The Influenza Pandemic Of 1918 Essay

The Influenza Pandemic of 1918 Essay
The influenza pandemic of 1918 had not only altered the lives of thousands, but the habitual lives of family and work as well. The Spanish Influenza
collected more lives than all of the casualties of war in the twentieth century combined. After the disease had swept through the nation, towns that
once began their days in lazy, comfortable manners had begun to struggle to get through a single day. What started as a mild neglect of a typical
fever or case of chills had escalated and grown at an alarmingly rapid rate to be fearsome and tragic. The influenza spread through the simplest means
of a welcoming handshake, a gentle touch, or the lightest kiss. Anna Milani, a survivor of the disease, solemnly recalled a remorseful memory, "I...
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Lee Reay, another survivor of the influenza, reminisced:
It wasn't real medicine, but it smelled like medicine and it tasted like medicine and we put a lot of honey in it so that it would taste pretty good and
we passed it out to everyone who wanted medicine. It went in a hurry, there wasn't much left. It didn't do any harm. Most of them thought it did
good[sic] (Kenmer Influenza 1918).
Homemade remedies were not uncommon and varied from necklaces of garlic to the distinct scents of camphor, but none to prove to be
promising. Death tolls kept rising and some children were left to fend for themselves. Parents sometimes left their healthier kids in the care of
relatives that lived further away from the pandemic or had spare bedrooms that better the chances of surviving. Family members that passed away
were denied a proper church service as a method of slowing the spread of influenza; only immediate members of the family were allowed a small
and rather quick procession alongside the coffin. Ministers and priests were scarce and hardly had the time to attend every procession thus leaving it
to the remaining mourners albeit the mother, father, brother or sister to give an offer of prayer and bow their heads in sorrow of their departure of
their loved ones. Face to face contact was discouraged and often avoided which led to the death of sweet, simple intimacy and
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The Pandemic Of Influenza And Vaccination
Every year, millions of people start talking about the influenza virus and getting their vaccines as the flu season approaches, which starts around the
October–November period and reaches its peak between December and March. Therefore, public health officials around the world– and in the U.S in
particular– are constantly challenged by properly preparing for the annual influenza dilemma, given that this viruses, and other respiratory viruses, are
a serious health threat to the U.S population and the world as a whole. Furthermore, what makes the influenza virus even more challenging to control is
that it can mutate rapidly and reassort to form new strains, having the ability to reside in multiple animal hosts. In fact, many scientists and researchers
have been doing in–depth intensive research so as to understand the mechanism behind this unique characteristic of the virus, try to find new ways to
control it, and explore different areas of protection and vaccination.
Before jumping into talking about the different features of Influenza, ranging from its pathogenesis and virulence, to the transmission and treatment of
the disease, it is necessary to mention the slight–but important– difference between seasonal influenza, pandemic influenza and zoonotic influenza.
What is seasonal Influenza?
First of all, the name "Influenza" is derived from the Latin word for "influence", and it is an infectious disease that is caused by the RNA viruses from
the Orthomyxoviridae family:

Essay on Avian Influenza and Its Expected Ramifications
Over the past fifteen years H5N1 influenza (also known as Avian Flu or Bird Flu) has become a common topic of speculation and debate worldwide,
causing quite a bit of confusion about its possible impacts on our society. At this point in time it is generally recognized by the international medical
community that Avian Flu is bound to become a pandemic, most likely within the next ten years. Research on Avian Flu and its effects have led many
scholars to make grave predictions of major global turmoil while a small portion of medical scientists remain skeptical, believing we will have enough
time to thoroughly prepare for the outbreak. The one thing that nearly all health professionals seem to agree upon is that the avian flu will surely... Show
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There are many different types of flu, categorized most broadly by influenza A, B, and C strains. They are further classified by genetic differences
represented by H and N. Seasonal flus are either type A or B and classified by H3N2, swine flu (a flu strain you may remember by the media stir it
caused in 2009) is type A and H1N1, and avian flu is type A and H5N1. Type A flu strains are considered to be the most severe and are usually the
only type of influenza that can cause a pandemic. On paper the avian flu may seem like the flu strains that we experience every year, but H5N1 is
certainly unique. The first reason for this is that research has suggested that for currently idiopathic reasons the avian flu seems to have a predisposition
to mutation, enabling it to rapidly create new strains that may be more dangerous, more contagious, or even resistant to antibiotics (which has already
been observed in at least one case of an infected Vietnamese teenager). The reason avian flu has not yet caused any major outbreaks is because right
now the virus is unable to be transmitted from human to human, only from bird to bird or bird to human. With such a high tendency to mutate, it is
only a matter of time before the avian flu mutates into a strain that can be transmitted between

Influenza Will Cause The Next Pandemic
Infectious diseases are constantly emerging and re–emerging across the globe. These diseases can transfer from person to person directly or indirectly;
by skin, blood, and or body secretions. It can also be transferred through contaminated food or water, and air. According to Heymann," The ones with
the most risk are airborne."(Senthilingam, 2015). Therefore, I believe Influenza will cause the next pandemic. Reason being, the flu has the ability to
disseminate before a person's symptoms become visible. Unlike Ebola and SARS, which are only contagious once symptoms emerge (Senthilingam,
2015).
Influenza viruses are significant human respiratory pathogens that cause both seasonal, endemic infections and periodic, unpredictable pandemics
(Taubenberger

Influenza Pandemic : A Contagious Disease Essay
Influenza is a highly contagious disease which can spread across the population by the body secretions which contain the active influenza virus (10). It
poses serious threats to the society as it promotes fear, anxiety, discrimination, and cause destruction on the normal function of the society (5). Until
people develop immunity against the influenza virus (10), an influenza pandemic will remain a global emergency as extremely high number of people
all over the world will require care at the same time (3). Since the global impact of pandemic varies across history, any expectation or prediction
regarding the magnitude and impact of a new influenza pandemic will often be overestimated or underestimated (5, 6, 7, 11). The sudden and
dramatic increase in demands upon the health system during a pandemic would challenge the already stretched healthcare system capacity, which
emphasise the need for the government to develop and implement an influenza response (1, 7), in which will often cause confliction between the
individual and community interests (7). Hence the collaboration of all levels of government, private and voluntary sectors, and the general public is
very important (3, 7).This essay will discuss the approaches which the government can adopt in order to allocate the limited resources as well as the
strategies which it can adopt to reduce the spread of virus for as long as possible.
During an influenza pandemic, people often need to response by performing tasks that

Influenza Research Paper
Influenza, a common disease frequently referred to as the "flu", is one of the most widespread illnesses in the world. The disease, caused by the
influenza virus, has infected both humans and animals for several centuries and has made its presence on every continent. In the past year, more than
three million people were infected with influenza in the United States (Influenza "Flu"). Around 55,000 of those three million died, which makes
influenza the eighth leading cause of death in the United States ("Deaths and Mortality"). Although the common flu can have little impact on the
human population, more major flu pandemics have been known to kill millions of people within a few years. Influenza is a serious problem
Although no one on the planet ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In October 2009, a vaccine against H1N1 was approved. Originally the vaccine was only given to health workers but was eventually given the
general population in the winter of 2009. Flu vaccines have a very good public profile. There are only mild side effects of the vaccine such as
soreness at the sight of infection, small fever, and aches. The flu shot contains weakened virus, so the immune system fights only a small amount
of the flu virus. There is also a nasal spray version of the vaccine. Vaccines are prescribed when someone has the flu and before someone gets the
flu. With more people aware of the flu's causes, more and more people are getting the flu vaccine every year. There is little natural immunity to flu
strains, so therefore, almost everyone is susceptible to infection. There are some drugs that that help against influenza, but vaccines are generally
more helpful since viruses tend to develop resistance against drugs fairly quickly. There are four different antiviral drugs. They are usually
prescribed when someone gets the flu, not before someone gets the flu like vaccines. Examples of antiviral drugs are Tamiflu, Relenza, and
Rapivab. They are usually prescribed for five days. There is still a need to help develop antiviral drugs. More rapid development of vaccines are also
needed since vaccines take many months or even years to create, so it is not helpful to make a vaccine when a virus breaks out, but rather

Anna Menendez
November 17, 2015
MCB4403
Emerging Infectious Diseases: Influenza Influenza, or what most people call the "flu", is a respiratory infection that is an example of an acute
emerging infectious disease. Influenza is caused by the influenza virus, which is a negative sense single stranded RNAvirus and is a localized infection
affecting the respiratory tract. Influenza virus has eight different RNAs in its genome that encode for viral genes. Influenza is prevalent throughout the
United States and the world, requiring international surveillance of the virus by the World Health Organization (WHO). The influenza virus infects 5
to 10% of the United States population every year.
Influenza is unique in many ways, especially because it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tamiflu and Relenza are typically taken for five days to treat the flu and Tamiflu is available in pill or liquid form while Relenza is a powder. Tamiflu,
Relenza, and Rapivab are classified as neuraminidase inhibitors and how these medications work is that they target neuraminidase. They inhibit
neuraminidase, which prevents budding of the virus and these antiviral medications act against Type A and Type B influenza. They are used to reduce
symptoms, shorten the infection time, and reduce risk of developing complications. However in order to prevent getting infected by the influenza virus,
a person should be vaccinated

Influenza Influenza is a contagious respiratory infection that is caused by influenza virus. Influenza is commonly called flu. Many people
underestimate influenza, and think it is a mild disease. In fact, influenza is a deadly disease if it has not taken care of. For example, from 1918 to
1919 about 20million people died from influenza(1). To better understand influenza, it is important to know how it spreads, how is it prevented, and
the strains it has. First of all, influenza transmits primarily from the droplets that come out of people who are infected with the virus when they talk,
sneeze, or cough(2). These droplets can spread in the air and cause infection when people get exposed to it(2). Second, influenza can

Influenza Virus: Epidemics And Pandemics
Influenza virus has caused serious respiratory illness and death over the past centuries. Epidemics and pandemics due to Influenza virus were known to
cause morbidity and mortality in humans and other animals. Pandemics have been documented since the 16th century (WHO, 2005) and in the last
400 years, at least 31 pandemics have been recorded (Lazzari and Stohr, 2004). Influenza virus belongs to the family Orthomyxoviridae, which is
characterized by a segmented, minus–stranded RNA genome. Influenza viruses are irregular, spherical (80–120 nm diameter) or filamentous structures
and their surfaces are studded with rod–shaped hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) spikes (Betts, 1995). Influenza viruses are of three types
A, B, and C. The typing

1918: The Story Of The Great Influenza Pandemic
The Story of the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918 and the Search for the Virus That Caused It is a true story of the world's deadliest disease. In
1918, the Great Flu Epidemic felled the young and healthy overnight. It was a plague so deadly that if a similar virus were to strike today, it would
kill more people in a single year than heart disease, cancers, strokes, chronic pulmonary disease, AIDS and Alzheimer's disease combined.
It is estimated that forty million people died as the epidemic raged. Children were left orphaned and families were devastated. As many American
soldiers were killed by the 1918 flu as were killed in battle during World War I. No area of the globe was safe. Eskimos living in remote outposts were
died in such numbers that entire villages were wiped out. Between 20 million and 100 million people died in the 1918 flu pandemic, but for years
afterward this plague was almost completely forgotten. Histories and even medical texts rarely mention it. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It traveled across the United States in weeks, the globe in only a few months, and it could have a rapid course, progressing from early symptoms to
death in a day. The epidemic had two other crucial characteristics. It did not respect the epidemiologic rules taught byinfluenza outbreaks ignoring risk
factors such as age and localized outbreaks. Its symptoms were gruesome: Your face turns a dark brownish purple. You start to cough up blood. Your
feet turn black. A blood–tinged saliva bubbles out of your mouth. You die––by drowning. It was a mystery with no known origin, no known etiology,
and no treatment. From its extraordinary ability to reach into everyday life in every nation to the special trains to carry away the dead, the epidemic is
a story of mythic proportions. Along with these colossal attributes, it is also given, in popular thought, the power of

The Potential for Avian Influenza to Cause Another...
The Potential for Avian Influenza to Cause Another Worldwide Pandemic
Abstract
There are three major factors involved in the start of a pandemic; the viral strain must be new, able to cause serious illness, and transmit efficiently
between humans. This article explores the avian influenza virus?s potential to cause another global pandemic through its ease of transmission and
ability to evade treatment. Avian type Ainfluenza virus generally spreads either through an intermediate vector during the process of antigenic shift or
directly to humans when it jumps the species barrier. A certain strain of the virus, H5N1 was of particular concern as it was the first strain to move
directly from birds to humans. The avian influenza virus poses ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are three types of influenza viruses, namely A, B, and C. Of the three, type C is the least harmful and type A is the most lethal because of its
ability to mutate quickly. Furthermore, type A viruses affect a variety of animals from humans, pigs, and horses, to sea mammals, and birds. Type A
viruses also have a large number of smaller subtypes as well, all of which reside
Avian Influenza: A Global Pandemic– 2 among aquatic birds. This huge source of genetic variation is what makes the Type A virus the most likely to
undergo antigenic shift. The influenza virus is made up of eight gene segments. When a human influenza virus and an avian influenza virus come in
contact with one another, they swap gene segments and create a new hybrid virus. (World Health Organization, 2005). This hybrid virus may
encompass the virulent factors of both parent viruses. Since this influenza strain is new, organisms don?t have a preexisting immunity to it and this fact
guarantees the virus a wide variety of susceptible hosts, allowing it to cause severe damage. Second, since the virus now contains human influenza
genes, it can be transmitted efficiently between humans, fulfilling all the conditions required to cause a pandemic. The process mentioned above can
be further explained by examining the virus?s structure. Type A influenza viruses

Effects Of Influenza Pandemics
Infectious Entertainment Scary movies are great because they push boundaries of the believable while sitting on the threshold of our most deep set
fears. Where movies such as The Exorcist or The Blair Witch Project have shock value, they also lack depth. Where are the elements that bring these
stories their credibility/believability? Some of the best horror movies of all time were science fiction stories that left the audience feeling this could
actually happen in their daily lives. Who honestly believes that a ghost is going to come haunt you and your family? What about a widespread disease
that is killing off everyone you know, in weeks, that is spread through touch? Schools shut down, the government tries to take over while rebellion
among... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It looks at how the disease spreads, to government and social reactions. Contagion demonstrates how real these problems are in a growing society.
Even with health regulations put in place you can see when rules are not followed and products, such as livestock, are being mass produced and form
a breeding ground for disease. The reality of these situations make for excellent scary movies that will rock you to your

Emergency Plan Essay
8.Outline of emergency plans
The UK has two separate plans regarding influenza; the first is their pandemic plan; the second is their annual influenza plan for seasonal influenza.
The focus of each plan is broadly similar, and it is to mitigate the impact of any influenza outbreak, epidemic or pandemic by: adequate surveillance and
detection of cases; prevention of infection using vaccination; treatment of high risk cases with antivirals; and non–pharmaceutical control of
transmission by recommending hand and respiratory hygiene, self–isolation and limited use of face masks for health and social care workers. The
differences in the plans lie mainly with vaccination and the scope of the plans regarding control of transmission (DOH, 2011; Public ... Show more
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Local health authorities are responsible for delivery of healthcare aspects of the plan, including vaccination and antiviral treatment, as well as local
surveillance (DOH, 2011). However, the impact of a pandemic will potentially be felt across every sector of society and thus the pandemic plans
extend to recommendations for all business and public sectors, including essential services such as water/sewage, energy, education, food supplies
and transport. They also extend to the media as they have a role in disseminating information, and to recommendations for Ministry of Defence
(MOD) involvement to provide assistance if civil capabilities are exceeded (DOH, 2011). Part 2 of the Civil Contingencies Act 2004 allows for
emergency powers to be established in extreme situations and The Public Health (Control of Disease) Act 1984 extends powers to the level of the
individual allowing restrictions to be imposed on an individual provided they are in the best interests of public health (DOH,

Analysis Of The 1918 Influenza Pandemic
Scientists' studies have led to a greater understanding of the 1918 influenza pandemic. Through conducting tests on the remains of victims, as well as
consulting morgues, and numerous accounts of that time period, scientists have finally come up with a theory and solution for influenza.
By comparing recent flu strains with the 1918 influenza scientists found reasons to believe that the1918 influenza pandemic began as a bird virus. The
bird virus would have adapted to humans overtime eventually becoming as deadly to humans as it had been to birds. Once the virus adapted to humans
it was spread through the physicality of a handshake or hug which is highly common among humans.
In 1918 no one knew why people were getting sick and dying. There was

1918-1919 Influenza Pandemic Analysis
The influenza pandemic of 1918–1919 is still being discussed. In the public health sector it is used as an example of the viruses potential power, if we
do not continue to prepare, educate the public and vaccinate on a global scale. Let's think back to that time were science and technology was not as
advanced. Quarantine and isolation measures meant little to no travel, remaining home and less time spent in the public, "diagnosing influenza became
even more difficult because an especially virulent form of the disease had erupted" (Untied States Department of Health and Human Services, 2015).
Getting the much–needed information out was challenging because the media platform back in 1918, was not instant or in real–time as we now know it

Influenza Epidemic Essay
"The Lord will strike with wasting disease, with fever and inflammation, with scorching heat and drought, with blight and mildew, which will plague
until death" (Deuteronomy 28:22). At the end of World War I, when a mystery Spanish Flu or the Great Pandemic death unfolds, before the outbreak is
over, 500 million or one–third of the world's population becomes ill and about 20–30 million parish, making it one of the worst pandemics since the
writing of the earth's history . The effect of the influenza epidemic is so severe that the average life span decreases by 10 years. Not only this, as World
War I, delivers an unequal reason for being, the Spanish Flu brings an equal mortality to young adults between the ages of 20 and 40 . Because the
Influenza ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During these Tribulations, when a quarter of the earth is gone after the turn of the century, the human race looks to the government to relieve them.
For this, because the origins of this influenza variant are not precisely known and most influenza pandemics develop in the tropics of Asia then
spread from there to the rest of the world, many believe it originates in China, but the name of Spanish Flu comes from the early affliction and large
mortalities in Spain and not Asia. Scientifically, whatever gives the 1918 virus the power to generate rapidly, leaves them in a question about why a
person who comes down with the mild flu in the beginning of 1918, can also come down with a more difficult flu the middle of 1919 that can bring
death. One thinks that the experience will drive people to their knees in repentance to God. Instead, people find the torments of hell as a justification to
blame the Scientific Jews. The fact that the Pandemic introduces darkness to the citizens of the earth, many do not know why these scientists do not
take into consideration the Trench fever, mustard gas and the fleas in the Trenches for the rapid increase when determining how the virus spreads.
While the combination seems obvious to many veterans, the governments do not proclaim the German warfare justification for such a tragedy that
breeds disease and pestilence. Whatever the enemy, it is apparent that God uses all on the earth to concern all when trying to save

Influenza Pandemic: A Case Study
The 1918–1919 influenza pandemic was a historical event that has left an impact on healthcare. Influenza is a life threatening illness caused by
influenza virus. It is a contagious disease of the respiratory tract cause serious infection and death around the globe, especially in winter months. There
are three different types of influenza viruses, type A, B and C. Influenza A is responsible for influenzapandemic (Australian Government Department
of Health, 2015). The 1918, Spanish influenza was a deadly pandemic, infected an estimated 500 million people globally and killed 50 to 100 million
of them in three waves. Pandemic began in the United Sates in March 1918 in a crowded army camp in Fort Riley, Kansas. The second wave struck
lethally ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Healthy people 2020 is a planned approach to improve the health of the U.S population over a period of ten years. The vision of healthy people 2020
includes, a society in which all people live long, healthy lives. Many epidemiological event such as pandemic influenza has an impact on the goals and
objectives of healthy people 2020. Creating a healthy environment through inter–sectoral collaborations became an important innovation of healthy
people 2020. This approach strengthened the focus on prevention rather than disease treatment. Furthermore, the concept of prevention also included
preparedness against acute threats to health, such as natural disasters and disease outbreaks (Fielding et al., 2013). The goal of global heath is to
improve public health through global disease detection, response, prevention, and control strategies. Therefore, the U.S collaborates with other
countries to address the public health issues as well as to prepare and respond to emerging and pandemic diseases (Office of Disease Prevention and
Health Promotion, 2016). Another objectives of healthy people 2020 includes, immunization against infectious diseases. People in the U.S are
susceptible to many infectious diseases that are vaccine preventable such as influenza. The new objective of healthy people 2020 focus on technological
advancements and ensuring partnership from states, local public health departments and non–governmental organization to participate in the nation's
attempt to control the spread of infectious diseases (Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion,

Modern History: The 1918 Flu Pandemic
The 1918 Flu Pandemic was a disaster because it was the deadliest in modern history. This disease killed many people. In fact, more U.S. soldiers in
WWI died of the flu rather than in battle. The virus was profoundly contagious back in 1918. It was a virus that besieged the respiratory system.
Meaning that if anyone who had the flu coughed or sneezed and an uninfected person inhaled it, they would catch it as well.
The Spanish influenza had been around for some time. However, it wasn't until the second wave that people started getting noticeably worse. The skin
of its victims would turn a bluish color and their lungs would fill up with fluid, causing them to suffocate. It instantly spread from the U.S., to Europe,
and then on to Asia within a couple of months. The victims died after hours or days of their symptoms emerging. It infected about 500 million people
worldwide and killed some 30 to 50 million. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It then traveled to Europe with American soldiers headed to WWI. By May, it had caused over 8 million deaths in Spain alone. It was then that it
earned the name "Spanish Flu." There have been a numerous amounts of flus, however, none of them have been as deadly as the Spanish flu. The
virus was so atrocious that many places like schools, churches, and theaters had to be sealed to help prevent the flu from spreading even more. People
were advised to stay indoors and avoid contact with others. Signs were even hung up stating that spitting was not tolerated and people would be fined
if they were seen spitting on the

Influenza DBQ
In two years between 1918 and 1919, A pandemic of influenza swept mercilessly over the planet, killing millions which stood in its path. Miraculously,
the exact origin of the pandemic is unclear. What is exceedingly clear, however, is that often the actions of man aided in the spread of the virus,
whether due to inadvertent endangerment, close quarters, religious principles, or failure to recognize the true threat that influenza posed.
Too often was it that in hopes of protecting themselves from contracting influenza, people inadvertently caused their own downfall. In document 2, a
young woman illustrates a period during which she served as a volunteer at an army camp In one way, this account shows just how serious the pandemic
was, as a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to document 4, in India many people of the Hindu faith refused any treatments for the virus due to their belief that influenza was sent by
the goddess Amman. In some cases the monotheistic Christians also operated under the belief that the pandemic was God's will (doc. 8). Both of
these examples show evidence that if not for religion, people would perhaps have, in some instances, have been more willing to partake in treatment
which could have saved their lives. Document 5, however chronicals a slightly modified point of view, from a Christian Scientist. While most would
argue that avoided the close confines of churches would be helpful to controlling the spread of influenza, Christian Scientist believe that prayer has
the power to cure all illnesses, "At the very moment when churches should be filling the minds of people with peace...it is proposed that these
churches be shut... for fear the Lord's arm is so shortened that He cannot contend with microbes" (doc. 5) This again proves that people would be
willing to risk (and perhaps surrender) their lives and the lives of those around them for their religious

Infection Cards Difficulty
Comorbidity mode: For an extra level of difficulty to pandemic would be to remove the card limit but for every card after 7 at the end of your turn, you
must draw an extra infection card. So, if you have 9 cards you would draw 2 infection cards. The meaning of this allows for more of a chance to get the
cards you need to cure a disease but also allows for more of a chance to spread infection faster. So, every time a player draws a card past 7 they will be
given the choice to discard or draw infection cards. Another step for this game mode is, for every time you discard you will add the bottom
discarded infection card to the middle of the infection pile. This will add another layer of difficulty with making the player think do they want to add
more cards to the infection pile. Pandemic is already known as a very difficult game and that is one of the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At the end of their turn, they add one cube to the city they land on, but only if it won't cause an outbreak. Patient zero can choose to not move and
instead add 2 infection cards of their choosing back into the infection deck, shuffling afterward. As a third choice Patient zero can choose to not
move and instead draw 2 cards from the infection deck. If patient zero doesn't move then no cubes are added from patient zeros first action. The
point of this player is to and a physical person to who is causing the spread of diseases without making the game overly difficult. Patient zero cannot
be played if there are any epidemic cards put in the deck. Patient zero will have to make the decision each turn as to do they want to spread the
diseases, add 2 infection cards back to the deck, or draw 2 cards from the infection deck to chance at causing an outbreak. If patient zero is in the
same city as any of the other players for 2 turns in a row they will be cured taking them out of the

The Pandemic Of Influenza And Vaccination
INTRODUCTION
Every year, millions of people start talking about the influenza virus and getting their vaccines as the flu season approaches, which starts around the
October–November period and reaches its peak between December and March. Therefore, public health officials around the world– and in the U.S in
particular– are constantly challenged by properly preparing for the annual influenza dilemma, given that this viruses, and other respiratory viruses, are
a serious health threat to the U.S population and the world as a whole. Furthermore, what makes the influenza virus even more challenging to control is
that it can mutate rapidly and reassort to form new strains, having the ability to reside in multiple animal hosts. In fact, many ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Seasonal influenza viruses can cause mild to severe illness and even death, particularly in some high–risk individuals. People at increased risk for
severe disease include pregnant women, very young, very old and immune–compromised individuals, and people with chronic underlying medical
conditions. That being said, type C virus is associated with only minor symptoms, but types A and B remain the most influential as they are mostly
related to the major outbreaks of influenza. Type A influenza viruses are further divided into two groups according to the combinations of the
hemagglutinin or "H" protein and the neuraminidase or "N" protein, which are found on the surface of the virus. This type is the most spread and can
affect humans and animals. Type B virus can also be divided to two subtype viruses that are considered to belong to the seasonal influenza family,
being named after the area they were first identified: Victoria lineage and Yamagata lineage. Since type C of the virus is not very dangerous and does
not cause any major health threat, only types A and B are included in vaccines for the seasonal flu, an annual challenge that threatens professionals,
scientists and public health leaders.
What is Pandemic influenza?
A pandemic influenza is when a new virus emerges and spreads out quickly among the population worldwide because it has not been circulating before,
and thus people don't have immunity to it. The appearance of this new

Influenza Pandemic
Tieria Bradley
English 1
Mr.Davis
1 December 2015
Pandemic
Have you ever been in a pandemic? I think the world would end as a pandemic. A pandemic is a very dangerous situation for people to live in noone
should ever want to get caught up in a pandemic it is very scary and serious because no one knows who got the disease or know one know the
symptoms, how long the pandemic is going to last, if you are going to live or die it's one of the worst feelings in the world. A pandemic has a major
effect on the on our planet earth.It is a deadly disease that spreads from person to person and sometimes a pandemic can last up to weeks or even
months. A pandemic can kill a lot of people and noone will know what the disease is and there is no known... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because the virus is new, the human population has little to no immunity against it. The virus spreads quickly from person–to–person worldwide. The
United States is not currently experiencing a flu pandemic. If a pandemic occurs, the federal government will work to identify the cause and
create a vaccine. Flu.gov will provide updates on the steps the federal government is taking to address the pandemic. Death rates may be high.
Four factors largely that determine the death toll: The number of people who become infected,the strength of the virus,the underlying
characteristics and vulnerability of affected population, the effectiveness of preventive measures. What you need in order to be able to survive a
pandemic you would really only need to be around your personal family that you live with everyday but sometimes you don't even need to be
around your family, because a pandemic is very dangerous and sometimes you wouldn't even know who has the disease or not because there are
so many people in this world and sometimes a disease don't have symptoms until weeks or even months later.Water, water, and more water
(consider a quality drinking filter and water storage , food storage for all members living in the household (3 months minimum), 5 gallons of
bleach per person of the household to sanitize everything, 4 boxes of examine gloves (different sizes for every member of the household), quality
n95 masks, antibacterial soap or hand wipes for meticulous hand washing , 100' roll of clear 4 mil plastic and duct tape for setting up an isolation
room, hepa filters enough for whole house air filtration, etc. You would need a lot of food stored because if you don't have food you might die
because you never know how long a pandemic will be ,you never know sometimes something might go wrong with the water in you house or the pipe
you should try to stay clean as possible so pile up as many cleaning supplies as you

Influenza Virus: 1918-19 Flu Pandemic
Influenza Virus According to the CDC there was a breakout in "1918–19 Flu pandemic, which killed as many as 50 million people worldwide"causing
the biggest breakout for Influenza (Reconstruction of 1918 Influenza Pandemic Virus). Influenza originated from Asia and the Middle East. Virtually
all mammalian species have influenza. Influenza is a contagious respiratory illness caused by the Influenza virus. There are three types of Influenza:
type A, type B, and type C. Influenza has numerous symptoms, vaccinations, and is unlikely to kill it's host. Influenza has many symptoms to help your
immune system fight the Flu virus. Influenza has an extremely rare chance of killing its host since we are so immune to it. Influenza is not a serious
virus so you should recover from this virus in under two weeks. This virus will attack "mainly your nose, throat, bronchi, and occasionally, lungs"
(Influenza). Influenza is non–life threatening. Influenza is not a deadly virus and does have a vaccination. One of the three types of influenza, type C,
"type C infections cause a mild respiratory illness and are not thought to cause epidemics" (Types of Influenza Viruses). The other two types of
influenza viruses type" A and B viruses cause seasonal epidemics" and happen mostly when winter hits (Types of Influenza... Show more content on
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and was only six when the flu epidemic happen. When the flu epidemic people called it "Spanish Influenza" and "whom took ill in the morning
were dead by night" ( Survivors Remember 1918 Global Flu Pandemic). This Flu pandemic killed "More than 6000,000 people in the United States"
but it killed " at least 50 million people and perhaps as many as 100 million" (Survivors Remember 1918 Global Flu Pandemic). The Flu pandemic was
so bad that it "made everybody afraid to go see anybody" (Survivors Remember 1918 Global Flu Pandemic). Sardo did not remember anything, only
how terrified his mother was when he was

Essay on Influenza Pandemic Public Health Plan
The purpose of a plan in general is to reduce incidence of adverse effects.
An initial public health plan addresses multi–level and multi–dimensional concerns. A public health plan to reduce epidemic incidence of influenza is
aimed to reduce morbidity and mortality, provide continuity of operations and position the state for recovery if attacked by a novel influenza virus that
causes large numbers of illnesses and deaths throughout New Jersey (NJ) (NJDHSS, 2008). In consideration such a plan necessitates establishing a
target population and develop an appropriate protocol. Immunocompetent and immune–compromised individuals are significantly at risk along with
infants, children, and geriatric population, all requiring specific attention. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Development of this plan is the responsibility of the New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, activation of this plan is by the Governor
of the State of New Jersey or his designated authority, and enactment of this plan is through the New Jersey Office of Emergency Management (OEM)
(NJDHSS, 2008). A legal description will provide a definitive mechanism to maintain order and provide a secure outcome.
To establish control of influenza pandemic it remains essential to determine the extent of a possible situation. Only sustained planning, training and
exercise of contingency operations across public, private and volunteer sectors will help to reduce the potential of a catastrophic pandemic disaster
(NJDHSS, 2008). With thousands of lives at risk the plan to reduce an incidence of influenza pandemic maintains stages governed by a federal and
state plan. The plan includes ten NJ Situations to index an estimation of the severity of a pandemic incidence on a population and to allow better
forecasting of the impact of a pandemic with recommendations on the use of mitigation intervention (NJDHSS, 2008). Several assumptions have been
identified by the federal government which can additionally be assumed at the state level to include; infectious transmission from person to person
from a global network, signaling an immediate pandemic possibility, 30 percent or higher incidence of illness, illness higher amongst school age
children are primary

Flu Pandemic 1918
In 1918, World War I was coming to an end; the condition of warfare was a breeding ground of diseases and unhealthy conditions. The trenches were
cold, wet, dirty, and smelly and infested with rats and lice. This could only be one of the contributions to the pandemic. Another possible contribution
of the spreading on the illness was the transportation of Chinese workers to Canada in 1917; where many of the workers displayed flu–like symptoms
(Vergano). During the war, troops were returning home and most likely brought this illness back, but it is only speculation with no definite evidence.
The first reported case in the United States was at Fort Riley, Kansas on March 11, 1918 when a soldier went to the infirmary with a fever (Vergano).
...
The remedies did not help improve things either and other measures were taken in order to try reducing the spread of the illness. Many medical
personnel were overseas healing sick and injured soldiers and the lack of staff in the hospitals led to nursing and medical students having to step up.
Even the hospitals were overrun with patients that ordered, "community centers and local schools be transformed into emergency hospitals" (Influenza
Strikes). Schools were not the only thing closed down, stores, restaurants, and other businesses were shut down as well. In addition to those, other
interventions were put in place like masks since they knew it was spread through the air. The masks were made of gauze and distributed by the Public
Health

Influenza Pandemic And Ww1
Missing Histories: WWI and the 1918 Influenza Pandemic As the horrendous experiences of the First World War began to wind down, a new terror
emerged in the form of the Spanish Influenza that circumnavigated the world, not once but twice within a two–year period. While the general public
commonly remembered experiences of the war in literature, art, prose and memorials, those of the 1918 pandemic were not. Research completed by
this author on the subject of German bias during the First World War found little mention of theinfluenza pandemic in The Burlington Hawk–Eye, the
state?s longest continually operating newspaper, published in Burlington, Iowa. However, the Burlington Public Library Board, in its meeting minutes,
recommended the

Influenza Pandemic Stockpile Essay
A lot of critical factors drive an influenza pandemic stockpiling. The costs for having influenza pandemic stockpile of drugs is relatively lesser when
equated with the amount of chaos and disaster it will be created to humankind worldwide.
Some of the major factors are:
The records and prediction of the world health organization for the number of people that would be infected by the pandemic in the near future.
The quantity of the rapid response stockpile which will be required to limit and treat the first people that will be affected
The strategy plans under which the stockpile will be used, for preventive or therapeutic use, long term and short term before spread.
The economic impact that will occur, due to disruption of normal business. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As the number of the cases increase, the just–in–time supply chains or the standard operating procedures would be really difficult to meet the growing
demand. Hence the healthcare systems have been challenged to determine the medical supplies that need to be procured. One of the most challenging
jobs is to develop a prioritized list detailing all the supplies and essential quantities that need to be stockpiled.
Benefits of influenza pandemic stockpile are:
Uncertainty of the demand – since we are uncertain of its occurrence, stockpiling the vaccines and drugs is very important
Considering the development and the availability of the vaccines. The time frame required is more. Hence, with the stockpile, they are readily
available when needed
Logistics play a major role.
Stockpile replenishment can be easily done.
The costs involved in the influenza pandemic stockpile is very high. Since these Tamiflu vaccines are kept to face emergencies as a first line defense
"Fire Blanket", with the uncertain demand but dangerous consequences in case of the

The Flu is an Imminent Pandemic Essay
Flu: The Imminent Pandemic
Influenza is an everyday disease that affects thousands worldwide. Despite its reputation as a mundane sickness, the flu (especially the avian flu) is
widely touted by experts as the propagator of the next deadly pandemic. The secret to this virus' lethality is its antigenic shifting, leading to increased
virulence and transmission factors. If one strain of a super flu begins circulating, millions of lives and billions of dollars will be lost. Only by
preparing a national and worldwide response to this threat will we be able to combat this imminent pandemic.
Deadlier than the Black Death, more lethal than nuclear warfare –– this is the modus operandi of the pathogenic virus alphainfluenzavirus ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Yet the flu is still a threat to humans, even in countries with access to excellent medical care. Why? Although yearly vaccines prevent many people
from succumbing the disease, the flu virus can go through what is called an antigenic shift – one strain of the flu can jump between two different
species, go through an intermediate host to another species, or genetically mix when two strains meet in the same cell (CNN 2). To give one example,
let's say a common human strain (H3N2) finds a human cell and uses its hemagglutinin proteins to infiltrate it. Another strain that infects birds, such as
H5N1, enters the same cell. These two sets of genetic material mix to yield a new strain, which may inherit the transmission and severity factors from
both parent strains to produce a new virulent virus in humans (CNN 3). This is how zoonotic strains of pathogens enter the human pool of diseases. If
we see this happen with a strain of avian flu, the consequences will be overwhelming.
The impact of seasonal influenza is already severely underestimated, killing between a quarter to a half a million people each year and costing
billions of dollars in productivity (Wilschut 17). With one strain of the super flu, we could be facing a worldwide catastrophe. A typical pandemic
occurs in multi–year waves, beginning with a mutation in the original virus and spreading into subsequent milder cycles of disease,

Influenza Pandemic Of 1918 Research Paper
Influenza pandemic 1918 The influenza pandemic of 1918 was a tragic event in New Zealand history that killed many. The influenza also known
as the spanish flu broke out after World War One ending in 1918. The spanish flu was a worldwide disease that is thought to have originated from
america, the spanish flu has always been about but the second wave was spread by European soldiers and was much more deadly and vicious
infecting the world everywhere. Although it did not originate in Spain it was called the spanish flu because of a spanish king, King Alfonso the XIII
dying from it. The spanish flu came to New Zealand in 1918 after the war finished carried and spread by military soldiers. Some people believe it came
abroad with the ship 'Niagara'

Essay on Avian Influenza: Type A Virus Infection in Humans
Introduction
The avian influenza virus is a type A influenza virus which is normally found in birds. Wild birds are the natural hosts for all known influenza type A
viruses. This includes waterfowl, gulls and shorebirds. Ironically wild birds do not normally show symptoms of the influenza virus however when avian
influenza type A viruses are passed onto domesticated birds, they are extremely susceptible to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) with a
mortality rate of 90% to 100%1. Avian H2, H5, H6, H7, H8, H9 and H10 are the subtypes that are the most likely to be transferred to humans.
The subtypes of the avian influenza type A virus that routinely cause human influenza are H3N2, H2N2, H1N1 and H1N2. H1N1 was the virus that...
This is important because past pandemics were either through direct transmission with sustainability or by genetic reassortment. As indicated, the
influenza viruses are ever changing, which means we have yet to see direct transmission or reassortment now but that's not to say it won't happen in
the future. Once these strains of the HPAI do experience change, especially if incorporating traits from a human influenza virus, this reassortment will
be highly contagious, incredibly lethal and spread easily from person to person causing a large scale influenza pandemic.
Background
Microbiology traces the influenza viruses as enveloped RNA viruses from the Orthomyxoviridae family. Their genome has been identified as having a
high mutation rate and they show increased antigenic diversity. Their core protein can be classified into three distinct types: A, B and C. Influenza
viruses have two major antigenic surface glycoproteins embedded into their membrane: the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) which create
the antibody response in humans4. Influenza types A, B and C can infect various mammals including humans, pigs, horses and both wild and domestic
birds.
Influenza type A in humans is the most common flu virus type and the one that causes the most severe symptoms out of types A, B and C. There are 17
hemagglutinin (HA) and 10 neuraminidase (NA) subtypes of the influenza A virus, which are perpetuated in aquatic birds. The two proteins

Essay on Causes of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic
"It killed more people in twenty–four weeks than AIDS has killed in twenty–four years, more in a year than the Black Death killed in a century. – John
Barry
Many historians call the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918 the deadliest disease outbreak of all time. As many as 100 million people were killed as
a direct result of this disease (Taubenberger 1). The Great Pandemic affected everyone, the prosperous and the poor, developed and underdeveloped
nations. Entire villages in Alaska were wiped out because of the viral disease (Public Health Service). The Influenza Pandemic of 1918 was caused by
World War One, a high volume of immigration, and poor sanitary conditions.
First reports of the virus came in from a small county in Kansas. In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Medical care was as scarce as clean water. Basic medical care was rudimentary. Describing the situations as "incredibly unhygienic" would be an
understatement. War fatalities were the immediate effects of the Great War and the incredible spread of a disease was a later one. As a matter of
fact, more people died from the Great Influenza Pandemic than from World War One (Tauenberger1). After World War One, Europe and Asia were in
chaos. Many European people were without a home, a job and way of life. Desperate, hundreds of thousands immigrated to more stable and
industrialized nations such as the United States of America. From 1915 to 1919, an average of over two–hundred thirty–four thousand immigrants per
year came to the United States of America (Cohn 2). A large number of these immigrants came from Europe and were processed at Ellis Island in New
York City. Forty percent of all Americans can trace their heritage to Ellis Island (United States Department of the Interior). Ellis Island was so
overcrowded with people, the government hurriedly built dormitories, kitchens, and hospitals (United States Department of the Interior). When these
people came, they arrived in over–crowded boats from unclean places. Due to widespread disease in the boats, there were many burials at sea. One of
these burials quite ironically, was my great–uncle who was four–years–old. Upon arrival, from Italy, my great–aunt was buried. When the immigrants
arrived, government

H1n1 Influenza Pandemics
How has the Federal Government dealt with pandemic Influenza outbreaks in the past? In previous years, there have been many outbreaks of the
influenza virus in many different strains. These outbreaks have occurred all over the world, ranging from the worst Influenza outbreak in history, the
"Spanish Flu" of 1918, to the first Influenza outbreaks of the 21st century, the "Swine Flu" waves of 2009 and 2010. In the United States, the federal
government works closely with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the CDC, and the World Health Organization, the WHO, to track
seasonal influenza activity, which includes H1N1. The WHO has a Global Influenza Program that "provides global standards for influenza surveillance
and collects and analyzes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In a few
Lane 4 short months, it affected forty to fifty percent of the population. The mortality rate was approximately one in four thousand, with the death rate
exceeding one million cases.
The H3N2 Hong Kong Flu or "Avian Flu" of 1968 and the H1N1 "Russian Flu" of 1977 also appeared to begin at an unknown location somewhere in
China. In both cases, the outbreaks spread quickly and consistently to go on and affect India, Iran, Australia, North America, and Russia. Between both
instances of these pandemics, roughly sixty thousand deaths were recorded.
In any North American pandemic occurrence, the U.S. federal government will work actively with the CDC and the WHO to find the source of the
outbreak as well as ensure that a vaccine is created to prevent said pandemics from spreading further and resulting in more unnecessary

The Epidemic Of Influenza And Influenza
People are dying every second to a variety of reasons, some that could be prevented others where that is not the case. However, experts agree that
influenza and influenza related deaths could be significantly prevented if people took the influenza vaccine annually. The influenza virus is a deadly
virus that has been killing people since the 1900s; in 1918 the first recorded epidemic of a strain of influenza known as the Spanish flu killed
approximately 50 million people ("Pandemic Flu History"). Because people did not know what the virus was or how to fight against it, it spread very
fast. However, after the vaccine was made, later epidemics such as the 1957, 1968, and 2009 epidemics were not as fatal, killing approximately one
million people worldwide. Vaccines played a large role in human history in fighting and preventing diseases from annihilating human beings. This
paper will discuss the economic aspects of whether it should be mandatory for hospital health care workers to take the flu vaccine. Paula Sullivan, a
seasoned nurse practitioner, discusses how influenza is an infectious disease that takes place "in temperate regions around the world" which results in
approximately the death of 500,000 people "annually" worldwide; 226,000 people get hospitalized and 36,000 die from influenza annually in the
United States alone (Sullivan). Most of the people who die from the influenza virus are aged 65 years or older and that is usually because other
diseases are

Influenza Pandemics
Throughout the history, influenza viruses have caused several pandemics or global epidemics, killing many people. For example, the influenza strike
in 1918 to 1919 infected an estimated 500 million people worldwide, which is one–third of the planet's population at the time and killed an estimated
20 million to 50 million people. More than 25 percentage of the U.S. population were affected, and caused 675,000 deaths in U.S during the pandemic
.(History, 2015). There were no effective treatments for this type ofinfluenza and no available vaccines can prevent its spread during the period.
(History, 2015) U.S government required general population to wear masks and other protective equipments in public areas, and many public places
also closed due to the influenza strike. Health care providers tried everything they knew to save people, but none shows any evidence of effects.
(National Center for Biotechnology Information [NCBI], 2015). Scientists found out that the influenza virus had invaded their lungs and caused
pneumonia, which made so many people died from the pandemic (History,2015). Another influenza strike happened... Show more content on
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According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), flu vaccination coverage among adults was 43.6% for the 2014–2015 season,
increased by 1.4 percentage compared to the 2013–14 season. Coverage with one or more doses of flu vaccine was 59.3% for children who are 6
months through 17 years, increased by 0.4 percentage compared to the 2013–2014 season. For adults, females have higher flu vaccination coverage
than males for every age group except adults в‰Ґ65 years. Among adults, coverage for non–Hispanic whites, which is 46.7%, was higher than
coverage for non–Hispanic blacks. (CDC,

Influenza Pandemic Feedback
The feedback which given was of great help, it provided direction for the paper. The feedback such as how to use and be critical about the articles
used during research, to use them as a means to strengthen points made. This has as allowed for closer reading and engaging in during readings, all the
while looking for the information need for the essay. Also feedback about connecting points to allow follow of the essay, this was really taken into
consideration in the planning of the essay this helped in making essay more concise.
"In the end the microbes will have the last laugh" Loius Pasteur. The dynamic equilibrium which is equal to disease ecology states that disease is the
selective force for human evolution and humans are the selective ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order to function at an effective level emotional health is crucial. Healthcare workers, though aid on the saving of human life often find themselves
emotionally exhausted, missing family time and not having a balanced life (Pakkala, 2010), leading to depression. This in turn affects the flow the
health facility, in the event of an influenza pandemic healthcare workers face depression will not be able to help levitate the added stress. Leaving the
available staff vulnerable to less control of the increasing number of patients and jeopardizing the containment protocols set in

Influenza Pandemic Of 1918 Essay
From 1918–1919, the influenza virus swept the world and had disastrous effects. Different factor contributed to the spread of the virus. Many religious
groups believed the virus was an evil that had fallen on the land and that only God can save them. Others caught the disease due to the lack of sanitary
prevention, such as there being no inspections in the trading ports. Also many people were ignorant and knowledgeable about the pandemic because of
the lack of response from health/government officials. In all, the lack of authority was a huge contributing factor to the spread of the influenza virus.
The Great War helped create the influenza pandemic of 1918, and due to the close quarter's nature of military service and trench warfare that helped
the virus spread. Army recruits in World War One were brought together from a wide range of backgrounds to live in close proximity in army camps,
barracks, troop–ships and trench dugouts. This along with the horrible conditions and the infestation of rats made it very easy for disease to spread.
Soon, the war was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But in all, the lack of authority was a huge contributing factor to the spread of the influenza virus. Just like the influenza virus, smallpox had
devastating effects on the population it spread to and brought destruction to the native population in the New World . During the time when travelers
were first coming to the New World, Europeans did not fully understand how diseases were spread or contracted, so there were a lack of safety
prevention. Most Europeans saw the effects of disease on native populations as God's divine work showing European settlers God was on their side.
Also Europeans did not know how devastating their diseases, like smallpox, were to entire populations until they saw the deaths. Overall, From
1918–1919, the influenza virus swept the world and had disastrous effects which can be compared to how Smallpox impacted the old/new

Research Paper On Influenza Pandemic
The Influenza Pandemic of 1918
It was 1918 early moring at an crowded army base in Kansas when it started.It would become the deadliest disease since the middle ages, when the
black dealth wiped out one–thrid of Eurpoes population. It may have started in the United States but it would pass all around the world. The Influenza
Pandemic of 1918 was originally a bird virus but then it mutated into a human virus. Today we know it as the flu but back then it had many different
names such as the Spanish Influenza, The Spanish Lady and of course the Influenza Pandemic of 1918. It had 3 waves, one worst than the last.
Children started to sing a song that fall: I had little bird its name was enza, I opened the window and In–flu–enza. There were a few countries who did
not receive this deadly virus because of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The virus starts by getting a host cell and either uses it right away then kills it or kills right away usually they use it first. When the virus invades a
body, It collides with the cell that spicks and propherances then they brush against each other and it if they fit together become one. The viruses is
also able to hide from the immune system therefore avoiding being killed so it can reproduce. Then the virus gains control of a cell by injecting its
genes into the cell and makes it do whatever it wants for the benefits of the virus not the cell. Of course while you have a cell doing the dirty work
for you. The viruses make is own offspring/ copies of itself and takes of over and invading surrounding cells. Believe it or not, all that chaos of
domination happens right inside the warm,moist membranes of your mouth,nose,and throat. Within hours of the virus entry.That virus who caused you
all this pain is, The Influenza virus, from the family of orthomyxoviridae, Which includes the influenza virus, Isvirus and thogoto virus. Of course we
also have various types of influenza virus including: Type A, Type B, and Type

Influenza Dbq
The influenza pandemic of 1918–1919 impacted places throughout the world both negatively and positively. Often the reason for the major spread of
pestilence was due to transportation of goods and people. This pandemic infected people worldwide, killing millions. Overall people responded to the
pandemic in different ways through commitment to the task, consulting religion, avoiding contact with others, and the effort to raise public health
awareness. People in all parts of the globe lent a hand and did both volunteering and increased work to aid those who were infected. Document 1 is a
letter written from one friend to another, detailing what has occurred in this army base where this medical doctor is staying. The doctor explains the...
This would support the claim that during this time an abundant amount of work was needed to adequately protect and care for others. Documents 1,
2, 7, and 8 all tell of the additional work that was needed to provide sufficient care for the patients. When in a time of confusion and chaos, people
often look to religion to explain the reasons to why this occurred. Document 4 is a report from a sanitary commissioner explaining why people in
Madras, British India were opposed to seeking medical treatment. The people of this society believed that this epidemic was actually a visit from the
Hindu goddess Amman, therefore they should not resort to medical treatment. These people used their religion to explain the phenomenon that was
occurring. Document 5 is an editorial where the author explains why in a time of confusion where people normally congregate in churches seeking
reassurance, the churches have been closed. These churches are closed to prevent the spread of influenza between those who are a part of the
congregation. The author also wonders why people look for protection if they believe that God sent this disease into the world to create good.
Document 8 tells of rumors that spread throughout the military base. People concluded that this epidemic was the end of the world, figuring that God
must be tired of war and desired to cleanse the world from humans and their destruction. The author of document 5, an

Influenza DBQ
Martha Quezada
Kimmons
AP World History
March 05, 2018
The Influenza (DBQ) In 1918 a new and unknown virus emerged causing the Influenza pandemic to spread worldwide. It diffused from Asia to the
Middle East, Europe, and Africa. The pandemic lasted until 1919 but its effects were very shocking to the population as it was so deadly it killed
more than 50 million people and infected about 20% to 40% of the population. In the early 20th century, when the influenza was barely spreading,
many people had a negative feeling, they felt fear, therefore, it led to many responses. In some cases, people responded with religious measures, as
they believed it was a message from God, therefore, their actions toward the epidemic were guided by their religion. ... Show more content on
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In document 3, the British colonial government of Sierra Leone reported on the epidemic of influenza in Sierra Leone in West Africa, 1918 where
he points out that infected people are being neglected. He wants to inform the government of the capital Freetown, where this is happening, that as
the epidemic spreads people are dying due to not having enough health care and treatment provided by the government. In most cases because they
couldn't find help or because they were abandoned by other residents. In Rio de Janeiro, a Brazilian newspaper published in 1918 alludes how the
public health agency hasn't done anything concerning the epidemic. He wants to inform both the Brazilians and the health agency that even though it
is obvious that the illness is spreading since there has been much publicity, the agency is choosing to ignore it and the author is blaming them for not
taking the actions necessary with when all the ships from unknown ports are arriving but there are no sanitary care measures being done, which can
also be a cause of the spread (Doc 6). In document 9, an American resident of British Samoa published an article in The Evening Post, which is a
newspaper in New Zealand in 1919, where he blames British Samoa government for the spread of influenza. Since the government did not properly
guard the ships like American Samoa did when the

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