This document discusses various extraction techniques used to separate desired substances from mixtures. Extraction involves contacting a mixture with a solvent in which the desired substance is soluble but others are not. Common techniques include infusion, decoction, enfleurage, percolation, Soxhlet extraction, expression, distillation, and supercritical fluid extraction. Distillation methods like hydrodistillation, steam distillation, and vacuum distillation use heat to volatilize compounds, while expression avoids heat to extract oils from citrus rinds. Supercritical fluid extraction uses carbon dioxide as a reusable solvent.

1. EXTRACTION
TECHNIQUE
By- Pankaj
Kumar Pandey

2. Definition of Extraction
 Extractions are a way to separate a desired substance when it is mixed with
others. The mixture is brought into contact with a solvent in which the
substance of interest is soluble, but the other substances present are
insoluble.
 Tea-making is a very basic non-laboratory extraction. You boil tea leaves in
water to extract the tannins, theobromine, polyphenols, and caffeine out of
the solid tea leaves and into the liquid water.

3. The various methods used for
extraction are
 Infusion- this is generally more preferred for soft drugs containing water-
soluble and heat sensitive constituents. The drugs are simply infused in the
solvent and then filtered.
 In this process we put the material into water/ solvent at room temperature
for 8,12 or 24 hours.
 After that we can filter the material from the water.

4. Decoction
This is more suitable for hard, woody drugs containing water-soluble and heat
stable chemical constituents. In this the drug is suitably commuted and then
boiled in the desired solvent until the solvent becomes saturated. It is then
filtered and used. This is generally ideal for extraction of saponin, glycosides,
natural pigments and flavonoid
 In the process we put material in the water/desired solvent and boil the
solvent for 15 to 20 minutes.
 After that we can filter it.
 For increasing the shelf life we have to add preservative.

5. Enfleurage
This is used to extract flower oils or citrus oil. This is used for extraction of terpenoids.
 In this process we placed the fragrant material on the animal fat.
 Leave the fragrant material till then all the fragrance absorbed into the fat.
 This process continue till then saturation of fat.
 Then the fragrant fat is dipped into the alcohol for extraction of fragrance.

6. Percolation
This is of three types simple percolation, reserved percolation and hot percolation.
 First we have to moist the drug material using the solvent.
 In this process we add the drug in the percolator for the extraction.
 Then leave it for 24 hour after that we can filter the solvent from the percolator.

7. Soxhlet extraction
This is also called as hot percolation & is used for hard drugs and also flowers. It is
used for the extraction of terpenoids, fixed oils, fats, phenols, flavonoids, tannins
Coumarin and natural pigments.
 In this extraction we are using the solvent for the extraction of drug
from the raw materials
 We have the dip raw material and leave it over night into solvent
for dissolving of drug which we want.
 After that we got concrete.
 Concrete is treated with alcohol the we got absolute in the case of
flower.

8. Expression
This method is more used for heat sensitive oils, especially the oils obtained from
citrus peel e.g. orange oil etc. This method depends on nature of oils and tissue
containing them
 It is use for the extracting essential oils from the rinds of citrus fruits. But citrus
oils do not hold up well when heat is used in extraction so they are usually
obtained by a method called expression.
 Expression is also known as the ”the expeller-pressed" or "cold-pressed" method
of extraction since no heat is needed to extract the essential oil.
.

9. Distillation-
Mostly used to remove the volatile oils from the drugs. Also used for extraction of terpenoids,
fixed oils, fats and waxes.
 In this extraction technique we submerge*/raw material in the solvent and heat it
to the certain temperature for the of extraction essential oil & drugs.

10. Types if distillation
 Hydro distillation
 Hydro – Steam distillation
 Steam distillation

11. Hydro distillation
 In this process we add raw material into the solvent, ex- water.
 Heat up to certain temperature.

12. ■ In this method generally we do not submerge raw materials in
to water/ solvent.
■ Ex- Filed Distillation Unit
Hydro – Steam distillation

13. Steam- distillation
■ In this method we does not give direct heat and water to the material
■ We generally give the direct steam to the raw material for the extraction of
essential oil and extract.

14. Vacuum distillation
it is used for extraction of pure oils, alkaloids
■ In this distillation we put the material into the round bottom
flask with suitable solvent. And connect with the vacuum
pump which's reduced the atm. Pressure inside the unit.

15. Microwave distillation
■ In this distillation we used microwave as the heat source for
heating the raw material.
■ Solvent is required in low amount.
■ Distillation timing – about to 20-15 minute only
■ Yield percentage is high.

16. Super critical fluid extraction
Used for extraction of flavors and perfumes, fats and oils from seeds. Also used for
isolation of alkaloids, Terpenes and extraction and identification of aromatic and
phenolic compounds
■ In this method we use co2 as a solvent which is reusable.
■ it is solvent free extraction
■ In this process we put the liquid co2 in the extractor and cool it up to becomes
super critical fluid & pass it through the material which we have to extract.

17. Thank you
By Pankaj Kumar Pandey
Mob. 7274881198
Email. Pkp3115@gmail.com
.