Please give the explanation of the impacts of bacterial sporulati.pdf

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Please give the explanation of the impacts of bacterial sporulation and microbial cellular differentiation on microorganisms themselves and other organisms Please give the explanation of the impacts of bacterial sporulation and microbial cellular differentiation on microorganisms themselves and other organisms Solution Impact of bacterial sporulation: 1. CodY dependent regulation of sporulation in clostridium difficile 2. Inhibition of sigma factor which result in transcription inhibition. 3. differential gene expression Microbial Cellular Differentiation: 1. Single cell differentiation eg: Caulobacter crescentus, Bacillus sibtilis, actinomycetes, azotobacter 2. Multicellular differentiation Differentiation due to adaption to environmental condition and expressing different functions at different times in life cycle. Thus differentiation trigger by environmental signal and inherent growth. Some of specialized cell types is the outcome of complex regulatory pathways: altered gene expression, differential protein stability, differential protein localization.

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Microorganisms cause virtually all pathoses of the pulp and periapical tissues. Once bacterial invasion of pulp tissues has taken place, both non-specific inflammation and specific immunologic response of the host have a profound effect on the progress of the disease. Endodontic infection develops in root canals devoid of host defenses, pulp necrosis (as a sequel to caries, trauma, periodontal disease,or iatrogenic operative procedures) or pulp removal for treatment. Biofilm-induced oral diseases. ROUTES OF ROOT CANAL INFECTION Caries • Trauma-induced fractures • Cracks • Restorative procedures • Scaling and root planing • Attrition • Abrasion • Gaps in the cementoenamel junction at the cervical root surface • Dentinal tubules • Direct pulp exposure • Periodontal disease • Anachoresis Mechanisms of Microbial Pathogenicity and Virulence Factors Pathogenicity : The ability of a microorganism to cause disease. Virulence: Degree of pathogenicity of a microorganism. Some microorganisms routinely cause disease in a given host and are called primary pathogens. Other microorganisms cause disease only when host defenses are impaired and are called opportunistic pathogens by changing the balance of the host–bacteria relationship. Bacterial strategies that contribute to pathogenicity include the ability to coaggregate and form biofilms. In the pathogenesis of primary apical periodontitis Bacteria in caries lesions form authentic biofilms adhered to dentin. Diffusion of bacterial products through dentinal tubules induces pulpal inflammation After pulp exposure, the exposed pulp tissue is in direct contact with bacteria and their products and responds with severe inflammation. Some tissue invasion by bacteria may also occur. Bacteria in the battlefront have to survive the attack from the host defenses and at the same time acquire nutrients to keep themselves alive. In this bacteria–pulp clash, the latter invariably is “defeated” and becomes necrotic, so bacteria move forward and “occupy the territory”—that is, they colonize the necrotic tissue. These events advance through tissue compartments, coalesce, and move toward the apical part of the canal until virtually the entire root canal is necrotic and infected. At this stage, involved bacteria can be regarded as the early root canal colonizers or pioneer species (play an important role in the initiation of the apical periodontitis disease process, modify the environment, making it conducive to the establishment of other bacterial groups)

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