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2. Plants and animals of the
Tropical rainforests
How do they survive in this hot,
wet environment?
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3. All About
Rainforests
What is a Rainforest?
Rainforests are very dense, warm, wet forests. They
are havens for millions of plants and animals.
Rainforests are extremely important in the ecology of
the Earth. The plants of the rainforest generate
much of the Earth's oxygen. These plants are also
very important to people in other ways; many are
used in new drugs that fight disease and illness.
The Tropical Rainforest is a forest occurring in tropical areas of heavy
rainfall. It is abundant with many species of wildlife and vegetation.
Rainforests cover less than two percent of the Earth's surface. They
are home to some 50 to 70 percent of all life forms on our planet.
Rainforests are the most productive and most complex ecosystems on
Earth
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4. Where are
Tropical Rainforests?
Where are tropical rainforests? Tropical rainforests are located in a band around the equator (Zero degrees
latitude), mostly in the area between the Tropic of Cancer (23.5° N latitude) and the Tropic of Capricorn (23.5°
S latitude). This 3,000 mile (4800 km) wide band is called the "tropics."
The equator is an imaginary circle around the earth, halfway between the north and south poles.
Temperatures at the equator are high. These high temperatures cause accelerated evaporation of water, which
results in frequent rain in forested areas in the tropics.
There are rainforests in South and Central America, Africa, Oceania (the islands around Australia), and Asia.
Tropical rainforests cover only about 7% of the Earth's surface.
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5. Structure of the rainforest
The dominant plants in a rainforest are giant trees. The
hot wet climate enables them to grow all year round, and
they remain evergreen, continuously shedding their leaves
and growing new ones.
The average height of rainforest trees is about 45
metres, although the emergence (trees which tower above
the others) may go as high as 90 metres. Smaller trees
growing the under story (layer between the canopy and
the forest floor).
Several layers can be identified within the
forest
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A Emergent
tree canopy
B Large trees
of Middle layer
C Lower tree
layer
D Shrub/small
tree layer
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
E Ground vegetation

7. Canopy layer - formed by the crowns of the tall trees and
contains a mass of branches, Leaves, flowers and fruit.
Conditions in the canopy vary, and include:
•Hot sunshine
•Heavy rainfall
•Tropical storms
Middle layer - the Vegetation here is more sparse. The trees
tend to have pointed crowns and, when a giant tree falls, they
grow quickly to fill a gap in the canopy
Conditions within the forest on more or less constant:
•There is little variation in temperature
•The air is moist and still
•Rain on the canopy drips to the forest floor several minutes later
•A breeze is rare, even during storms
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8. Shrub layer - scattered shrubs, saplings (young trees) and
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ferns.
Herb layer - a few non-woody, soft stemmed plants with
thin leaves.
Leaf litter - thin layer covers the forest floor.
Soil layer - most roots growing the top 10 centimetres
whether nutrients are found.

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Layers of the Rainforest
Different animals and plants live in different parts of the
rainforest. Scientists divide the rainforest into strata
(layers) based on the living environment. Starting at the
top, the strata
are:
•EMERGENTS: Giant trees that are much higher than
the average canopy height. It houses many birds and
insects.
•CANOPY: The upper parts of the trees. This leafy
environment is full of life in a tropical rainforest and
includes: insects, birds, reptiles, mammals, and more.
•UNDERSTORY: A dark, cool environment under the
leaves but over the ground.
•FOREST FLOOR: Teeming with animal life, especially
insects. The largest animals in the rainforest
generally live here.

10. Emergents are the tallest trees and are usually
over 50 metres tall. The Kapok tree is an
example of an emergent.
The sea of leaves blocking out the sun from the
lower layers is called the canopy. The canopy
contains over 50% of the rainforest wildlife.
This includes birds, snakes and monkeys. Lianas
(vines) climb to the canopy to reach this sun
light.
The under canopy mainly contains bare tree
trunks and lianas.
The shrub layer has the densest plant growth.
It contains shrubs and ferns and other plants
needing less light. Saplings of emergents and
canopy trees can also be found here.
The forest floor is usually dark and damp. It
contains a layer of rotting leaves and dead
animals called litter. This decomposes rapidly
(within 6 weeks) to form a thin humus, rich in
nutrients.
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11. The following plant adaptations enable
tropical plants to live in the hot, humid, and wet
conditions of the tropical rainforest.
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12. Plant Adaptations
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1. Bark
In drier, temperate deciduous forests a thick
bark helps to limit moisture evaporation from
the tree's trunk.
2. Lianas
Lianas are climbing woody vines that drape rainforest trees.
They have adapted to life in the rainforest by having their
roots in the ground and climbing high into the tree canopy to
reach available sunlight.
3. Drip Tips
The leaves of forest trees
have adapted to cope with
exceptionally high rainfall.
Many tropical rainforest
leaves have a drip tip. It is
thought that these drip tips
enable rain drops to run off
quickly. Plants need to shed
water to avoid growth of
fungus and bacteria in the
warm, wet tropical
rainforest
4. Buttresses
Many large trees have massive ridges near the base that can rise 30 feet high before blending into
the trunk. Why do they form? Buttress roots provide extra stability,
6. Epiphytes
Epiphytes are plants that live on
the surface of other plants,
especially the trunk and branches.
They grow on trees to take
advantage of the sunlight in the
canopy
7. The trees don’t waste time growing branches
as they could use this energy to grow faster and
reach the sunlight first!

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Strong scent and bright
colours of flowers
attract insects which
assist in pollination
Strong scent of fruits attracts
animals, which feed on the
fruit and assist in dispersal
of the seeds
Thick, waxy surface of
leaves protects against
hot sun, heavy rain,
and strong winds
Aerial roots of
epiphytes absorb
moisture from the
air
Tall straight trunks
no side branches
Thin, smooth bark
Buttress roots
Shallow spreading
root system

14. Wide roots stop these enormously tall trees from falling over. They also wind above
the ground looking for food and nutrients rather than digging beneath the ground
where nutrients are scarce.
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These specially designed
leaves allow all the
rainwater to drip off the
leaf quickly so it doesn’t
get too heavy and break!

16. Have their roots in the
ground and then climb up
the trees to reach the
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sunlight.

17. Rainforest plants
And the enormous the number of different species of plants grow in
rainforests, with many species occurring only in one particular region.
Unlike other forests, rain forests have an abundance of :
Epiphytes plants which live above the ground growing on
tree trunks and branches, Example orchids,
ferns, mosses
Climbing plants including large woody climbers called lianas
which are rooted in the soil and usually reach the
canopy. The climbers twist around the tree trunks,
and loop from one tree to another in the canopy,
binding the trees together.
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18. Orchid - sun-loving roots
attached themselves to
branches and absorb nutrients
Pitcher plant - a carnivorous plant.
slippery rim
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tendril
Insects falling into the
pitcher are digested, and
nutrients which are released
are absorbed by the plant.
Parasitic plant

19. Animals that Live in Rainforests:
Ridiculously huge numbers of animals live in rainforests, including microscopic animals, invertebrates
(like insects and worms), fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals. The different rainforests of
the world support different populations of animals. A few animals from each rainforest are listed
below:
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•South America -
•insects (morpho butterfly, Julia butterfly, Monarch butterfly, and millions of other
insects)
•mammals (jaguar, ocelot, didelphid opossums, sloth, howler monkey, spider monkey,
capybara, many bats, marmosets, procyonids, peccaries)
•birds (quetzal, macaw, tinamous, curassows, hoatzins, hummingbirds, eagles, ovenbirds,
antbirds, flycatchers, puffbirds, toucans, jacamars, tanagers, tapirs, troupials,
honeycreepers, cardinal grosbeaks, xenops)
•reptiles (anaconda, caiman, iguanas, lizards, microteiid lizards, boas, and coral snakes),
amphibians (poison arrow frog, etc.)
•fish (electric eel, piranha), and millions of other animals.

20. The rainforests have a lot to offer……..
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21. The trees are being
cut down at an
alarming rate!
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22. So why are the trees being removed…………………
Settlements Mining
Timber Cattle Ranching
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23. So what does it mean for us?
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Yummy
McDonalds!
Iron Ore to make
steel
Luxurious
furntiture
Exciting holidays!

24. But it’s not all good news!
Medicines from the rainforest will be lost!
Trees release oxygen which we need to
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Burning the trees adds to global warming!
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breath!
And what about the poor old animals?

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