4. Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen
with the formula NH3. It is a colourless gas with
a characteristic pungent smell.
Amines are organic derivatives of
ammonia.
Amines have amino group
They are basic like ammonia
Have ammonia molecules with one or
more of hydrogen replaced by
organic group
The amine structure is pyramidal as
is ammonia
5. Amides are derived from carboxylic acids. A
carboxylic acid contains the -COOH group, and in
an amide the -OH part of that group is replaced
by an -NH2 group.
6. The History of Ammonia
Manufacturing Process
Before World War I, most ammonia was obtained
by:
The dry distillation of nitrogenous vegetable
and animal products
The reduction of nitrous acid and nitrites with
hydrogen
And the decomposition of ammonium salts by
alkaline hydroxides or by quicklime, salt most
generally used being the chloride (sal-ammoniac)
7. Combines nitrogen from the air with hydrogen
derived mainly from natural gas (methane) into
ammonia. The reaction is reversible and the
production of ammonia is exothermic
N2 + H2 NH3
DOES THE REACTION BALANCE?
3 2
medium temperature (~ 450 °C )
very high pressure (~200atm)
A catalyst (Iron)
8. Ammonia is used widely in both its pure form
and as a feedstock for a wide variety of other
chemicals.
Ammonia ranks second behind sulfuric acid in
the quantity produced worldwide per year.
10. Agricultural industries are the major users of
ammonia
A very valuable source of nitrogen that is
essential for plant growth.
Used in the production of liquid fertilizer
solutions which consist of ammonia, ammonium
nitrate, urea and aqua ammonia.
Also used by the fertilizer industry to produce
ammonium and nitrate salts.
Dissociated ammonia is used in such metal
treating operations
Used by the leather industry as a curing agent.
11. Ammonia is also useful in the production of
nitric acid. Nitric acid is not only used to make
important fertilizers but also Explosives like
nitroglycerine or TNT (Trinitrotoluene)
The pulp and paper industry uses ammonia for
pulping wood and as a casein dispersant in the
coating of paper.
The petroleum industry utilizes ammonia
in neutralizing the acid constituents of crude oil
and for protection of equipment from corrosion.
Weak ammonia solutions are also widely used as
commercial and household cleaners and
detergents.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16. As pH increase, the toxicity increases
The toxicity of ammonia is critically dependent
on pH and temperature. The un-ionized form
(NH3) is more toxic than the ionized form (NH4
+)
Higher temperature also favor the more toxic
form
17.
18.
19.
20. Table 1. Health effects of ammonia
Concentration (ppm) Health Response
24 - 50 Nose and throat irritation after ten minutes of
exposure.
72 - 134 Irritation of nose and throat after five minutes
exposure.
700 Immediate and severe irritation of respiratory
system.
5,000 Respiratory spasms, rapid suffocation.
Above 10,000 Pulmonary edema, potentially fatal
accumulation of fluid in lungs and death.
The effects of ammonia emmision into the
environment most likely would cause health
problems.
21.
22. The controls method include:
a. Add-on control
equipment
b. Pollution prevention
techniques
23. Wet Scrubbers
The most common add-on control devices used to
control ammonia emission.
Employs the method of absorption
Ammonia is highly soluble in water, so wet scrubber
is effective in controlling ammonia emission
Condensation
converts gas to aliquid by removing heat or
increasing the pressure.
Used to remove ammonia in the fertilizer industry.
26. INTRODUCTION TO
POLYMERS
Poly =many, mer=unit, many units
Are macromolecules build up by the linking
together of large numbers of much smaller
molecules.
The small molecules which combine with
each to form polymer molecules are terms
monomers
29. BULK POLYMERIZATION
adding a soluble initiator to pure monomer in liquid
state
initiator should dissolve in the monomer
initiated by heating or exposing to radiation
reaction proceeds the mixture becomes more viscous
reaction is exothermic and a wide range of molecular
masses are produced
30.
31. a monomer is dissolved in a non-reactive solvent that
contains a catalyst
Heat released by the reaction is absorbed by the solvent
used in the production of sodium
polyacrylate, a superabsorbent polymer used in
disposable diapers.
SOLUTION POLYMERIZATION
32.
33. mechanical agitation to mix a monomer or
mixture of monomers in a liquid phase, such as
water, while the monomers polymerize, forming
spheres of polymer.
production of many commercial
resins, including polyvinyl chloride
(PVC), polystyrene
Suspension polymerization
34.
35. • starts with an emulsion incorporating
water, monomer, and surfactant
•droplets of monomer (the oil) are emulsified
(with surfactants) in a continuous phase of water.
EMULSION POLYMERIZATION
36.
37. is a polymer derived from two (or more) monomeric
species
Difference between homopolymer and copolymer:
homopolymer when a polymer is made by linking
only one type of small molecule, or
monomer, together.
Copolymer when two different types of monomers
are joined in the same polymer chain.
Copolymer can be classified into 4 types :
Alternating copolymer
Random copolymer
Block copolymer
Graft copolymer
41. O D A V I N Q K X S R S O S E I T
A M O N I A R H A B R Z W R A T G
H F V O H M S P O L I N U W P R R
G W M I C I R B A F N T M A F E A
D R N S U D N B S F L I Q M C C F
N I F N P E G I G U R U N I D E T
O P W E R L A J C U A L X V V N C
I L R P U O L I O N G O W Y A T H
T O T S M V R I N I T A I K O Q O
A U L U F G C Y P O L A J B N S C
Z J I S A R L N O O M E E M I R L
I B O T X O P E N K L M T J U E A
R A M I N E N I F O C U A K R Z T
E U I G D F E W M B I U I G O I E
M S O L U T I O N N X S B L T L N
I I K H T E M I L O P S L O K I M
L H R E M Y L O P O C S U U J T I
O U I O H B B F D D W F G J M R N
P C Q T I L X A Y A M S U P U E T
C U Y P A O H O R S E S N K L F J
O V B B B U L K K K K C O L B B L
