leadership is the ability to influence individuals or groups toward the achievement of goals

2.  The ability to influence individuals /
groups toward the achievement of
goals.
 As a process that shapes the goals of a
group or organization, motivates
behavior toward the achievement of
those goals, and helps define group or
organizational culture.
 As the process of directing & influencing
the task related activities of group
members.

3.  In this section, THREE (3) main leadership
theories/perspectives will be discussed.
They are :
 The Great Man Theory / The Trait Theory
 Behavioral Theory
 The Contingency / Situational Theory

4.  According to this theory, leaders are
born in families of leaders.
 This theory explains that by looking at a
person, you can tell whether he/she will
be a leader in future.

5.  This approach assumed that leaders
share certain inborn personality traits.
 Evaluation & selection of leaders are
based on their physical, mental &
psychological characteristics.

6.  In the Ohio and Michigan States studies,
two aspects of leadership behavior
were looked into.
 The Ohio and Michigan States Studies
 Leadership functions
 Leadership styles

7.  A leader is considered to be effective if
he/she practices these functions.
› Task related / problem solving function
 The task related functions involve having
manager/leaders giving / suggesting solutions,
offering information & opinion, counseling &
giving advice.
› Group maintenance / social function
 These are actions that may help the group to
operate smoothly. (manager who practices
empathy & sensitive to his/her subordinates’
feelings)

8.  The leadership functions generate two
different leadership styles :
› Task-oriented/production centered
 The primary goal is getting the job done to
his/her satisfaction. E.g. : supervises
employees & concerned only with getting the
job done rather than the development/growth
of the employees
› Employee-oriented/people-centered
 Managers try to motivate rather than control
the employees. E.g. : respect & sensitivity to
others

10.  The theory was conducted to identify
factors that contribute to effectiveness
of leadership styles in a particular
situation.
 Two main leadership models developed
under this theory were :
› The Path-goal Model
› The Life-cycle Theory/Situational Model