack is to bring down the targeted network and make it to
deny the service for

Mathematics : The Joy Of Mathematics In The World
Mathematics is defined as "the abstract science of number, quantity, and space", and to many
individuals, this definition is very black and white (Definition of mathematics in English by Oxford
Dictionaries). Copious people do not like mathematics, as they do not have an appreciation for it.
Before I took this class, I had a much narrower understanding and weaker background on
mathematics due to how I was taught these topics throughout my time in primary schooling. After
taking The Joy of Mathematics, this course has significantly affected my appreciation of
mathematics in general application and in terms of its history and importance in our world. To
begin, mathematics serves as a very universal language. Its origins are very diverse and many
nations and peoples have contributed to the beauty of math, making it even more exquisite.
Mathematical writings date back as far as 2000 B.C., with discoveries in different areas of the
world. The earliest mathematical writings available are Plimpton 322, from Babylon in 1900 BC, the
Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, from Egypt in 2000–1800 BC, and the Moscow Mathematical
Papyrus, also from Egypt in 1890 BC (History of Mathematics). Since then, many diverse areas in
the world have contributed to mathematics, including the Greeks, Egyptians, Babylonians, Chinese,
Indians, the Islamic Empire, and Europeans (History of Mathematics). Today, mathematics is still
evolving and individuals are constantly researching and striving to discover more

Questions: Computer Architecture: Questions And Answers
Questions 1
Computer architecture is a specification details how to set up the software and hardware technology
standards the interaction of a computer system or platform. Simple words, Computer architecture
refers to how a computer system design and technology is compatible. Architecture is derived from
Greek words "architecton", this indicates that the main mason or master builder. (Techopedia, 2013)
System Architecture is a response to the concepts and actual difficult description and design of
complex systems. System Architecture helps to describe consistence and effective design of
complexity system such as industrial system (original meaning of System Architecture). It can also
be a set convention, rules and standard employed of computer ... Show more content on
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This layout can be applied to a spreadsheet or database record or different kinds of data sets and the
presentation of the various technologies.
A calculator is a device that performs arithmetic operations on numbers. The most simple calculator
can only do add, subtract, multiply, divide. The more complex the calculator can handle index
operations, root, logarithmic, trigonometric and hyperbolic functions. At the domestic level, some
actual calculator to perform all these functions in the process that is repeated. Most calculator these
days require power to operate. Portable Device, battery–powered calculator is popular engineers and
engineering students. Calculator is one of the ways is the use of mathematical formula is correct.
They are also a useful tool learning math. Use the calculator there is only one part of the the benefit
of education, and widespread availability of, a full range of sizes and price range of any budget
should be no if you do not to your own calculator or limit the calculator. Figure 3: Based on the EL–
531W, EL–509W, and EL–531W H
1. 2nd function key
Press this key will enable these features are written to the orange or more Calculator

In 2014 almost everyone has some kind of computer, whether...
In 2014 almost everyone has some kind of computer, whether it is a desktop, a laptop, a tablet or
smartphone we all use these devices every day to make our lives easier. What most of us do not
know is what is inside of these devices, things like RAM, the binary system, the CPU and different
kinds of memory are all included in each of these devices. In this paper I will describe the functions
and relationships of different parts of the computer. The RAM, or random access memory, is
sometimes called the brain of the computer. The RAM is where everything you are working on at a
given point in time is stored. The RAM is the brain of the computer because it remembers
everything you are working on at the present time (conscience) and it can ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100000 01010111 01101111 01110010
01101100 01100100 00100001
The zeros and ones are grouped together into specific sections, and each section is strung together to
form a string of code. Each section resembles one character, the code above writes out Hello World!
Now that we have a language for the computer to understand, and we saw how much code is needed
to write a simple sentence, how exactly will the computer process millions if not billions of these
strings in a timely manner? The computer's CPU or central processing unit does just that. The CPU
is a little chip that does a big job. It takes all of the binary code for a program and shoots it out onto
the screen in the language that we can understand. The CPU takes billions of lines of binary code
and grinds it out in seconds. How long does it take you to pen Microsoft Word, or the internet on
your computer? For me it takes maybe a second if not sooner. The CPU takes the billions of lines of
code in each program, reads it all and translates it all into the programs we see on the screen. That is
what the CPU does. While all of these parts of the computer are fascinating, the really shocking part
is how they all seamlessly work together to make up the computer. When I opened Microsoft Word
to write this paper the RAM took the program off the hard drive and the CPU took the program's
binary code and translated it into what

Where Are We Going?
"Um... where are we going?" asked Phillip. "I told you, a friend's place," said Cassidy. "Yeah, it's
just that... does your friend live in the woods or something?" Phillip responded. "Sort of," answered
Cassidy. "He likes his seclusion. Two hundred more yards and they had reached their destination or
what appeared to be their destination which ended up being nothing more than an old rundown
cottage. The place looked penury and abandoned for some time, but undoubtedly occupied by at
least mice and insects and God–only–knows what else. It was the type of place Phillip envisioned
smelling powerfully of mildew and the heavy, musty stench brought on by its surely leaking roof
and mold covered walls. "Come on," Cassidy said again urging ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It was light that had entered the room from the door they left open behind them. "What the hell is
this place?" Phillip whispered to Cassidy as he stared around in awe. "This is Inez's place," Cassidy
responded seeming anesthetized by scene. "Who is Inez?" Phillip slowly whispered once more.
"INEZ...well, he be me!" a male voice shouted suddenly from behind, and before Phillip could turn
himself around he found himself grasped from behind and then spun and ultimately placed up
against a nearby wall as a scrawny, long haired man held him tight to it. "What...," Phillip tried to
choke out, but couldn't get enough air due to the man's forearm being pressed up against his
windpipe. "Inez, he's with me," Cassidy then said frantically. Inez didn't bother to acknowledge
Cassidy as he began to search Phillip for contraband. Once satisfied that Phillip wasn't holding
anything he let him go, and then stared into his eyes as if trying to read Phillip's retinas like a
scanner. Phillip uneasily got himself back together as he took a few deep breaths and straightened
out his clothes, but he made sure he kept his attention squarely on Inez the whole time just in case
he tried something again. Inez glanced over at Cassidy, and then returned his attention back to
Phillip. "Inez, this is my friend... Phillip," Cassidy said as she raised her voice ever so slightly
hoping to show a skittish Inez that everything was alright. Inez moved his

Different Aspects Of Advanced Micro Devices And Instructions
PFACC mmreg1, mmreg2/mem64 0Fh 0Fh/AEh Converts packed floating point operand to a
packed 32–bit integer. PFADD is a vector instruction that computes addition of the destination
operand and source operand (Advanced Micro Devices, Inc., 2000). PFADD mmreg1,
mmreg2/mem64 0Fh 0Fh/9Eh Packed, floating–point addition PFCMPEQ is a vector instruction
that performs a comparison of the destination and source operands and generates all one bits or all
zero bits based on the result (Advanced Micro Devices, Inc., 2000). PFCMPEQ mmreg1,
mmreg2/mem64 0Fh 0Fh/B0h Packed, floating–point comparison, equal to PFCMPGE is a vector
instruction that compares the destination and source operands and generates all one bits or all zero
bits based on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This information is used to identify the boundaries between variable length x86 instructions,
distinguish DirectPath from VectorPath early–decode instructions, and locate the opcode byte in
each instruction (Advanced Micro Devices, Inc., 2000). The predecode logic also detects code
branches, such as CALLs, RETURNs and short unconditional JMPs. When a branch is detected,
predecoding begins at the target of the branch (Advanced Micro Devices, Inc., 2000). Branch
Prediction The fetch logic accesses the branch prediction table at the same time as the instruction
cache and uses the branch prediction table information to predict the direction of the branch
instructions (Advanced Micro Devices, Inc., 2000). The Athlon uses a combination of a branch
target address buffer (BTB), a global history bimodal counter (GHBC) table, and return address
stack (RAS) hardware to predict and accelerate branches (Advanced Micro Devices, Inc., 2000).
Predicted–taken branches incur only a single–cycle delay to redirect the instruction fetcher to the
target instruction. The minimum penalty for a misprediction is ten cycles (Advanced Micro Devices,
Inc., 2000). The BTB is a 2048–entry table that caches the predicted target address of a branch in
each entry. The Athlon uses a 12–entry return address stack to predict return addresses from a call.
As CALLs are fetched, the next extended instruction pointer is pushed onto the return

The Internet: How it Works and How it Effects the World...
The Internet: How it Works and How it Effects the World
Many people do not understand what the Internet is the power that it has over the world.
The Internet is an extraordinary learning and entertainment tool that, when used properly, can
significantly enhance a user's ability to gather information.
Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) started the Internet. It was a project
under taken by the Department Of Defense (DOD) in 1969. It started as an experiment to link
together DOD and military research including Universities doing military–funded research.
"The reliable networking part involved dynamic rerouting." (Levine 12) If one of the computers was
under enemy attack, the information could be automatically ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
"Then each group is translated into it's Hexadecimal equivalent." (Levine 18) So the number above
would translate into this:
B.49.49.28
This number is easier to use and remember.
Every four digits in the binary number stands for one hexadecimal number. Below is a list of each
four binary numbers and its hexadecimal equivalent.
BINARY HEX EQUIVALENT
0000 0
0001 1
0010 2
0011 3
0100 4
0101 5
0110 6
0111 7
1000 8
1001 9
1010 A

1011 B
1100 C
1101 D
1110 E
1111 F
To figure out the binary number in the example into its Hex equivalent is in this way:
1011 is the first four digits of the binary number. Looking at the table, it can be determined that its
hexadecimal equivalent is a "B". The second set of four binary numbers is 0100. That changes into 4
and so on.
The first four numbers of a host number tells you what class the network is. The chart bellow states
classes and sizes:
Class First Number Length of first Number Maximum Number of Hosts
A 1–126 1 16,387,064
B 128–191 2 64,516
C 192–223 3 254
Big companies like IBM and Apple usually have class A networks. "For example, IBM has network
9, and AT&T has network 12, so a host number 9.12.34.56 would be at IBM, and 12.98.76.54 would
be at AT&T." (Levine 19) Medium sized companies and universities have class B

A Strong Object Recognition Is Implemented By Lbp, Ltp And...
A Strong Object Recognition is Implemented by LBP, LTP and RLBP vany.s
PG Scholar, Department of Information Technology
Vivekanandha College of Engineering for Women (Autonomous), Tamilnadu
Tiruchengode, India
s.vany089@gmail.com
Karthi Prem. S
Assistant Professor, Department of Information Technology
Tiruchengode, India karthiprem@gmail.com Udhayachandrika. A
Assistant Professor, Department of Information Technology
Tiruchengode, India udhayaa11@gmail.com Abstract– This paper proposed two set of edge–texture
features is such as Discriminative Robust Local Binary Pattern (DRLBP) and Discriminative Robust
Local Ternary Pattern (DRLTP) for object recognition. The proposed DLBP and DRLTP are
resultant from the disadvantage of the Local Binary Pattern (LBP), Local Ternary Pattern (LTP) and
Robust LBP (RLBP).The LBP system and the RLBP system are mapped in the same block .The
proposed feature indentifies the problem of discrimination between a bright object against dark
background and vice–versa. The proposed feature also retains contrast information for object
contours the LBP, LTP and RLBP discards. By the proposed features the objects is further analyzed
for the accurate position of the object in the given image.
Index Terms– Object recognition, Local Binary pattern, Local Ternary Pattern, Texture, features
extraction.

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