what are the consequences of HWE on allele and genotype frequencies? Solution The Hardy-Weinberg law states that the proportions or frequencies of the alleles in gene pool of a population remain constant or at equilibrium from generation to generation unless acted upon by agents other than sexual recombination. The genotypic frequencies stabilize after one generation in proportions determined by allelic frequencies. The Hardy-Weinberg equation provides a standard to measure the changes in allele frequencies occurring in the natural populations without this equation the change in the frequency of alleles the magnitude and direction of the alleles and the forces responsible for change in allele characteristics can not be detected. Apart from the natural selection the change in the composition of the gene pool of a population is influenced by other conditions as follows:- Mutations alter the gene pool by changing one allele in to another. Mutations are the heritable changes in the genotype and can be caused by addition or deletion of few nucleotides in a DNA molecule or segments of chromosomes or whole set of chromosomes. Mutations may occur spontaneously and randomly. The rate of spontaneous mutations is generally low but can bring about the evolutionary change because the variation is acted upon by evolutionary forces. Movement of individuals leads to the transfer of alleles in to the population and can change the gene pools. The gene flow or movement of alleles occurs due to immigration or emigration of individuals. Incase of plants the gene flow is possible through the movement of pollen between populations. The gene flow can introduce new alleles in to the populations or can change the frequency of existing alleles. The overall effect of gene flow is to decrease the difference the populations. Large population size can alter the frequencies or relative proportions of alleles in a gene pool. Population size is more important to estimate the frequency of alleles in the gene pool. A defective allele with 1% frequency in a population containing 1 million individuals the affected population would be 20,000. If few individuals of this population with the defective gene are destroyed before producing the progeny the effect on the frequency on defective allele would be negligible. In a population of 50 individuals the frequency of defective allele would be 1 in 80. Thus, the change in the gene pool takes place by chance is known as genetic drift and it plays a major role in determination of evolution of small populations. The gene pool is altered when the population is deviated by the random mating. Random mating results in the mating of population with the close neighbors and large populations contain the closely related individuals. Inbreeding is resulted due to non random mating of closely related individuals. The non random mating does not change the frequencies of alleles in the gene pool but affects the genotypic frequencies..

1. what are the consequences of HWE on allele and genotype frequencies?
Solution
The Hardy-Weinberg law states that the proportions or frequencies of the alleles in gene pool of
a population remain constant or at equilibrium from generation to generation unless acted upon
by agents other than sexual recombination. The genotypic frequencies stabilize after one
generation in proportions determined by allelic frequencies. The Hardy-Weinberg equation
provides a standard to measure the changes in allele frequencies occurring in the natural
populations without this equation the change in the frequency of alleles the magnitude and
direction of the alleles and the forces responsible for change in allele characteristics can not be
detected.
Apart from the natural selection the change in the composition of the gene pool of a population is
influenced by other conditions as follows:-
Mutations alter the gene pool by changing one allele in to another.
Mutations are the heritable changes in the genotype and can be caused by addition or deletion of
few nucleotides in a DNA molecule or segments of chromosomes or whole set of chromosomes.
Mutations may occur spontaneously and randomly. The rate of spontaneous mutations is
generally low but can bring about the evolutionary change because the variation is acted upon by
evolutionary forces.
Movement of individuals leads to the transfer of alleles in to the population and can change the
gene pools.
The gene flow or movement of alleles occurs due to immigration or emigration of individuals.
Incase of plants the gene flow is possible through the movement of pollen between populations.
The gene flow can introduce new alleles in to the populations or can change the frequency of
existing alleles. The overall effect of gene flow is to decrease the difference the populations.
Large population size can alter the frequencies or relative proportions of alleles in a gene pool.
Population size is more important to estimate the frequency of alleles in the gene pool. A
defective allele with 1% frequency in a population containing 1 million individuals the affected
population would be 20,000. If few individuals of this population with the defective gene are
destroyed before producing the progeny the effect on the frequency on defective allele would be
negligible. In a population of 50 individuals the frequency of defective allele would be 1 in 80.
Thus, the change in the gene pool takes place by chance is known as genetic drift and it plays a
major role in determination of evolution of small populations.
The gene pool is altered when the population is deviated by the random mating.

2. Random mating results in the mating of population with the close neighbors and large
populations contain the closely related individuals. Inbreeding is resulted due to non random
mating of closely related individuals. The non random mating does not change the frequencies of
alleles in the gene pool but affects the genotypic frequencies.