Deductive and inductive reasoning are two important techniques for critical thinking. Deductive reasoning involves moving from general principles or rules to reach a specific conclusion. It provides certainty if the premises are true. Inductive reasoning involves making generalizations based on observations and experiences, and conclusions are probable rather than certain. Both techniques involve forming hypotheses, testing them, and making repetitions to strengthen conclusions. While they differ in their approaches, deductive and inductive reasoning can be complementary, with deductive logic supporting inductive observations to evaluate hypotheses and find solutions to scientific problems. Using both approaches intelligently can help researchers gain a deeper understanding.
2. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Deductive Method
Strengths and weaknesses of Deductive and Inductive grammar teaching Erlam (2003) defines the
deductive method as a process that moves from general to specific. The learners are exposed to the
general use, and they apply the rule to particular examples of language use. And this method ismost
close with the Grammar–Translation approach (Gollin, 1998). This approach, according to Brinton,
Celce– Murcia and Snow (2014) was used as a way to teach Latin and other languages. This
Approach has some elements, which are as follows: – The focus is on grammatical parsing. – Using
the native language of the students. – Little use of the target language for communication. – Atypical
exercise is to translate sentences from the target language into the mother tongue. The Deductive
method is related to conscious learning. This method tries to place a great emphasis on error
correction and presentation of explicit rules. The deductive method is often used with adult learners.
The teacher in this method teaches the rule explicitly to learners, and they are ready to cope with
exercises given (Krashen, 2002). The deductive method has its own strengths and weaknesses,
according to Widodo (2006), which are in the following table: Strengths 1–The Deductive approach
goes straight forwardly to the point and time–saving. The positive aspect of the method is that it
saves time. Teacher's explanations, independent work and subsequent checks are effective methods
for learning facts and developing basic skills (Allahyar and Ramezanpour, 2011, p. 240–243;
Entwistle, 1998, p.225–258). 2– A number of rule aspects (for example, form) can be more simply
and clearly explained than elicited from examples. 3– A number of direct practice/application
examples are immediately given. 4– The deductive approach respects the intelligence and maturity of
many adult learners in particular and acknowledges the role of cognitive processes in language
acquisition. 5–It confirms many learners' expectations about classroom learning, particularly for
those who have an analytical style. Weaknesses 1– Beginning the lesson with a grammar
presentation may be off putting for some Learners, especially younger ones. 2– Younger learners
may not be able to
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3. What Is Inductive Reasoning
Name:
Title:
Institution:
Study Questions
Q1 Solution
Deductive reasoning entails the argument in which the hypothesis is true and, therefore, the
conclusion remains to be true. This argument follows a correct logical form whereby if the
hypothesis is true then its conclusion is valid and if the premises are untrue then the conclusion is
invalid. Louis Pojman explicates that deductive reasoning preserves the truth, and the arguments are
of soundness while;
Inductive reasoning stands for the arguments that do not preserve the truth, unlike the deductive
reasoning. There is no guarantee in inductive reasoning even if the premises are true that the
conclusion will be true. The premises bring forth the probability most in life situations. In inductive
reasoning, the premises are described to be weak, implausible or cogent, and they form the basis for
the drawn conclusion as the evidence available determines whether the argument is strong or weak.
...show more content...
Such contentions are utilized as a part of law courts each day to reason from fortuitous proof to a
conclusion. The arguments are based on the hypothesis that is well thought of, explained and
illustrated to reach on the conclusion.
An example of inductive:
The cup on the kitchen table is yellow in color.
The cup in the dining table is yellow in color.
All cups in the house are yellow in color.
The above example does not preserve the truth, for instance, the premise does not provide truth in
that, it a certain probability that all cups will be yellow in
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4. Deductive Reasoning Strengths And Weaknesses
Additionally, deductive reasoning is where general principles guide individuals as they analyze
specific situations. I was able to utilize my deductive reasoning skills when I noticed a dip in a
specific industries advertising levels. I was able to deduce the reason and take action to regain a
portion of that business. I have also discovered a few weaknesses through the assessments. I get
bored fast and act impulsively. I have learned through the Myers Brigg assessment that the likely
reason for failing to complete college in the past was my ENFJ learning style. When I took a class
that was of great interest to me and used active learning methods such as debates I was able to do
well and enjoyed it. When I needed to take a class that I failed
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5. Deductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning In order to fully understand deductive reasoning, there are certain points to be
noted. First, what is the nature of deductive reasoning? Logical strength is defined as the property of
an argument whose premises, if true provide support for its conclusion. Deductive and inductive
arguments are also distinguished based on the point that logical strength is a matter of degree. This
distinction makes it necessary to understand the nature of deductive reasoning. Therefore, deductive
arguments are those whose premises guarantee the truth of the conclusion, and inductive arguments
are those whose premises make it reasonable to accept the conclusion though do not absolutely
guarantee its truth. Deductive reasoning is...show more content...
В•The logical operators also play crucial part in telling precisely how the truth of the statement as a
whole is determined by the truth values of its component statements. They also define the different
kinds of truth–functional statement as explained above. Four kinds of truth–functions: 1.It is false
that Keanu Reeves is gay. Negation – the statement p is false is true when the component statement
is false and false when the component statement is true 2.Manny Pacquiao is the world's
featherweight champion and he has not been defeated so far. Conjunction В– true if and only if both
statements are true and false it both is false or either one is false 3.Either he stole it or somebody
else stole it. Disjunction В– true when either one of the components is true or if both are true, it is
false when both are false В•It is to note that disjunction is to be considered among complex
statements. Consider the example, either Mac did it or Bud it. This statement will still be
grammatically correct if written as either Mac or Bud did it but this perhaps is merely a simple
statement containing compound subjects. В•It is also important to note that in a disjunctive
truth–function the two disjuncts are exhaustive but not exclusive. This means that the disjuncts
cannot be both false (exhaustive) but both may be true (not exclusive). 4.If one commits homicide
then he must be imprisoned. Implication В– if p then q; the first component is called the antecedent,
the second
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6. Deductive Approach Paper
The inductive approach to research refers to a strategy where the researcher starts the study
gathering all the data relevant to the topic being studied. When they have collected all the necessary
information, the researcher conducts an in–depth review of the data with the aim of developing a
deep understanding of the concept being studied. The researcher explores the data making
observations on crucial points and establishing all the significant patterns crucial to determining the
outcomes. Then, the researcher develops a theory that helps him to explain the reasons for the
development of the observed patterns. Therefore, the technique involves the shift from the specifics
to a general observation that can be applied in the overall case. After the analysis of the data, the
researcher explores the existing theories on the topic and positions the newly developed theory
within the existing body of knowledge (Creswell, 2003).
The deductive approach is the opposite of the procedure followed in inductive research. The study
...show more content...
There are various strategies that have to be considered and applied to the use of guided imagery in
order to not only improve the positive influence of this particular technique but also to enhance the
success of the whole process. Understanding the process helps the researchers, doctors, nurses,
health–care experts and the patients involved in the whole process of a surgery to know what to do
and at what time during the process to enhance the experience and the outcome. The strategy will
help to identify the strengths of the process so as to major in on them. It also enables the
identification of the weaknesses to develop strategies to improve
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7. Deductive Reasoning Case
Using deductive reasoning to go over this case I found it difficult to come to just one logical
conclusion with so many general statements by these suspects. I first took notes about the case;
including and highlighting the differences in each suspect's story which I then used to formulate my
theory. After carefully reviewing this case I feel that Melissa Baker is suspect number one in this
case. Not only did Melissa act too calmly when she was giving her statements, a calmness that seems
questionable for a widow whom has just found her husband murdered in their home. Melissa also
makes general statements that seem like she has an issue with how much attention her husband John
is giving to the football games during the season which can only be taken as jealousy. Melissa also
stated that she saw "Joe" in the home before she left for the shopping trip, this statement is
inconsistent with the other two suspects involved and their statements. Melissa stands to inherit the
business that her husband John has left behind. Another strange fact in this case is that the shopping
bags that Melissa brought home from the store are still unpacked however Melissa stated that she
did not think anything of the quiet in...show more content...
When informed he seemed overcome with real surprise, however without prompt he openly
admitted that he was supposed to be at John's. Without any hesitation he becomes is very
informative and overly cooperative. He states that when he arrived at the home no one answered
the door, but Melissa has already placed him at the scene before she left to go shopping in her
statement. He also stated that John can be a cranky person. Joe also states that he looked into the
windows to see if anyone was home, why would he look into the windows? Joe's story seems to be
the most inconsistent at first
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8. Deduction Vs Deductive Reasoning
Induction and deduction are pervasive elements in critical thinking. They are also somewhat
misunderstood terms. Arguments based on experience or observation are best expressed inductively,
while arguments based on laws or rules are best expressed deductively. Most arguments are mainly
inductive. In fact, inductive reasoning usually comes much more naturally to us than deductive
reasoning. Deductive reasoning that is based on a general statement of fact is hard to argue with.
When using this method, you begin with a factual statement that describes a class of things, such as
animals. "In deductive inference, we hold a theory and based on it we make a prediction of its
consequences. That is, we predict what the observations should be if the...show more content...
Once this step has been completed, the next step involves coding the data for statistical analysis in
which the results are supported with theories. The important item that makes inductive profiling
more robust than deductive profiling is, through research observable patterns in the data can be
found that lead to new theories. Rather than being stagnated with held views of behavior, inductive
profiling is like a revolving door – researchers are always striving to look for emerging patterns in
crime data, which leads to new ways to assist
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9. The first concepts I learned about in this chapter are the deductive and inductive reasoning. As
developing techniques such as both deductive and inductive reasoning is an important portion of
becoming a critical thinker. So what is deductive reasoning? Deductive reasoning is structured in
such a way as to give as to give us certainty about what it true in a given situation. The conclusions
certainty is established when deductive arguments contain true premises reasons stated in the correct
form (Diestler 2012). So basically, deductive reasoning is taking some set of data or facts and using
that to come up with other deducting facts. When using deductive reasoning its sometimes knows as
the top down approach which is sometimes used for research...show more content...
Therefore, you start to think out of the box and having different opinions it can allow you to have
better decision–making skills in choosing better life choices for yourselves. In the video that was
shown during the lecture about decision–making named How To Make Better Decisions (https:/
/youtu.be/QW–AUTh6WOY) a mathematician believes he can solve complex human problems by
using math. In decision–making mathematics share the same language, in you have problems that
need to be solved. Therefore, you look at the factors that you're going away against each other so
solve the problem with using math. In the example is trying finding a suitable girlfriend using
numbers. The experiment was to see if the math could predict the volunteers which consist of the
four nerdy science guys could get numbers from girls from a bar setting. The conclusion the
volunteers were a success. Also, something that was discovered was with this simply analyzing
the decision before hand seem to have given the guys more confidence to approach and talk to
girls at the bar. The only person who was not successful was one of the guys Levi who reject the
magic numbers and failed at the experiment in this performance. I don't always think that math can
always be used, but you can if you want to make a logical decision then you make choose math to
help you with the decision–making. One thing that can helps me in making better decisions is
identifying the factors
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10. Compare And Contrastive And Deductive Reasoning
The inductive and deductive reasoning seems dissimilar to each other from all accounts. Inductive
reasoning involves a scientist using series of correlated observations to reach or infer a conclusion
while deductive reasoning involves predicting a specific result by following existing laws and
general concepts that support a conclusion (OpenStax College, & Rice University, 2013). So,
considering the definition of inductive reasoning and the definition of deductive reasoning and their
mode of operations highlighted above, they are apparently different from each other. In comparing
and contrasting both approaches, inductive reasoning focuses on observation while deductive
reasoning considers the generally accepted facts to ascertain the authenticity of a specific case. With
the obvious difference in their modus operandi, inductive and deductive reasoning both use
hypothesis, tests, repetitions...show more content...
The two methods can, as a matter of fact, be complementary when used in experiments. In other
words, the top–down logic of the deductive reasoning can be supported by the bottom–up logic of the
inductive reasoning. In addition, it may be necessary to evaluate which approach is best for getting
the required findings. The observational approach used by inductive reasoning can be solidified by
the evidence gathered from the test results of a supported hypothesis. This, in my opinion, is what
an intelligent scientist should do when working on a specific experiment. In an attempt to find a
solution or answer tough questions regarding scientific or biological matters, it would be unwise or
unnecessary to apply rigidity in using any of the discussed methods as both are complementary to
each
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11. Deductive Critical Thinking
INTRODUCTION
In our day to day studies, almost everything is transformed into our understanding by the creation of
arguments in our brains. An argument is basically described as a process of making what we think
clear to ourselves and others .the final goal of an argument is usually to reach a conclusion which is
sufficiently persuasive to convince someone of something. Any argument that relies on collection of
data, on measurement, on information collected somehow (rather than on a general principle) is
known as an inductive argument. On the other hand an argument which begins with a generally true
phrase to a particular phrase is known as a deductive argument.
BODY
Usually in a deductive argument, the premises are meant to provide a guarantee...show more
content...
Inductive arguments, therefore, can take vary wide ranging forms, including arguments dealing with
statistical data, generalizations from past experience appeals to signs, evidence or authority and
casual relationship. The following is an example of an inductive argument:
It has snowed in Massachusetts every December in recorded history. Therefore, it will snow in
Massachusetts this coming December.
How do inductive and deductive arguments help us in critical thinking? This is a question that needs
much insight so as to fully understand the role of inductive and deductive arguments in critical
thinking.
Critical thinking is the ability to think clearly and rationally. It includes the ability to engage in
reflective & independent thinking. So deductive and inductive arguments will help in the following
ways in critical thinking:
1.Making accurate and logic decisions.
In arguments, facts are reviewed, wrote and reviewed again. By this, it usually helps one to make
decisions accurately .arguments really helps someone to understand every single piece of
information because when you fail to understand a part of given information then it is likely to make
biased
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12. Inductive & Deductive Research
INDUCTIVE & DEDUCTIVE RESEARCH APPROACH
Meritorious Prof. Dr. S. M. Aqil Burney
Director UBIT Chairman
Department of Computer Science University of Karachi
burney@computer.org www.drburney.net
Designed and Assisted by
Hussain Saleem hussainsaleem@uok.edu.pk 06th March 2008
"Well begun is half done"
––Aristotle, quoting an old proverb
2
Research Methods
In research, we often refer to the two broad methods of reasoning as the deductive and inductive
approaches.
Research Types
Deductive Approach
Inductive Approach
3
Deductive Research Approach
THEORY
HYPOTHESIS
OBSERVATION
Deductive reasoning works from the more general to the more specific. Sometimes this is informally
called a "top–down"...show more content...
PP 61–75 61 CS/IT"
8
9
13. Reasoning methods and Argumentation
The main division between forms of reasoning that is made in philosophy is between deductive
reasoning and inductive reasoning. Formal logic has been described as 'the science of deduction '.
The study of inductive reasoning is generally carried out within the field known as informal logic or
critical thinking.
10
http://www.phac–aspc.gc.ca/publicat/cdic–mcc/18–3/d_e.html 11
Automated Reasoning
Logic lends itself to automation. A variety of problems can be attacked by representing the problem
description and relevant background information as logical axioms and treating problem instances as
theorems to be proved.
12
72/98
Logic and Reasoning
Reasoning
Using given knowledge and truth value help us to solve, understand real life problems.
Logical Reasoning
Probabilistic Reasoning
Bayesian Networks
Subjective
Objective
13
EXAMPLE
p: All mathematicians wear glasses q: Anyone who wears glasses is an algebraist r: All
mathematicians are algebraist
p∧q в†’ r в‰
Ў ( в€
ј( p∧q) в€Ё r)
14
TRUTH TABLE
Truth Table for the formulae built with the Logical Operators
14. p T T T T F F F F
q T T F F T T F F
r T F T F T F T F
pО›q ~(pО›q) ~(pО›q)Vr О› О› О› T F T T F F F T T F T T F T T F T T F T T F T T
15
If r is the conclusion, and we know that p and q are true simultaneously then r is valid statement. In
real life, the
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15. Deductive and Inductive Reasoning
Deductive and inductive reasoning A deductive argument tends to work from the generalized to the
more specific. It often referred to as a top–down approach informally. The conclusions that are made
in deductive argument follow logically from the facts that are available. A deductive approach can
be taken on the statement traditional publishing has been rendered unnecessary by the rise of digital
publication. Electrical publishing which is also referred to as ePublishing or digital publishing
involves the publication of e–books, electronic articles, digital libraries and EPUBS. It is becoming
a common trend to distribute books, newspapers and even magazines directly to readers through
tablet reading devices. This has been generated by vendors who operate online like Apple iTunes
bookstore and books in the android market among others. Market researchers have made suggestions
that most of the magazines and newspapers that will be in circulation will be done through digital
means by 2015(Sader, 2004). Most of the publishing companies are also considering making
agreements with these electronic publishing networks like Apple so that they can increase the
publications through them and eventually no more traditional publishing will be done (Rothchild, I.
2006). From the look at the general trend in publishing that most people and firms are taking as
depicted above, it is safe to take the deductive conclusion that "Traditional publishing has been
rendered unnecessary by the
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16. Inductive Approach
Deductive: Deductive reasoning is a logical process in which a conclusion is based on the
concordance of multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true. Deductive reasoning is
sometimes referred to as top–down logic. Its counterpart, inductive reasoning, is sometimes referred
to as bottom–up logic. Difference: The main difference between inductive and deductive approaches
to research is that whilst a deductive approach is aimed and testing theory, an inductive approach is
concerned with the generation of new theory emerging from the data. Inductive or Deductive? Two
Different Approaches Learning Objectives 1.Describe the inductive approach to research, and
provide examples of inductive research. 2.Describe the deductive approach...show more content...
Specifically, no hypotheses can be found at the initial stages of the research and the researcher is
not sure about the type and nature of the research findings until the study is completed. In inductive
approach there is no theory at the beginning point of the research, and theories may evolve as a
result of the research: It is noted that "inductive reasoning is often referred to as a "bottom–up"
approach to knowing, in which the researcher uses observations to build an abstraction or to
describe a picture of the phenomenon that is being studied" (Lodico et al, 2010, p.10). In other
words, in inductive studies no known theories or patterns need to be tested during the research
process. Inductive reasoning is based on learning from experience. Patterns, resemblances and
regularities in experience (premises) are observed in order to reach conclusions (or to generate
theory). Here is an example: My nephew borrowed $100 last June but he did not pay back until
September as he had promised (PREMISE). Then he assured me that he will pay back until
Christmas but he didn't (PREMISE). He also failed in to keep his promise to pay back in March
(PREMISE). I reckon I have to face the facts. My nephew is never going to pay me back
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18. Question: In your assigned readings, you learned how inductive and deductive reasoning are used
to answer questions about life. Briefly compare and contrast each type of reasoning as they apply
to biological investigation. Which, if any, type of reasoning is best used to establish cause and
effect relationships? Explain your rationale using one or more examples. Answer: Inductive
reasoning can be described as a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a
general conclusion. While the deductive reasoning which can be said to be diametrically opposite
to inductive reasoning can be described as the form of logical thinking that uses a general principle
or law to forecast specific results. It the type of logical reasoning/thinking
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19. Induction Vs Inductive Reasoning
The problem with induction lies within its logical validity. In inductive reasoning, we make
seemingly justified assumptions about future events based on past observations. The premises of our
claim are assumed to be true; however, they do not guarantee the truth of the conclusion (135)
Instead, induction uses the observable evidence as strength to infer the probability of the new claim
being true. Inductive reasoning is therefore, logically invalid. These repeated observations, no matter
how prevalent, fail to ensure that the conclusion is true. They merely states that the truth is probable.
A valid, logical argument requires that if the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true, as
well.
Invalid structures of reasoning state that, even if the premises were true, the conclusion could have
been either true or false: which is the case with induction. By not ensuring the truth...show more
content...
(161) Popper goes on to insist that induction cannot even be attempted to justify, due to its core
premise being completely invalid, and therefore unjustifiable by default. Popper believes that
induction is in no way factual or a necessary thought process. He explains that the entire idea of
induction is an illusion, one that we are mistaking for the actual practice of trial and error (161)
Particularly regarding scientific knowledge, and the notion that knowledge requires a validity that is
established by repeated empirical testing. (162) Popper denies the idea that scientific knowledge is
induction, and instead explains knowledge in terms of hypotheticals, and tests for falsifiability. (162)
Popper states that while these hypotheticals, or theories, cannot be supported, they can be rigorously
tested to show the possibility of being proven false. The ability to refute something logically, allows
for a counter–instance that ensures a logical opposite.
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20. How Does Sherlock Holme Use Deductive Reasoning
Compare/Contrast Essay
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's character, Sherlock Holmes, once said "I consider that a man's brain
originally is like a little empty attic, and you have to stock it with such furniture as you choose."
This quote can be found in A Study in Scarlet and relates to how Sherlock feels about knowledge.
Sherlock even seems to use this to help him reason and understand the characteristics of people who
cross paths with him. Both The Great Mouse Detective (GMD) and Sherlock Holmes (SH) use
characteristics, from Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's short stories, but they are depicted and intertwined
into the stories very differently.
In the movies The Great Mouse Detective and Sherlock Holmes, deductive reasoning is the main
tool used to solve cases. Sherlock Holmes, the lead detective in SH, uses deductive reasoning to
decipher how the antagonist pulls off the illusions. Basil of Baker Street, the lead detective in
GMD, uses deductive reasoning in a similar way to figure out the antagonist's evil scheme. While
deductive reasoning is used in both films, Sherlock Holmes seems to use it more uniformly, as
opposed to Basil who appears to use deductive reasoning more sporadically. Sherlock also tends to
rely less on others own reasoning, and more on their abilities to...show more content...
Dr. Watson and Dr. Dawson are both the lead detective's friend and help the lead detective solve
cases. They are good people that wish to help others, but they often need the lead detective to
explain how all the clues connect. The characters are based off of the original Dr.Watson and
have the same back story, including the fact they have seen war. Dr. Watson from SH, is a skinnier
guy with well groomed facial hair, and he doesn't put up with drivel from Sherlock Holmes. Dr.
Dawson, however, is a chubby man with less well groomed facial hair, and he is a lot more patient
with Sherlock's outlandish
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21. Deductive Reasoning
Since all three had an adverse reaction to me, I used deductive reasoning. Being so easily
rejected, they appeared to be physically put off by my asking them for coffee. This reasoning led
me to one simple conclusion, which was to ask myself if I had a right to ask any woman out, if I
could cause such an adverse reaction. Awoman once told me I looked too serious when interacting
with her. I still do not know what she meant by that. It appeared I had been Sheldon Cooper long
before Jim Parsons played the character.
I am sure some of this apprehension on my part is due to issues that I am struggling to overcome. I
also suspect that I will always be dealing with some issue or another in the struggle to be free of the
demons that haunted me
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22. Inductive Reasoning: Course Analysis
As a teen, I often thought mathematics was primarily a subject you take in school and it wouldn't
affect any aspect of my daily life. However, mathematics I have learned throughout this course is
in every aspect of my life, personal and professional. For instance, if I were to conclude a decision
I made in my personal and professional life, there are two types of reasoning I might use,
inductive or deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning is the process of arriving at a general
conclusion based on observations of specific examples and deductive reasoning, is the process of
proving a specific conclusion from one or more general statements. (Blitzer, 2014, pgs. 3 & 8). I
have applied inductive reason, when deciding which way would be best to take, either the
highway or the main roads, to arrive at work on time. I took the highway for several weeks and
the main roads. Each time on the highway I would arrive 10 to 15 minutes late for work and on the
main road, I would arrive 5 to 10 minutes...show more content...
Blitzer, R. (2014) noted the theory of "Sex Degrees of Separation is anyone in the world can be
joined to any other person through a chain of no more than four intermediate connections. I can
use the theory in my personal life to understand the connections I have with others or recognized a
connection characters in a novel or television series may have with each other. In my professional
life, I can use the theory to show a connection to a type of behaviour children are exposed to, such
as abuse or/and violence. I can likewise use diverse types of functions, in my professional life, by
modeling a data, to show behaviours increase or/and decrease, for the duration, the children are in
the Intensive Support Program, I currently
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