1. RESEARCH PROPOSAL
AN INVESTIGATION OF STUDENT’S PERCEPTIONS
TOWARDS EFEECTIVE APPROACH OF A
COUNSELOR IN SCHOOL
NURUL IFFAH BINTI MOHAMED ARIS

2. Contents
Contents......................................................................................................................................................2
CHAPTER 1...................................................................................................................................................3
1.0INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................3
1.1RESEARCH PROBLEM..............................................................................................................................6
1.2RESEARCH OBJECTIVE.............................................................................................................................8
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION..........................................................................................................................8
1.4RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS..........................................................................................................................9
1.5OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS...................................................................................................................9
1.5.1Counseling ......................................................................................................................................9
1.5.2Perceptions......................................................................................................................................9
1.5.3Boarding school.............................................................................................................................10
1.6LIMITATION OF THE STUDY...................................................................................................................10
1.7SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................................11
CHAPTER 2.................................................................................................................................................12
LITERATURE REVIEW..................................................................................................................................12
2.0 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................12
2.1 PSYCOSOSIAL DEVELOPMENT..........................................................................................................13
2.2 PSYCOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT.........................................................................................................14
2.3 GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING..........................................................................................................14
2.4 COUNSELING THERAPY....................................................................................................................15
3.3 Data collection.................................................................................................................................21
3.4 Data Analysis....................................................................................................................................23

3. CHAPTER 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Education plays an important role in developing of human capital who has a strong identity,
knowledgeable and highly skilled to achieve the need of the countries by 2020. Human capital
that being produced must be able to think critically and creatively, skills and problem solving
ability to create new opportunities, resilience and ability to cope with the environment.
All of us value the opinion of others as to their perceptions of how well they do their jobs.
We may or may not agree with the evaluator’s opinions, but they make an impact upon our
actions. Involvement in the evaluation process lets us know the administration cares about what
they do and includes them in the core of the environment. Administrators tend to evaluate those
things that they value.
Counseling is a two-way process between counselor and client intended to guide the client to
source oneself and experience the process of learning through interaction with a counselor.

4. Counseling is also done to normal individual whom able to manage themselves but facing
problems such as depressed that need professional discussions at a time. The priority of a
counseling session is the client but not their problem (Khairunisak & Mohamed, 2013).
Counseling Service in Malaysia started in 1939. Ministry of Education (MOE ), then known
as Education Department Of The Straits Settlements and The Federated Malay States published a
book of career guidance for pupils entitled A Guide to Careers in Malaya for Parents, Teachers
and Pupils. Steps taken in the publication of the book follow the education system in the United
States that create career guidance and counseling units in schools.
In 1966, the MOE through the Schools Division also publishes a book called SCHOOL
GUIDANCE SERVICES. The book was funded by UNESCO and has been written by expert
guidance and career counseling named RK McKenzie from Canada. He is assisted by 11 officers
from the Student Affairs State Education Department (NRD) across the country to write it.
The statistics from the Global Youth Online Behaviour Survey were recently released by
Microsoft Corp shown that 84% report being bullied online and/or offline (most bullying is
offline), 33% of Malaysian children say they have been subjected to a range of online activities
that some may consider to be online bullying, 15% admit to bullying someone else online; 45%
admit to bullying someone else offline, 27% said their parents talk to them about online risks,
30% of parents monitor their use of the computer, 18% of parents teach them online manners,
13% of parents ask them if they’ve been bullied online. The survey covered 7,600 children from
age eight to 17. It was conducted from Jan 11-Feb 19, 2012, in 25 countries including Malaysia.
The counseling services at the school was recognized by the MOE as an example in the early
1960s until the 1980s. However, schools did not have a special room for the counseling session

5. but the government has ensured these services have a special room to run services in until 1996.
Before 1996, there was no full-time employment for guidance and counseling teachers, but
starting in 1996, the government agreed to approve the full-time employment.
Counseling students can determine the selection theory based on experience sessions with
clients, recognizing that a theory which does not meet all of the clinical situation which can
cause great flexibility and huge change of approach. Thus, the selection of theory is an ongoing
process that can increase the confidence, the effectiveness of the counselor and fulfill client
needs. Study by (Hickson, Housley, & Wages, 2000) show 90% of respondents of the study
namely counselor believe the spiritual elements can become a powerful psychological agent in
the practice of counseling (Khairunisak & Mohamed, 2013).
In this case, all counselor must understand that the service is in over and above the school
counselor at the school are not the same as the teachers of academic subjects. Enrollment
eligibility for each school is for high school, 500 pupils and a teacher ratio for primary schools,
350 pupils to one teacher. Counselor is a full-time teacher means counseling services considered
as a full-time working hours in the school day as normal subjects teachers .
Today, issues affecting the discipline cannot be solved as a whole. Although the data
collected by the Ministry of Education is still can be controlled, where the 5-year period (2007 to
2011) shows that it is at an average rate of 2.07 %, but in terms of the amount involved is huge.
For example, in 2011, cases involving discipline nearly 110 218 or 2:05 %. These cases
include cases of hitting, fighting, truancy and disciplinary such as neatness themselves. About 2
to 3 percent of the number of students who still need to be addressed accordingly where 72.873

6. ( 66.1 % ) are involved secondary school students and a total of 37.345 ( 33.9 % ) are of primary
school pupils.
Based on this information, the MOE still dealing with the issues affecting the character and
discipline. It turns out that the Ministry of Education needs to make changes to the service. Add
to that the issues being faced now more complex as the background of the various sources.
In light of this, this research will magnify several aspects that would contribute to a better
understanding on firstly, what are student’s confident of a school counselor as one of their
consultant; secondly, what are student’s satisfaction after take part in counseling programmes or
counseling session and lastly in which way can help in improving the effective approach of a
counselor by students.
1.1 RESEARCH PROBLEM
On Tuesday October 8, 2013, The Star online had publish an article about ‘ Ragging in
Malaysia boarding schools widespread, say students ‘ by Dina Murad. This issue was so worried
especially the students themselves. By the time they entering the boarding school, meaning that
they entering new world. School counselor play the main role for the students to talk, discuss, or
share problem. However, some students did not confidence with the counselor. They worried if
their ‘secret’ will spread. Moreover, the counseling programmes provided by the counselor also
play as an important approach and it relate to student’s satisfaction towards the service or
programmes. If the programmes give positive impact to students, then the problem on ragging or
other discipline problems can be decrease.

7. Besides, on 13 September 2013, Sinar Harian online published an article about ‘ Pelajar
Bersalin dalam bilik asrama’. At boarding school, students also expose to the relationship
between male and female. To avoid the incidents happen, awareness on sexually relationship is
very noteworthy to students. As a students, they still cannot think rationally on what they going
to do and that the role of a counselor to guide and consult them.
According to a study by (Khairunisak & Mohamed, 2013), at the beginning of the counseling
session the counselor highlights confidential ethics to client. Confidential ethics assure client and
give a sense of precautions to the client to continue sharing with the counselor. Counselors also
apply total positive principle regard to the client. I will accept any condition of the client and I
will attend the client as who are for hire. Besides, I also tell the client the role of the counselor
and client in this session Selatan is as a counselor, I will help the client to explore her potential in
order to find solution for her issues. While as a client, she can tell anything regarding her
thinking, emotion and behavior in this session.
The research conducted by Laurie & Nathalie from the side of school counselor’s perceptions
showed that school counselors indicated confidence regarding counseling skills and comfort with
typical student issues, yet expressed a certain degree of discomfort in working extensively with
students living with a mental health diagnosis. Survey results further indicate that revisions in
education and training may contribute to a decrease in this discomfort, but would likely do little
to address challenges regarding provision of mental health services within the current nature of
job expectations. Innovative training and an expanded understanding by administrators regarding
the critical role that school counselors play in providing mental health services to students seem
to be needed to effect positive change. Thoughtful and robust school counselor training,

8. professional development opportunities and resources such as this special issue dedicated to the
mental health role of school counselors, professional advocacy driven by school counselors in
the field, and praiseworthy cross-disciplinary partnerships will enhance the possibility of greater
mental health outcomes for the youth in our schools (Laurie & Nathalie)
Since there are positive result on behalf of counselor thus another study should be carried out
in order to determine the actual situation towards student’s perceptions about the school
counselor which can contribute in increasing school counselor’s management in school.
1.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
The research objectives of this study are :
1.2.1 To determine the level of student’s satisfaction towards counseling programmes.
1.2.2 To determine counselor’s management towards counseling programmes.
1.2.3 To identify ways that can help in improving the effective approach of a counselor.
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION
The research questions are :
1.3.1 What are the level of student’s satisfaction towards a counselor?

9. 1.3.2 How are counselor’s management towards counseling programmes?
1.3.3 What are the ways that can help in improving the effective approach of a counselor?
1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
The research hypothesis for this research is
Ha : There is a positive perception of the students towards effective approach of a
counselor.
1.5 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS
The definitions used in this study are as follow :
1.5.1 Counseling
American Counseling Association (ACA,1997) define that “Counseling is the application of
mental health, psychological, or human development principles, through cognitive, affective,
behavioral, or systemic interventions, strategies that address wellness, personal growth, or career
development, as well as pathology”.
In this study, counseling is defined as counseling session or counseling programmes that students
had done.
1.5.2 Perceptions
According to online oxford dictionary, the definition of perceptions is the ability to see, hear and
become aware of something through sense. It also defines as the way in which something is
regarded, understand or interpreted.

10. In this study, perceptions refer to what students see and understand on counseling services or
programme in school.
1.5.3 Boarding school
According to Cambridge dictionary, boarding school is a school where students live and study.
The school will provide accommodation and meals for the students during term time.
In this study, the boarding school refer to the same definition.
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The first limitation is the respondent of this study. The respondents is only limited to students
level 2, primary school. Males and females from other context such as aware about the
environment may be affected differently. Females attract to have a good relationship with all the
classmates and teachers and they will find solution regarding their problems so that they can
focus on their study compared to males.
The second limitation of this study is the sample size. The sample size is too small. The
sample size is only limited to 100 respondents consists of students from SK Petaseh, Negeri
Sembilan. In order to make general conclusion on student’s perceptions towards effective
approach of a counselor in school, the sample size with 100 respondents is too small. The bigger
the sample size can make the general conclusion acceptable.
The third limitation is the place that this study will be conducted. The sample in this study
were only made up of primary boarding school. Because of this study only conducted for
students in primary boarding school, thus the sample cannot be the representative of the rest

11. population. Students in primary daily school might show different result as both daily and
boarding school experience different management of school.
1.7 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY
Firstly, the study on the investigation of student’s perceptions towards effective approach of
a counselor in school is to determine the level of student’s confidence towards counselor. The
significant of this study is to determine whether students are ready enough to come and see and
also sharing their problem with others especially school counselor. If the level of student’s
confidence is lower, than the school counselor should take step to overcome which can help
students in their needs. This can help the counselor in improving their approach towards
students. Thus, it is one of the important objectives that this study must be done and gain the
result.
In addition, this study tends to identify the degree of student’s satisfaction towards the
counseling programmes. This study will assist the students to express their feeling before and
after counseling programmes. For example, the input from the programme held should
corresponding with the environment and situation to life as a students. If the students satisfied
after undergo the programmes, it proves that the counselor doing well in their management n
understanding student’s need. In this study, the counselor can identify the weakness in their
programmes which can be covered in the next programmes in order to improve their
management in future.
Moreover, the study on an investigation of student’s perceptions towards effective approach
of a counselor in school will help the counselor to identify ways that can help in improving the

12. effective approach of a counselor. Kenneth Dunn once said that “if students do not learn the way
we teach, then let us teach the way they learn”. Therefore, this study will help counselor to find
ways that students comfortable which can help both students and school counselor themselves.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, the researcher describes the theories related to development of a child in
psychology. This chapter also will explain how counseling session can be done by school
counselor and type of approach that counselor do. Besides, this section also provide the
framework so that can be shown how the journey of this research will be conducted.

13. 2.1 PSYCOSOSIAL DEVELOPMENT
According to Kendra Cherry, Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is one of the
best-known theories of personality in psychology. Erikson believed that personality develops in a
series of stages. He also describes the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan.
One of the main elements of Erikson's psychosocial stage theory is the development of ego
identity. Ego identity is a self sense that being develop through daily social interface. According
to Erikson, our ego identity is constantly changing due to new experiences and information we
acquire in our daily interactions with others.
Identity referring to the beliefs, ideals, and values that develop and guide a person's manners.
The identity begins in childhood and becomes particularly important during adolescence which it
is a process that continues throughout life. Our personal identity related in the formation of
consistence self and continues to grow as we age.
In addition to ego identity, Erikson also believed that a sense of competence motivates behaviors
and actions. However, if the sense of competence fail to manage, the person will come out with
a sense of insufficiency.
Erikson also believed people experience a conflict that serves as a turning point in development.
These conflicts are centered on either developing a psychological quality or failing to develop
that quality. During these times, the potential for personal growth is high, but so is the potential
for failure.

14. 2.2 PSYCOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
Freud believed that personality develops through a series of childhood stages in which the
pleasure-seeking energies of the id become focused on certain erogenous areas. This
psychosexual energy, or libido, was described as the driving force behind behavior.
If these psychosexual stages are completed successfully, the result is a healthy personality.
Certain issues which cannot be solved at the appropriate stage can lead to more problem.
2.3 GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING
Guidance is the provision if information to groups or individuals with common general problems
so that those individuals can reach informed choices. Counseling is the context of distance
learning system means “ the advice, help and support given to students to enable them to make
satisfactory progress in the system” (Caled, Kangai, Shillah, 2011).
According Blocer ( Shertzer & Stone, 1974), that counseling is the process of meaningful
interaction toward understanding oneself and the environment as well as producing formation,
goals and values clarification for future behavior ( Khairunisak & Mohamed, 2013).
( Mokhtar, 2006 ) define that counseling is a process that help people to learn about their self,
environment and how to handle the tasks and relationships (Khairunisak & Mohamed, 2013).
Mizan Adiliah and Halimatun Halilah state counseling is a professionals help that aims to assist
individuals to understand themselves and the environment’s influence to themselves. Among the
things that distinguish counseling from a chat session is it has a clear objectives and structure
( Khairunisak & Mohamed, 2013 ).

15. 2.4 COUNSELING THERAPY
2.4.1 Existential Therapy
According Nelson-Jones, 2001, defined that existential therapy is to seeks to assist client to
understand their “ inner conflicts in relation to the ultimate existential concern of death, freedom,
isolation and meaninglessness “ by sharing their story ( Heather V. Lovelady, 2006).
2.4.2 Behavior Therapy
According to Nelson-Jones, 2001, defined that behavior therapy is to assists clients to “
overcome maladaptive habits “ by using “ experimentally derived principles and paradigm of
learning” ( Heather V. Lovelady, 2006).
2.4.3 Cognitive Therapy
According to Nelson-Jones, 2001, defined that cognitive therapy is to aims explicitly to “
reenergize the reality-testing system ” by teaching clients “ how to think about their thinking “
( Heather V. Lovelady, 2006 ).
2.5 Counseling Techniques
Counseling techniques includes :
2.5.1 Face-to-face counseling
Face –to-face counseling remains the most important medium for counseling of all kinds.
However, time constrain is the main reason. However, it is good because counselor can see the
expression and attitude on how their clients react to the problem. This can give more privacy to
the client to tell what they feel and can have better solution and guidance.
2.5.2 Group counseling

16. Group counseling take place when a few clients have same problem for example drug addict.
Group counseling seem loses to one-to-one relationship of counselor and clients but group
counseling provide opportunity to the clients to share their concerns with each other.
2.5.3 Telephone counseling
This technique involve the counselor staying at different location from the clients. This technique
usually being conducted by the clients who do not have time to travel or need to make decision at
that time but need someone to guide them.
2.6 Conceptual Framework
Student’s awareness
Student’s frequently
Student’s satisfaction
Student’s
perception
Student’s confident

17. Figure 1 : The conceptual framework
In this study, student’s awareness about the existence and the role of a school counselor is the
main factor that being highlight. Then, did the student always see the counselor to share problem
or to have counselor’s opinion in their decision making and did the students confident with the
counselor in context of trust. After that, this study will identify student’s satisfaction toward the
counselor approach and then this study can get the student’s perception towards the effective
approach of a counselor.
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This chapter will discuss the following; Research design, Population and Sample,
Instrumentation, Data collection, and Data analysis plan.
3.1 Research Design
The quantitative method of research approach is selected for this study since it provides a
more appropriate opportunities for the researcher in addressing the research questions and to
better evaluate the extent the research findings. Specifically, a survey research design is
employed as it accommodate a quantitative or numeric description of trends, attitudes or opinion
of a population by studying a sample of that population (Crestwell (2014).

18. The design was mean to determine the level of student’s confidence towards counselor, to
identify the degree of student’s satisfaction towards the counseling programmes and to identify
ways that can help in improving the effective approach of a counselor.
3.2 Population and sample
Population is the group of interest to the researcher, the group to whom the researcher would
like to generalize the result of the study ( Jack, Norman, Helen,2012). The population for this
study will be all the level 2 student in SK Petaseh. In educational research, the population of
interest is usually a group of persons for example teachers, students and other group of
individuals who possess certain characteristics. This study used non-probability sampling
procedures to choose respondents. Non-probability sampling is the selection of participant
because they are available, convenient or represent some characteristics to investigator wants to
study. The method used was purposive sampling. Purposive sampling is different from
convenient sampling in that researcher do not simply study whoever is available but rather use
their judgment to select a sample that they believe based on prior information, will provide the
data they need. For this research, students year 4,5 and 6 already expose to the school and also
the teachers including school counselor. All the respondent will randomly selected.
3.2 Instrument
The instrument used for data collection in this research study is questionnaire. The
questionnaire are designed in order to analyze the student’s perceptions towards effective
approach of a counselor in school. For the purpose of this study, the questionnaire used close-
ended question as Likert Scale will be used.

19. Likert (1932) developed the principle of measuring attitudes by asking people to respond to a
series of statements about a topic, in terms of the extent to which they agree with them, and so
tapping into the cognitive and affective components of attitudes. Likert-type or frequency scales
use fixed choice response formats and are designed to measure attitudes or opinions (Bowling
1997, Burns & Grove 1997). These ordinal scales measure levels of agreement/disagreement.
The researcher used 5 points Likert Scale to obtain the respondent’s preferences or degree of
agreement with set of statements that is constructed in the questionnaire. In this study, the
respondents are asked to indicate their level of agreement with a given statement by way of an
ordinal scale. In addition, 5 points Likert Scale allows the respondents to have wider choices of
answer where the neutral option can be seen as an easy option to take when a respondent is
unsure on the statement that is constructed in the questionnaire set.
Table 3 shows the sample of Likert Scale that is used in the questionnaire
Table 3:Likert Scale
Score Responses
1 Totally Disagree
2 Disagree
3 Neutral
4 Agree
5 Totally Agree
Questionnaire was sent out to the respondents by hand to help out in answering the research
questions of this study. The questionnaire was constructed by adapting and modifying several

20. previous questionnaires that are very much related under the topic of study. The questionnaire
consist of 30 items that have been divided into five sections that are A, B, C, D and E. Every
section within the questionnaire also needs to be qualified based on the objectives of the study.
The descriptions of each section are as follows :
SECTIONS DESCRIPTIONS NUMBER OF
ITEMS
Section A :
Demographic
Information
This section carries the general questions on demographic
data of the respondents such as gender and age. Moreover,
there are also additional questions on respondent’s
background at the school.
4 items :
Question
1 - 5
Section B :
Counseling
Background
This section consists of several questions that are related to
the relationship between students and school counselor.
These questions will help to identify whether or not a
student has a good relationship with the school counselor.
5 items :
Question
6 - 10
Section C :
Student’s
Satisfaction
This section wanted to answer the first research question
regarding the student’s perceptions on level of student’s
satisfaction towards counselor. This section along with
section D and E comprised of a 5 point Likert scale
measuring to what extend do the respondents agree or
disagree of the given statement.
6 items :
Question
11 - 16

21. Section D :
Counseling
Management
This section constructed to answer the second research
question. It focus on counselor’s management towards
counseling programmes. By identifying the management, it
help the counselor to attract students to join counseling
program and get more information.
8 items :
Question
17 - 24
Section E :
Improve
effective
approach
This final section emphasize on what are the ways that can
help in improving the effective approach of a counselor
towards students. This section may help to find student’s
preference or which approach mostly comfortable for
students towards counseling programmes.
9 items :
Question
25 - 30
These elements are choose in order to get the result and make conclusion on student’s perception
towards effective approach of a counselor in school. The data for 100 respondent were collected
at SK Petaseh, Negeri Sembilan.
3.3 Data collection
There are two types of data collection methods that were used in collecting data for this study.
The first data is known as the primary data and the second data is known as the secondary data.
The primary data is a type of method that was used by the researcher to collect and gather the
data, such as using the questionnaire method. The secondary data is the data that is basically
from books, related journal or article.

22. I. Primary Data
For the primary data, the early stage that the researcher did was by sending out the consent letter
by hand to the SK Petaseh, Negeri Sembilan. Once the researcher has received the permission
and feedback from the school, the researcher started to distribute the survey questionnaire
directly by hand to the respondents at the studied organization. The distributed questionnaires
were collected at the same day prior to completion. Then, the researcher has to recheck the
number of the survey questionnaires that are submitted back to ensure that the number of the
survey questionnaires that were being sent out to the respondents stay the same as the number of
the survey questionnaires that were received from the respondents after they have answered
them.
The data collection was as follow :
Sample selection
The respondents of this questionnaire are 100 students from SK
Petaseh, Negeri Sembilan.
Questionnaire distribution
The questionnaire is distributed on weekday during office hour,
classroom session.
Design of Questionnaire
The questionnaire has five section which are Section A:
Demographic information, Section B: counseling background,
Section C: student’s satisfaction, Section D: counseling
management, Section E: improve effective approach.

23. 3.4 Data Analysis
Time taken
The time needed to complete the all question is around eight to
ten minutes.
Survey process
The survey process were monitor by the researcher herself. This
was to ensure the data given by the respondent are valid and any
requires or problems face by the respondents during the survey
can be attended.
Questionnaire collection
The questionnaire collected after the respondents completed
answering the questionnaire.

24. As this study utilized the quantitative method, the data obtain will be screen and analyze through
descriptive statistics and inferential statistics by using the Statistical Package for Social Science
(SPSS) version 16.0. According to Information Technology Services (2012), SPSS is an analysis
invention for data management, besides, SPSS software also compatible for a survey research.
In this system, all the data will be key-in and descriptive statistic will be use in order to analyze
and interpret data and gather information.
Research objectives Section Analysis
i) To determine the level of student’s
satisfaction towards counseling program.
C
(question 11-16)
Data will be analyze to the
frequency, mean and standard
deviation of each item.
ii) To determine counselor’s management
towards counseling program.
D
(question 17-24)
Data will be analyze to the
frequency, mean and standard
deviation of each item.
iii) To identify ways that can help in
improving the effective approach of a
counselor.
E
(question 25-30)
Data will be analyze to the
frequency, mean and standard
deviation of each item.
Thus, by using SPSS, a descriptive statistics about all items can be analyze. The quantitative data
from section A, B, C, D and E of the questionnaire will be analyze and present in the form of
charts and tables.

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