Compare And Contrast The Behavioural Approach In Psychology

Compare And Contrast The Behavioural Approach In Psychology
Behaviour approach in psychology
Psychology is the scientific study of human and animal behaviour. There are many approaches to
psychology, which give an insight and they all support one way or another their theories. They
explain the human behaviour based on different circumstances which is not sufficient for someone
to explain all aspects of human behaviour. In this essay I shall discuss what behavioural approach is,
what it's strengths and weaknesses are, than compare it to the biological approach to look at how
they examine depression. The behaviourists believe that behaviour changes is due to the persons
respond to an event in the environment they are in. In contrast psychoanalysts like Sigmund Freud
believe that the human behaviour is totally based on the internal conflict of the unconscious mind.
Behaviourism started as a type of research psychology and for a long time that was how it was seen.
For the best part of the begging of the early 20th century, the behaviourists were just scientists that
were working in high education institutes on psychological research problems. To the behaviourist,
human behaviour has not got anything to do with the inner unconscious conflicts, restraining, or
issues with object representation. To be a little more exact, a behavioural psychologist uses the
concept of learning theory to explain human behaviour. According to behavioural theory, unhelpful
or dysfunctional behaviour such as depression is it learned. Because depression is
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Compare And Contrast The Person Centred Approach
The Person–Centred Approach is based on the theory and philosophy of Dr Carl Rogers. It focuses
on the belief that we are all born with an innate ability for psychological growth if external
circumstances allow us to do so. (British Association for the Person Centred Approach. (2017).
What Is The Person Centred Approach. Available: https://www.bapca.org.uk/. Last accessed 5th
September 2017.) The Person Centred Approach describes the client as an expert on themselves, and
helps the client gain self– acceptance. The approach believes that humans can self–heal, if the core
conditions are in place. The relationship between the client and the counsellor is the most important
aspect of the therapy succeeding. (Rory Lees– Oakes. (2017). Counselling Theories Compare and
Contrasted. Available: http://counsellingtutor.com/counselling–approaches/counselling–theories–
compare–and–contrast/. Last accessed 4th September 2017.) As well as being non–directive this
type of counselling relationship is based on the core conditions of empathy, congruence, and
unconditional positive regard. By clients being prized and valued, they can learn to accepted who
they are and reconnect with their true selves. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (Ellis & Beck) focuses
on how an individuals thoughts and perceptions effect the way they feel and behave. Your thoughts,
feelings, physical sensations and actions are interconnected, and that negative thoughts and feelings
can trap you in a vicious cycle. This

Predicting Behavior by Attitudes Essay
Predicting Behavior by Attitudes
Attitudes can be very complex, a product or service may be composed of many attributes or
qualities some of which may be more important than others to certain people. Furthermore, a
persons decision to act on his or her attitude is affected by other factors, such as approval by family
and friends. For this reason, multiattribute models have been constructed and are extremely popular
among marketing research.
Many models have been constructed but the most influential model is that of Fishbein 1973. The
Fishbein multiattribute model argues that attitudes can predict behaviour. It measures three
components of attitude. Salient beliefs people have about an attitude ... Show more content on
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In many cases knowledge of a person's attitude is not a very good predictor of behaviour. Many
studies have obtained a very low correlation between a person's reported attitude towards something
and his or her actual behaviour towards it. (Wicker 1969). For, instance Stacey 1981 found only a
small correlation between attitudes and alcohol consumption. Furthermore, the model doesn't
consider people's past behaviour, despite evidence that this is a good predictor of future behaviour.
(Bagozzi 1991). Previous performance of a behaviour helps to explain the extent of the person's
actual behavioural control in a particular situation. (Kashima et al 1992).
Following on from this criticism the Fishbein model was extended to improve its predictive ability.
This revised version is the theory of reasoned action (Azjen and Fishbein 1977) and assumes that
behaviour is a function of the intention to perform that behaviour. This new model measures
behavioural intentions, recognising uncontrollable factors, and the power of other peoples influence.
The subjective norm has been added to include the effects of what we believe other people think we
should do and also the

Albert Bandura 's Theory Of Radical Behaviorism Theory
Parsimony is often regarded as one of the cornerstones in the evaluation of psychological constructs
and theories. Importantly, the condition of parsimony in itself presents a risk, potentially placing an
unnecessary limitation, when a more complex explanation may better reflect the overall complex
nature of the fundamental underlying concept that is under scrutiny (Epstein, 1984). Albert Bandura
's social cognitive theory and B. F. Skinner 's theory of radical behaviourism have provided two of
the most influential contributions to psychology, and when examining Skinner and Bandura 's
theories, this notion of parsimony becomes highly prevalent, as it is the most significant way in
which the two theories differ. This stark contrast in parsimony arises from the methodological
differences between the two theories in their treatment of the role of cognition. Skinner 's theory
asserts a situationalist perspective of personality which is underpinned by the idea that all behaviour
is purely deterministic and solely caused by the environment, thus by consequence any learning of
new behaviours or personality occurs independently of the learner (Murphy, Maltby and Cloninger,
2010; Skinner, 1950). By contrast, Bandura (Murphy, Maltby and Cloninger; 2010, Bandura, 2001,
2006) proposes a dynamic perspective of personality which underpins the notion of reciprocal
determinism, encompassing a complex and dynamic interaction between personal factors (namely
cognition), behaviour and the

Management Theories In Classroom Management
2.4 Behaviour management theories While classroom management theory is constantly evolving.
There are many types of behaviour management and discipline strategies for the classroom. Some of
the theories are directly applicable and some theories can use with our own personal mix.
Understanding these theories can help educators define their own classroom management methods
and make decisions about how to best approach interactions with students (Hussung, 2016). 2.4.1
The Assertive Discipline Model This theory, proposed by Lee Canter (1976), suggests that students'
positive behaviours should be recognized and encouraged. As per his theory, teachers should inform
students about expectations they have as well as rules they have set. Once they inform students, they
will closely monitor who follow these guidelines. According to his theory, teachers should be
entrusted with the right to teach without any intervention, while students should learn without any
interruption (Edu– excellence organisation, 2016). Most important thing in this model is teacher
always reinforced positive more than negative. However, if the student violates the rules
persistently, then he or she is punished. This include five steps namely; warning the student, giving
10 –minute time out in isolation, giving the student a 15–minute time out in isolation, calling the
student's parents and finally, sending the student to the principal's office. However, this approach is
not practicable for the teenagers. Because

counselling theory essay
Unit 2: Introduction to Counselling Skills Theories Theory Essay Written Introduction In this essay
I will describe key elements of Psychodynamic theory, Person–Centred theory and Cognitive–
Behavioural theory. I will also identify the key differences between the above theories. I shall also
describe how counselling theory underpins the use of counselling skills in practise. I will then end
with my conclusion. 1.1 Key elements of psychodynamic theory Dr Sigmud Freud (1856–1939), is
the founder of the psychodynamic approach. Dr Sigmud Freud believed that childhood experiences
and unconscious thoughts had an effect on people's behaviour. Psychodynamic counselling refers to
the inner most deepest unconscious traumas and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cognitive–behavioural theory (CBT) is a kind of psychotherapeutic treatment that enables patients
to comprehend the thoughts and feelings that control their behaviours. Cognitive–behavioural
therapy is more frequently used to treat an extensive range of disorders such as depression and
anxiety. Cognitive–behavioural therapy is widely short–term and concentrates on enabling clients to
deal with very particular problems. Often six weeks to six months sessions of course depending
upon the problem it is pacifically goal directed and places great weight upon self–help as a long
term coping tool that the client can take away with them and successfully use. Cognitive–
behavioural therapy believes that clients can learn the wrong ways of developing and making sense
of information during their cognitive development. This can often lead to distortions in the way they
identify reality, it's the job of the therapist to enable them to work this out. According to Dryden,
2007, p.299 "Cognitive therapy first came to the attention of British psychologists and psychiatrists
through the pioneering work of the British researchers who sought to evaluate the efficacy of Beck's
treatment for depression." Cognitive–behavioural theory can be used on a one to one basis or in a
group setting. It is said that in order for cognitive–behavioural therapy to be effective, the client

Biological Approach To Psychology Essay
1.0 INTRODUCTION
A lot has been said about behavioural and biological approaches in psychology i.e. the assumptions
of both approaches and how they influence disorders such as depression.
The behavioural theory states that personality is as a result of the interaction between an individual
and the environment (i.e. the society and the individual). It is focus on observable and measurable
behaviour rather than mental or emotional behaviours and different theories focus on one type of
behaviour over the other. On the contrary, the biological approach seeks to explain behaviour as a
result of interactions within the body. It is based on assumptions such as how the brain psychology
can influence behaviour and also how behaviour can be inherited ... Show more content on
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These are neurotransmitter dysfunction and inherited genes.
In neurotransmitter dysfunction, the biological approach to depression explains low levels of the
neurotransmitter serotonin. This has been linked with many forms of dysfunctional behaviour such
as anxiety, excessive anger, poor social functioning and other mood disorders.
Serotonin is understood to have a variety of roles and affects brain functioning; even though it is not
known if depression is caused by serotonin levels, or whether depression causes low serotonin, or if
there is another factor causing them both.
In regards to genes, depression could be explained in terms of genetic predispositions. Research in
the area of twin and adoption studies has shown that there is a genetic link to depression. As a result
it is being advocated some individuals may have genes that predispose them to depression and other
mood disorders.
7.0 CONCLUSIONS
Behaviorism assumes that we are born as a blank slate and so equal at birth. The theorists believe
that it is the environmental factors that shape our behaviour rather than genetic or biological
differences. Behaviorism very much represents the nurture aspect of the nature–nurture

Mental Health In England
Introduction
Mental health is becoming an increasing national concern. The Annual Health Survey for England
(2016) states "...one in four adults in England has been diagnosed with a mental health condition at
some point in their lifetime". Rachel Craig, from the National Centre for Social Research, said:
"This survey leaves us in no doubt as to the prevalence of mental ill health in England. Despite it
affecting so many of us, prejudice against people with a mental illness still exists and there is some
resistance to the provision of community care for people suffering with mental ill health".
Despite the fact that it affects people of all ages, the trends seem to show a substantial increase in
young suffers. The Mental Health Foundation (2001) claims that more young people have mental
health problems nowadays, compared to thirty years ago. In terms of student cases of mental ...
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This is proof that there is an additional stigma attached to males concerning mental health. Rachel
Craig states ""Men are more likely to hold prejudiced and less tolerant views than women towards
mental health".
Head of Samaritans' policy and research, Clare Wyllie states that there is a male suicide problem
because 'Society has this masculine ideal that people are expecting to live up to. Lots of that has to
do with being a breadwinner. When men don't live up to that it can be quite devastating for them"
(Fogg, 2014).
In view of the evidence cited above, the author feels that a viable means of de–stigmatization of
mental health issues at university will encourage male students to seek help for mental health issues.
This will also reduce negative connotations attached with mental health issues, which in turn will
decrease the alarming suicide rates attached with it.
1.0– Aims & Objectives
1.1–

Motivations for Young People to Engage in the MLM-Business...
Modeling Nature Motivations for young people to engage in the MLM–business Vemma Nowadays,
having a bachelor's or even a master's degree does not have any guarantee for future employment
(Fevre, 2007). Furthermore, the rates of job dissatisfaction are extremely high (Fevre, 2007).People
are not satisfied with the type of work they do, neither with the people whom they work with or
their working hours (Fevre, 2007). During this time of high rates of job dissatisfaction and low
employment, the concept of ' running your own business' or 'being your own boss' may sound
attractive for many. Due to the rise of social media and interconnection between individuals,
especially in the past 10 years, network marketing seems like a great opportunity for people who are
not satisfied with the job they currently practice. A special case that has attracted my attention in the
past months is Vemma, an online business where the basic idea is that you purchase the specific
product, promote it to others, make sure others buy it through you and get paid as a reward.
Although it is accused by many of being just another corrupt pyramid scheme, around me I observe
quite a high number of young, motivated people joining Vemma and claiming they make money
with it. The main question of this report becomes: what are the motivations for young people to join
the Vemma business? In this paper, I wish to link this phenomenon to Ajzen's Theory of Reasoned
Action and Planned Behaviour. Firstly, in order

The Psychological Approaches Of Psychology
There are different psychological approaches in psychology. I mentioned these in great detail in my
previous assignment; I will now discuss the different psychological approaches to health practice.
The psychological approaches are; Behaviourist, Psychodynamic, Humanistic. The behaviourist
theory is all about teaching behaviour whether it is appropriate of not when you can see the changes
in behaviour is when you know it has worked. The behavioural learning technique is the result of
conditioning. Conditioning suggests that a reward following a desirable response acts as
reinforcement and increases the likelihood that the desirable response will be repeated.
Reinforcement is the most important part of the behaviourist approach. A nurse in a healthcare
setting provides reinforcement at each step. For example, when a little girl is having to get a blood
test done and is afraid and rejecting to do so peacefully, the nurse will look for some positive
behaviour and then immediately reinforces by saying, you are such a big girl or you did an excellent
job with that! The psychodynamic theory says that behaviour is driven by subconscious forces in
which we have no control over. These unconscious forces can be accessible through a slip of the
tongue (Freudian slip) or in dreams/nightmares and signify the unconscious truth. In a healthcare
location, these subconscious forces are studied to try and attempt to make a diagnosis. The use of
the psychodynamic theory can be obliging in

The Transtheoretical Model Of Motivation
Motivation is an important factor in any kind of behaviour change. However, when it comes to sport
specific, performance related goal, it plays a huge part whether people will achieve their goal or not.
SDT is a great theory to apply to find out where the client's motivation is coming from and the aim
is reach the integration stage of extrinsic motivation. We believe being purely intrinsically motivated
is very rare especially in a world where competition and acceptance by others has a huge effect on
people's behaviour. Many of the theories are similar to each other in the sense that they use many of
the same constructs. One of the many repeating themes in the theories is the idea of self–efficacy.
Self–efficacy is agreed to be an important ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She felt it was not useful to her as she placed herself in the action phase and didn't feel knowing the
contemplation and pre contemplation phases were worth her exploring. Knowing what the
characteristics of the phases were did not help her get any closer to reaching her goal, nor did she
think learning the techniques to get through the phases was helpful to her accomplishing her goal at
all. The transtheoretical model is most likely more useful for people in the precontemplation and
contemplation stages as it can help them see the progression they will be making, however it is less
effective when trying to apply it to somebody who's already far along in the action or maintenance
phases. Recommendations for Interventions We did not discuss any behavioural change strategies
with our client as she wanted to proceed towards her goal by herself to see if she can succeed. If we
are to recommend any interventions that would help her or even other people to achieve a specific,
sport related goal, we would recommend to increase the social support system, develop a strong
time–management skill set and to address any previous experiments of setbacks, lapses and failure
to be able to cope if it happens

Lewin's Change Theory
Nurse as a change agent
"You must be the change you wish to see in the world." – Mahatma Ghandi
Overview
The theoretical foundations of change theory are robust: several theories now exist, many coming
from the disciplines of sociology, psychology, education, and organizational management. Kurt
Lewin (1890 – 1947) has been acknowledged as the "father of social change theories" and presents a
simple yet powerful model to begin the study of change theory and processes. He is also lauded as
the originator of social psychology, action research, as well as organizational development.
Lewin's change theory consists of three distinct and vital stages:
Unfreezing
Moving to a New Level or Changing
Refreezing.
"Unfreezing"– ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Change by Exception: occurs when someone makes an exception to an existing belief system. For
instance, if a client believes that all nurses are bossy, but then experiences nursing care from a very
modulated nurse, they may change their belief about that particular nurse, but not all nurses in
general.
Incremental Change: change that happens so gradually, that an individual is not aware of it.
Pendulum Changes: are

Cbt Essay
An Introduction to Cognitive Behavioural Therapy: A Case Study Focusing on a Patient with
Generalised Anxiety Disorder. This essay will provide an understanding of the principles of
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy and its application to a case study of someone who has mild to
moderate health problems. It aims to critically evaluate the principles and philosophy that underpin
cognitive behaviour theory, whist demonstrating an understanding of fundamental cognitive
behavioural strategies, and finally to critically appraise the evidence base of appropriate treatment
methods. For the purpose of the assignment and in accordance to British Association for
Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies (BABCP, 2010:7) Standards of Conduct, ... Show more
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These cognitions also influence the individual's emotional responses, meaning the same event will
evoke different feelings for different people depending on how they interpret it (Beck, 1995). A key
philosophy of Beck's cognitive theory of emotional disorders (Beck, 1967; 1976) relates to
emotional disorders, such as anxiety and depression, being maintained through distorted thinking,
sometimes known as cognitive distortions (CDs). These CDs can be recognised at surface level as
negative automatic thoughts (NATs) that process in an individual's consciousness. Therefore an
individual with an emotional disorder will interpret an event in a negative manner, thus perceiving
the situation as a threat or in a detrimental way. These distorted thoughts or NATs are supported by
assumptions in the memory known as underlying beliefs (Wells, 1997). Underlying beliefs are based
on an individual's thoughts or cognitions relating to their attitudes and assumptions and are defined
by Beck, et al (1979) as schemas. Beliefs and schemas are established from childhood and previous
experiences and determine how an individual views themselves, others and the world around them
(Beck 1995), they can also determine how an individual reacts to situations. If theses schemas are
negative this can lead to maladaptive thinking and interactions between negative thoughts, emotions
and physiological changes that can result in dysfunctional patterns of

The Theory Of The Australian Human Resource Institute
Executive summary
Through the need of a change within the management of the Australian Human Resource institute
this report has outlined efficient ways in improving the success rate of the Australian manufacturing
sectors. However, in discovering the right way to dealt the management different theories have been
looked upon. The classical 1909 theory was proposed by Frederick Winslow Taylor, which
explained that improving management is based on the efficiency and productivity of the employees.
This is deemed in Taylor believing that all workers were motivated by the external reward. That
being money, so he promoted the idea of "a fair day 's pay for a fair day 's work. In context meaning,
"if a worker didn 't achieve enough in a day, he ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was more commonly referred to as "Maslow 's hierarchy of needs". He explains that
"motivation starts when an individual experiences a need and the individual then creates a goal,
which, upon achievement, will satisfy the need" a behavioral approach can be criticized through
Introduction
Through this report it sets out to target the Australian Human Resource institute (AHRI) in
providing a means to their being an improvement within the Australian manufacturing sector.
Through the year that has passed the Australian manufacturing sector has undergone a large amount
financial pressure resulting in there being a sufficient amount of staff layoffs and even to the point
of closing operations within Australia. With the aim of the report being able to reach a means to
stopping the continual drop and deficiencies within the sector, it has been established that through
critically analyzing the separate management theories of classical and behavioral theories while
providing the AHRI with recommendations of improvement within managing employees efficiently,
As well as managing the business itself to act efficiently as well as effective. Through comparing
the Classical theory of Frederick Winslow Taylor in comparison to the Behavioural theory of
Maslow and evidence of the Hawthorn studies the report will result in the most effective

Teenagers ' Communication With Their Partners On Issues Of...
CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW Teenagers ' communication with their partners on issues of
sex and their use of condoms is greatly influenced by the discussions teenagers have with their
parents on issues related to sex. However in this discussion, little is known about the process of
parent–teenager communication with regards to the topic under discussion. Understanding what
parents discuss with their children and how they discuss it may lead to a greater understanding of
teenagers ' sexual behaviours. A literature review of researches done in the previous studies has been
done, in order to help to identify the gaps in literature so that further researches in this area can be
done. Theorectical Framework The approach that is going to be used in this study,is that of the
social cognitive theory (SCT) developed by Bandura (1997). According to this theory, human
behaviour is a result of the interaction of personal factors, the environment and the behaviour itself
(Bandura, 1997). The social cognitive theory clearly explains how people acquire and maintain
certain behavioural patterns whilst at the same time, providing the basis for intervention strategies
(Bandura, 1997). From the various behavioural factors that influence behaviour, Bandura (1986)
identified self efficacy and outcome expectations as the most salient factors. Self efficacy refers to
the ability and confidence in performing a particular behaviour or it can be looked as an individual's
judgment of his or her

The Causes And Consequences Of Anxiety
Anxiety is defined as a condition, or unpleasant emotional state that involves feelings of worry,
tension and apprehension (Bekker et al, 2003). To attempt to discover the causes of anxiety, and
what areas of the brain are involved, Jeffrey Grays Behavioural Inhibition System (1982) will be
discussed. Following this, further exploration of these beliefs by Carver and White (1994) will be
explored. In addition to these, it is also suggested that anxiety is correlated to hippocampus and
amygdala formation and volume, therefore, this idea will also be explored, other factors that may
influence anxiety will also be discussed in order to consider other potential causes and consequences
of anxiety. After review and consideration of this evidence, the question "To what extent can
individual differences in anxiety be explained by variation in the "Behavioural Inhibition System"
will be explained.
Jeffrey Grays (1982) Behavioural Activation System (BAS) and Behavioural Inhibition System
(BIS) which are now occasionally referred to as Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) (Pickering
and Corr, 2008) are theories of personality, which believe that individual differences in personality
are due to neurobiological factors (Avila & Barrós–Loscertales, 2008). The Behavioural Activation
System is motivated by reward and motivation. Whereas the Behavioural Inhibition System is
motivated by sensitivity to punishment and avoidance (Goldberg et al, 2010) To test this theory,
Carver and White

Behavioural Change
Theory of Behaviour Change Theories of behavioural change are used during program planning
because they help explain and predict how individuals go through change. Understanding how and
why people change is useful in the selection of program activities and outcomes (Hodges & Videto,
2011). Theory Guiding Program Plan The Social Cognitive Theory will be used to guide the
program plan. This theory describes change at the interpersonal level. This means that the beliefs
and actions of friends, family, peers and co–workers can influence why one changes (Hodges &
Videto, 2011). What is the Social Cognitive Theory? Social cognitive theory believes a behaviour
comes from the interaction of personal factors, behavioural ability and environmental ... Show more
They were looking to examine the outcome expectancies and self efficacy aspects of the social
cognitive theory. The participants underwent a six week cognitive behavioural therapy with the goal
of participant abstinence by the study's conclusion. The study found that participants with lower
confidence in their ability to refuse cannabis were less likely to be abstinent. However, participants
who thought the outcome of cannabis use would be negative had a greater chance of abstinence
(Gullo). This study addresses cannabis use and multiple aspects of Social Cognitive Theory;
however it is quite different from the program we have planned. This study does describe the
participants, and further, the goal of our program will not be abstinence. Rather, there will be more
focus on the social and environmental aspects of Social Cognitive Theory in our program. Although
there are differences between this study and our program plan it is important to see that other people
have used aspects of Social Cognitive Theory in a program/intervention that dealt with cannabis.
This encourages the use of aspects of the theory that are relevant to guide us in our own program

COMPARISON AND CONTRAST THE THREE
COMPARISON AND CONTRAST THE THREE
MAIN CORE COUNSELLING THEORIES
There are three main theories of counselling: Person Centred Counselling, C. Rogers, Cognitive
Behavioural Therapy, A Beck and Psychodynamic, S. Freud. These theories work well on their own
but there are commonalities and differences between them. This essay will compare and contrast the
three theories
There is concept of the person within the three schools. Rogers' hypothesis was that everybody has
the resource within them of self understanding and the ability to self heal. Person centred
counselling will look into the past, present and also to the future with the client to address as many
issues that may need to be dealt with. This process then changes their self ... Show more content on
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The persons thoughts, memories or problems are repressed and placed in our unconscious.
The comparison with origins is that both Rogers and Freud use the personality of mind in relation to
the person repressing memories or happenings within the unconscious. These issues need to be
brought to the forefront to move forward.
Rogers' formulation of the problem is that we all have an organismic self this is the real inner person
and is present from birth. It aims to make you grow and achieve self actualisation and will move
you towards a better and happier integrated life with others. The phenomenal field includes
everything that has been experienced at any time. A part of this field changes and becomes the Self.
It develops through interactions, awareness and functions of the person. Connected to the
development of self concept and self actualisation there is a need for self regard, self concept and
self esteem.
With the change of self concept and self actualisation (SFBT) this gives the person the ability to
realise their own potential. Core beliefs when place creates the ideal environment which allows the
client to explore. With this comes self awareness of who they really are. Reality could also be an
issue as they may not like what they see or who they are. This self concept is important as it relates
the person's individual perception. This is gained in early

Depression According to Cross-Cultural and Behavioural...
Research Question: Depression according to the Cross–cultural and Behavioural Perspectives
Mariam Magdalena Diallo
Professor: Ms. Samineh Izedi
I– Introduction:
Depression is an illness that affects the psyche, the mind the soul and the physical aspects of the
individual. Its symptoms are various and differ from one another. Through the Behavioural and
Cross Cultural Perspectives within psychology's theories clearly give a detailed explanation of this
phenomenon.
This essay will examine the way in which depression is viewed according to the cross cultural
perspective that states that depressions are most likely to differ when looking at different races or
ethnicities. This essay will also look at how behavioural factors ... Show more content on
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Indeed, cross–cultural psychology on depression underlines the different variables that are major
within different cultures and how do they affect the experience of depression and depression itself.
For instance, in a study conducted in a college where the sample was US and Indian students.
Within the Indian community the variables that lead to depression were more likely to be a result of
gender issues whereas in the American college student's community depression was more
influenced by gender role issues in this case it can be seen that both variables lead the depression to
be experienced in different ways through different variables.
As language carries culture, sometimes it happens that a cross cultural translation of research
instruments into different cultures is necessary to be able to conduct adequate research. According to
the study "A cross–cultural measure of depressive symptoms among Vietnamese Americans" it
happened that the definition of depression used in the Western culture was different in the
Vietnamese American culture and somehow difficult to define or measure. Indeed this study has
lead to conclude that as the experiences are totally different and as the mixture of cultures Is
deepened, the feelings and the experience of depression in itself is completely different.
IV–Behavioural Perspective:

Managerial And Behavioural Theory Of The Firm
Introduction
With the roots of the neoclassical theory of the firm dating back to the 1770's and some of the more
recent developments being some 80 years ago, it is understandable that economists have begun to
question how applicable the Neoclassical theory of the firm is to present day corporations.
(Lipczynski, Wilson, Goddard, 2009) Managerial and behavioural theories have been developed
with the intention of providing a more realistic insight into how contemporary organisations
function. This paper will address how the managerial and behavioural theories differ to the
neoclassical approach of the firm, and to what extent they enhance our understanding of firms. In
doing so Baumol's sales revenue maximisation and Williamson's ... Show more content on
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At its most basic, neoclassical is reliant upon the surrounding market conditions controlling the
decisions of firms. The Neoclassical approach to the firm provides us with a market–wide
framework from which we can make predictions on future outcomes.
During the eighteenth century economic thinking was heavily influenced by the growing textile
industry, where the majority of suppliers were producing homogenous products; leaving no motive
for the economic theory being developed to account for diverse market conditions. (Lipczynski,
Wilson, Goddard, 2009) According to The Modern Corporation and Private Property Revised
Edition (1969) written by Berle and Means, out of "The 200 Largest Non–Financial Corporations"
in the United States "the number classed as Management Controlled increased from 88 to 169" from
1929 to 1963 respectively. (Berle and Means, 1968) Amidst the globalisation of firms and the rise of
the stock exchange, firms have become more complex and there ownership has become more
diluted. The supermarket industry is an example of how firms have become more multifaceted;
selling thousands of heterogeneous products, buying from countless suppliers and being owned by
whoever chooses to buy shares on the stock exchange. Due to firms increasing in both size and
complexity, owners of firms often employ teams of managers to run their

Theories Of Learning Behavior Theories
There are over 100 theories of learning behaviour that can be applied to behaviour in the classroom.
In the field of education, research has shown that teachers spend as much time engaged in classroom
behaviour management as they do teaching, therefore, this shows the importance of learning
behaviour theories. Firstly, what is learning? Learning can be defined as developing newly learnt
skills, new knowledge and understanding concepts. We recognise learning as there is a better
understanding or a change in behaviour. It is essential to comprehend that 'learning ' associates
different understandings to many people and is used accordingly in various theories. This essay is
divided into three parts: first, addressing the definition of behaviour, secondly, the explanation of a
Learning Theory (Behaviourism) and lastly this paper will look at the classical and operant
conditioning theory illustrating how these environmental concepts affects children 's learning in the
classroom. Bulotsky–Shearer et al., (2012) mentioned that children who have difficulty regulating
their emotions, paying attention, initiating peer interactions and sustaining engagement in learning
tasks are at risk for learning difficulties. This essay will demonstrate how the above–mentioned
behaviours can cause learning difficulties in children in the classroom. The Oxford Dictionary
defines behaviour as the way in which one acts or conducts oneself, especially towards others
(Oxford Dictionary,

motivation Essay
One of your managers has an ongoing problem with one of his staff. He has been trying to use
behavioural modification to change the staff member's behaviour of continually interfering with the
work of one of her colleagues (whose job she used to do). He has so far tried moving the offender
physically away from her colleague, ignoring the interference (along with the colleague) in the hope
that it would stop, and rewarding the staff member when she does not interfere. This situation has
now been going on for six months, your manager has run out of ideas, and he has asked for your
help. What advice would you give from your knowledge of motivation theory?
One of your managers has an ongoing problem with one of his staff. He has been trying ... Show
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He has so far tried moving the offender physically away from her colleague, ignoring the
interference (along with the colleague) in the hope that it would stop, and rewarding the staff
member when she does not interfere. This situation has now been going on for six months, your
manager has run out of ideas, and he has asked for your help. What advice would you give from
your knowledge of motivation theory?One of your managers has an ongoing problem with one of
his staff. He has been trying to use behavioural modification to change the staff member's behaviour
of continually interfering with the work of one of her colleagues (whose job she used to do). He has
so far tried moving the offender physically away from her colleague, ignoring the interference
(along with the colleague) in the hope that it would stop, and rewarding the staff member when she
does not interfere. This situation has now been going on for six months, your manager has run out of
ideas, and he has asked for your help. What advice would you give from your knowledge of
motivation theory?One of your managers has an ongoing problem with one of his staff. He has been
trying to use behavioural modification to change the staff member's behaviour of continually
interfering with the work of one of her colleagues (whose job she used to do). He has so far tried
moving the offender

The Behavioral Approach : The Learning Theory Essay
The Behavioural approach (also called the learning theory) focuses on the belief that our
environment, e.g. people, experiences and learning, influences the development and behaviour of an
individual whilst thinking the internal functions, such as thoughts and cognition, are impossible to
observe, so they are not apart of the scientific approach to psychology. This theory is also based on
the concept of 'explaining behaviour through observation. Behaviourists assume individuals are
born as a blank state (tabula rasa), meaning they do not think biology and cognitive functions
influence our behaviour, only our environment does. A large idea that the theory hold is that
behaviour can be broken down into stimulus–response units. Stimuli are anything environmental
that triggers an individuals' senses, for example, a student being asked to complete an assignment
(stimulus) would respond by completing the assignment. Stimulus–response theories form the basis
of classical or operant conditioning, which suggests animals and humans can learn through the
relation of a response to any certain stimuli.
One strength of the Behavioural approach is that it is scientific. This is a strength because we can
measure and observe behaviour which means we get reliable results. One major weakness of the
Behavioural approach is that it ignores internal functions such as thoughts, cognition etc. For
example, a large part of depression is made up of the thoughts and emotions of an individual, but

The Theory of Planned Behavior
The Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)
TRA posits that individual behaviour is driven by behavioural intentions where behavioural
intentions are a function of an individual's attitude toward the behaviour and subjective norms
surrounding the performance of the behaviour. Attitude toward the behaviour is defined as the
individual's positive or negative feelings about performing a behaviour. It is determined through an
assessment of one's beliefs regarding the consequences arising from a behaviour and an evaluation
of the desirability of these consequences. Formally, overall attitude can be assessed as the sum of
the individual consequence x desirability assessments for all expected consequences of the
behaviour. Subjective norm is defined ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Subjective Norms (about the behaviour)
Subjective norms are a persons own estimate of the social pressure to perform the target behaviour.
Subjective norms are assumed to have two components which work in interaction: beliefs about
how other people, who may be in some way important to the person, would like them to behave
(normative beliefs). Perceived behavioural control
Perceived behavioural control is the extent to which a person feels able to enact the behaviour. It has
two aspects: how much a person has control over the behavior and how confident a person feels
about being able to perform or not perform the behaviour. It is determined by control beliefs about
the power of both situational and internal factors to inhibit or facilitate the performing of the
behaviour.
Direct measures and indirect (belief–based) measures
With the exception of behaviour, the variables in the TPB model are psychological (internal)
constructs. Each predictor variable may be measured directly e.g. by asking respondents about
specific behavioural beliefs and outcome evaluations.
Direct and indirect measurement approaches make different assumptions about the underlying
cognitive structures and neither approach is perfect.
When different methods are tapping the same construct, scores are expected to be positively
correlated, so it is recommended that both be included in TPB

Rudolf Dreikurs Goal Centered Theory
In order for classroom teachers to be considered effective they need to implement well considered
and planned classroom management theories. There is a vast array of alternate theories with various
strengths and weaknesses, and their suitability is highly dependent on the school and classroom
environments, as well as the staffing structure within the school. The most appropriate option for
beginning teachers when choosing an effective classroom management theory is finding one that
best integrates with their own personal teaching philosophy (Lyons, Ford, & Slee, 2014, p. 22). The
following is a comparative example of Rudolf Dreikurs Goal Centered Theory, William Glassers
Choice Theory, and Cognitive Behavioural Theory which has contributors ... Show more content on
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By catering to such needs the teacher is bolstering motivation, and producing acceptable behaviour
standards (Weiler, 2004, p. 49). A major short coming for Choice Theory is that it needs to be
implemented school–wide to enable students to form a cohesive interpretation of their quality world
(Lyons, Ford, & Slee, 2014, p. 26). In addition to this, Choice Theory is not a short term solution to
behaviour and motivation issues, and requires extensive commitment and effort throughout the
whole school in a collaborative approach to improving behaviour management. Which according to
Glasser (Glasser & Gough, 1987, p. 659) would require complete restructuring of schools and a
level of understanding of Choice Theory to be developed within the parents and community of the
school. Like GCT, Lyon, Ford and Slee (2014) suggest Choice Theory is not likely to be the most
suitable option for managing students with challenging behavioural

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Theory: A Case Study
The purpose of this essay is to demonstrate and critically evaluate, analyse and critically judge CBT
theory and practise methods for working with people who present with depression. Cognitive
Behavioural Therapy is an effective treatment for depression and is recommended by NICE (2004)
guidelines (Hollon et al, 2002). However, the effectiveness of the different models used, has long
been debated. This essay will critically evaluate the key behavioural and cognitive therapy theories
and use real life and hypothetical examples of the application of theory to clinical practise.
CBT arose from two very different schools of psychology and its origins can be traced to a
behavioural or a cognitive model. These two models can subsequent merge (Micallef, ... Show more
He believed that behavior was influenced by what came directly after it rather than before it
(Capuzzi & Stauffer 2016). Skinner proposed that operant conditioning behaviour is operated by
either positive or negative reinforcement (Cayoun 2015). Skinner experimented with a rat in a
container and found that if food was displayed every time the rat pushed a pedal, it will frequently
push that same pedal to get more food. The act of pushing the pedal, the desired behavior, has been
reinforced with food. However, if a rat got an electrical shock that would not stop unless it pushed a
pedal, it would begin to press it quickly following to relieve its pain. Negative reinforcement
growths desired behaviors by permitting subjects to escape punishment through their performance.
The action of pushing the pedal, the desired behavior, has again been reinforced, though by a
different method then before (Asmussen

The Bellwood Intervention Model
the Bellwood model of intervention is based on a different of models of chemical dependency which
seek to address the various aspects of addiction. For that reason, one can rationalize that the
intervention model is grounded on the social learning theory, cognitive–behavioural, disease and
moral models of chemical dependency (Johnson, 2004). According to New Life Ministries (n.d.),
the rehabilitation programme is designed to motivate change in client's attitude, undesirable or
maladaptive behaviours, thinking and values to prevent clients from reverting to old habitats. Thus,
the intervention will address clients unresolved issues, experiences, and traumas. Moreover, the
integrated intervention assist clients in building their self–worth, well–being,

Features Of Behavioural Economics
Behavioural Economics ECN42260
Assessment 2
Behavioural Economics & Public Policy
Rashi Mittal
16203017
Behavioural Economics is extensively being used to inform and develop policy interventions.
Behavioral economics brings insights from psychology and other social sciences into economic
models. Behavioural insights are also used for economic models of decision–making. A key feature
of behavioural economics is its empirical approach. There is a growing scope of the contribution of
behavioural economics to the design and improvement of tax policy. Many behavioural economic
ideas have helped develop the traditional economic choice framework, in which people are assumed
to make rational, self–interested and consistent choices. But that is not always the case behavioural
models suggests often different assumptions which make the predictions of the model align more
closely to observed outcomes and which explains the pattern of behavioural not easily ... Show more
The first is based on behavioural economics and nudging, the second is from cognitive social
psychology covering tax perspectives, morals, fairness and the role of social norms and the third is
co–determination between government and consumer.
A good example of behavioural economics is the prospect theory in which it is demonstrated that
most of the people are risk averse for gains and risk seeking for equivalent losses.
The second insight discusses that taxpayers have positive attitude towards revenue authorities and
belief that the government works for the benefit of the individuals then there may be positive
relationship between tax–morale and tax compliance. It is very essential that taxpayers feel that the
system is trustworthy, fair and just and the money paid by them is utilized in the right manner. There
is evidence that tax attitudes improve when the link to public expenditure is

Health Promotion Of Mental Health
Reading and reflecting on the assigned articles for the week, urged me to consider health promotion
in mental health (MH). Specifically how the Social Cognitive approach (SCT) is applied to
programs in the field of mental health. It appears that SCT has been extensively applied to
physiological health promotion (Bandura, 2004) more so than that of mental health disorders and
problems. Although there may be less inquiry into behaviour changes in MH, stigma (individual and
collective) in MH has been examined in relation to SCT guided programs. The two intervention
articles read as well as some other health related SCT guided interventions, suggest that changes in
health behaviour could be associated with prevention, reduction or improved health management.
Perhaps these results could support an increase in SCT application for MH on both an individual
and global scale. A large portion of intervention studies indicating significant outcomes through
SCT, rely to some extent on an observation of model component in the delivered intervention. This
is not to say that SCT interventions rely solely on modelling. Activities encouraging competence
and providing relevant information such as video games and role play, demonstrate the contribution
and role of knowledge and self–efficacy in health related changes to behaviour. At the same time it
lends itself to an agentic application of self in producing desirable behaviour changes or health
outcomes. The focus here is not to make guesses

“Compare and Contrast the Different Ways the...
"Compare and contrast the different ways the person–centred and cognitive– behavioural
approaches to counselling understand and make use of the counselling relationship" This essay is
written to compare the counselling relationship in person–centred and cognitive–behavioural
counselling by outlining both the theory and practice of the counselling relationship. This will be
done by outlining the theory of the counselling relationships and the theory in practice. Both
person–centred and cognitive–behavioural counselling are widely recognised, successful treatments.
There are however many significant differences between the two. Cognitive–behavioural therapy is
based on scientific study taking two therapies, cognitive therapy and ... Show more content on
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(Haaga and Davison1986, Meichenbaum 1986) These include; Systematic desensitization– a
relaxation technique is taught to help the client to overcome anxiety to enable them to extinguish
their phobias. Once this has been learnt the client must use this to enable them to overcome these by
using a fear hierarchy. Homework assignments– practicing techniques learnt in therapy between
sessions. Experimenting with different self– statements in everyday situations. Thought stopping–
instead of letting anxious thought take over the client learns to use something to interrupt these
thoughts such as flicking a rubber band on their wrist. Challenging irrational beliefs– the therapist
tries to identify the clients' irrational beliefs that are causing issues in their life and challenges it so
that the client develops a less extreme way they view the problem. Reframing the issues – getting
the client to perceive a certain emotion as something different. An example of this is perceiving fear
as excitement. In vivo exposure– going into highly fearful situations with the therapist whilst they
are talking through cognitive–behavioural techniques to help you deal with the situation. Scaling
feelings– placing present feeling of anxiety and rating them on a scale off 0–100 is an example of
this. Rehearsing different self–statements in role–play in therapy sessions. Assertiveness or social
skills training.
Although a therapeutic

Integrative Counselling Techniques
How to incorporate techniques from various approaches in counselling practice Integrative
counselling is its flexible and focus on the whole of an individual and is tailored to meet a variety of
needs and concerns. It can be particularly beneficial for those who want to overcome negative
patterns which can affect the four dimensions of human functioning – affective, behavioural,
cognitive, and physiological systems. If an integrative therapist is helping a client that has
behavioural problems, they may want to apply cognitive behavioural techniques to help the client
establish some control over their functioning before employing psychoanalytic techniques that recall
childhood experiences and interpretation, dream analysis or analysis of

Two Theoretical Models That Underpin Health Promotion
The aim of the assignment is to outline at least 2 Theoretical Models that underpin health
promotion. The theories chosen in this evaluation are the Health Belief Model and the Social
Cognitive Theory.
In order to outline theories which underpin health promotion it is important to first understand what
health promotion is. Heath promotion is the process of enabling control over health and its
detriments, improving health in the long run. It promotes awareness about the issue at hand and
provides support and means of improving health in the long run.
The World Health Organisation (WHO, 2005) describes health promotions as;
"The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. It moves
beyond a focus on individual ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It specifies the constructs individually, however it doesn't take into consideration the likelihood of
actions. For example, if the perceived seriousness is high and susceptibility is low, it is assumed that
the probability of action will still be high; whereas realistically the likelihood would be lower than
when both of the variables are high. It is assumed that the variables are not moderated by each other.
It also assumes that the variables directly affect health behaviour and we remain resilient by our
behavioural intentions.
The second weakness is that important factors of health behaviour, such as the positive effects of
negative behaviours and social influence are not included in the model, neither are affecting social
and economic factors. In addition to this criticism some behaviours, such as smoking for example;
are based on a force of habit rather than a

Analysis Of Three Models Theories Of Classroom Management
An analysis of three models/theories of classroom management Introduction This essay discusses
views on three theories of classroom management such as Goal centered theory; cognitive
behaviour theory and choice theory. Each theory will be demonstrated by the key person associated
with the theory and the key principal of each theory. As a result, strengths and weaknesses will be
given and conclude with a summary of the similarities and difference between each of the above
theories. Goal–Centered Theory Rudolf Dreikurs philosophy logic depends on the theory of
majority rules system, with its hinted standard of human correspondence, and on the socio–
teleological approach research of Alfred Adler (Driekurs, 1968). The ... Show more content on
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Therefore, GCT is used to teacher's benefit, also helping students to gain confidence and a sense of
belonging which in turn will relate back to behaviour. Weakness for GCT is when some individuals
are not motivated to seek out group belonging. While other's may deny, hide and misunderstand
their motives to misbehave. For example, younger students may have trouble in recognising their
motives and older students may not want to do it at all (Lyons, et. al., 2006). GCT may be very
difficult to use if there are a very challenging student and lack of acceptance from other school
community members as there is no sound base of evidence to show its effectiveness (Lyons, et, al.,
2006). Cognitive behaviour theory Two of the earliest forms of Cognitive behavioural therapy were
Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT), developed by Albert Ellis in the 1950s, and
Cognitive Therapy, developed by Aaron T. Beck in the 1960s (McLeod, 2015). Joseph Kaplan and
Jane Carter' cognitive behaviour theory (CBT) is a type of psychotherapy that helps the person to
change unhelpful and unhealthy habits of thinking, feeling and behaving. It involves using positive
and immediate changes to a person life by using practical self–help strategies (Lyons et. al., 2014, p.
26). Key principals enable individual to settle on decisions on their

Behavioral Therapy Essay
Most contemporary psychological treatment approaches are predecessors of the ancient and
medieval philosophies and theories. Cognitive behavioural therapy as one of the modern treatment
method in not an independently formed treatment, different theories have contributed to its present
shape and application. The purpose of this paper is analysing the contributing treatment approaches
that resulted in the emergence of the Behavioural Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT). The paper
presents and analyses the contributions that previous psychological treatment methods made in
culminating the CBT. To this end, the paper presents the main treatment methods that are assumed
to be most important and analyse their main arguments in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Today we know that depression, anxiety and other psychological symptoms can contribute to
physical sensations and a sense of being physically unwell and we also have an understanding of
psychosomatic illness. Another important contribution was Mesmer's recognition of the
unconscious, although he did not speak of it as such. He experienced the power of the unconscious
in that he contributed to the discovery of the hypnotic state, which can be a powerful therapeutic
tool in therapy. Although he was labeled a fraud on the basis that there was no proof that he had
discovered a new physical fluid, it is an important finding just the same that his clients were cured
on the basis of suggestion. This is important in terms of how the psychological relates to the
physical. Another contribution to psychology is that Mesmer sought to be both a scientist and a
practitioner, and that this model of the dual role of a therapist is important for therapists working in
psychology today. Finally, Mesmer mentored an important figure in the history of psychology who
recognized that the belief in the efficacy of cure, desire to cure and the therapeutic relationship were
fundamental factors in successfully working with clients in therapy. These beliefs are central to the
practice of clinical psychology in our world today. There is no doubt that Mesmer is a curious figure
in the history of psychology. He contributed to

The Theory Of Planned Behaviour
Executive Summary
This report will endeavour to explain the theory of planned behaviour. The report will outline a
detailed explanation of the theory highlighting all aspects of the theory in some detail with
examples. The report will delve into the applications of the theory of planned behaviour. The report
will highlight the necessary steps in obtaining information needed for the application of the theory.
The theory will then be used to provide an explanation of the behaviour. Strengths and weakness
will be covered throughout the report, via the use of academic journals to assist with the
explanations. Limitations and advantages of the theory of planned behaviour will be covered as well
as recommendations of how the theory can be improved.
What is the theory of planned behaviour?
'Attitudes, intentions and behavior have been combined in a comprehensive model of consumer
choice called the theory of planned behavior.' (East, Wright & Vanhuele 2013, p. 139)
The theory of planned behaviour has been used across many diverse fields; it has assisted
researchers in explaining and predicting health behaviours and intentions which include smoking
and drinking and has been used in conjunction with internet use and buying environmentally
friendly products. The vital factor to this theory is behavioural intent; behavioural intentions are
influenced by the attitude of the individual. The attitude is directed towards the likelihood that the
behaviour will have an

Goals Centered Theory, Cognitive Behavioral Theory And...
Classroom management can be based on a number of researched theories or models. Research has
shown that when incidents requiring behaviour to be managed increase, learning will decrease
(Funnell, 2009, p. 482), therefore highlighting the importance for the teacher to implement
successful strategies to restrict problem behaviour. This Essay will discuss strengths and weaknesses
of three possible theories a teacher can use to manage a classroom and the student's behaviour. The
theories to be discussed will include; Goal Centered Theory, Cognitive behavioural theory and
Choice theory. Goal Centered Theory is a social discipline model of Rudolf Dreikurs that was
influenced by social phycologist Alfred Alder (Old Dominion University, 2016). The underpinning
idea to this theory is that students have a democratic say in classroom discipline and milieu. The
teachers aim is to meet to students' 'needs satisfaction' by focussing on their social "relationships,
feelings, thoughts and behaviours" (Lyons, Ford & Slee, 2014, p. 24) in a democratic way making
sure that students feel both valued and 'like they belong'. By meeting these needs in a democratic
way teachers will not only gain more respect from their students but will also give their students a
feeling of self–worth (Grandmont, 2002, p. 241). This approach is based on the belief that students
take responsibility for controlling their behaviour and that they have the ability to make responsible
decisions (Grandmont, 2002, p. 4).

Rational Emotive Behavioural Theory Essay
The following essay will consider that there is potential for rational emotive behavioural techniques
to be used within a person–centred therapeutic relationship and that the person–centred approach
can be attuned with the techniques connected with rational emotive behavioural therapy. The
person–centred theory of counselling proposes that everyone has the ability to become a fully
functioning person. Reaching this goal should be a focal objective in therapy. The main hypothesis
of rational emotive behaviour therapy is that emotions branch primarily from an individual's beliefs,
which then effects the interpretations they make of the responses to life situations. Each theory has
various techniques that are aim to successfully achieve these objectives for the client. . Instead of
viewing different theoretical perspectives as separate units, it is important for a therapist to
understand various theories, so if required can combine ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Reaching this goal should be a focal objective in therapy (Rogers, 1961 as cited in Truscott, 2010).
The founder of person–centred therapy, Carl Rogers, argues that deep down inside all people are
truthful, capable, can make positive changes, and are able to live successful and constructive lives
(Corey, 2013). This foundational idea on which person–centred therapy is built on is known as an
actualising tendency (Cain, 2002). The person–centred theory was responsible for a major change in
focus of therapy by concentrating on the person, rather than on their current issues (Cain, 2002).
Roger's proposed that the intention of therapy was not to find answers to the clients difficulties but
rather help with the development process so clients can manage problems when they are recognised
(Corey, 2013). By placing focus on helping change the personality of the person, it will assist the
client with any future issues that

The Theory And Practice Of Understanding And Working With...
This essay is written to compare the person–centred and cognitive–behavioural counselling by
outlining both the theory and practice of understanding and working with fear and sadness. This will
be done by outlining the theory of the counselling relationships and the theory in practice.
Psychology is equipped with a wide variety of therapies, techniques and approaches based on
different models and theories of human behaviour and development. When it comes to counselling,
it is useful to be armed with a selection of tools, so that a counsellor's professional resource allows
them to be flexible and to apply different techniques based on the individual problems and
situational needs of each client. But when it comes to most of the counselling models that a
practitioner decides to set as the foundation of their work, both client–centred approaches and
cognitive behavioural therapy are equally popular and widespread. Nevertheless, these theories have
differences as similarities too. (180 words)
The client–centred model, also sometimes referred to as person–centred, was developed by Carl
Rogers around the middle of the twentieth century. Carl R. Rogers is known as the father of client–
centred therapy. Throughout his career, he dedicated himself to humanistic psychology and is well
known for his theory of personality development. He began developing his humanistic concept
while working with abused children. Rogers attempted to change the world of psychotherapy when
he boldly

Theories Of Health Related Behaviour
This theory is one of the first theory that emerged in solving health related behaviour. It attempts to
anticipate and explain the behavioural effects on an individual's health. The theory is driven by the
attitude and the beliefs of the individuals. HBM is a good model to for informing people about the
negative consequences of health related behaviour.
The idea is that someone will be very adamant to take an health related action if they realise and
perceive the negative impact of their behaviour. In the case of Harry, he has perceived that his
smoking habit has began to have a negative consequence on his health. The symptom of heartburn
has been troubling him recently. Now that Harry perceives the negative consequences of smoking,
his attitude ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, Harry knows that a positive evaluation of quitting smoking will be that his health will
improve and he will not be at risk of suffering from some major health conditions. A negative
attitude to this is that, Harry is aware that smoking costs him money. He smokes an average of 20
cigarettes a day. Smoking average cost £6 per pack. If continues smoking, he will would have spent
an average of £2,190 in a year (Nhs.uk,

Compare And Contrast The Behavioural Approach In Psychology

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