Describe in words the phylogenetic relationships among Eusthenoptero.pdf

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Describe in words the phylogenetic relationships among Eusthenopteron, Tiktaalik, a modern salamander, and you. Be sure to describe which are more closely related to each other. Solution Answer: Eusthenopteron, Tiktaalik, modern salamander and humans mark a morphological transition from fishes to tetrapods and to bipedals like humans. Eusthenopteron was a large fish (predatory) that were mainly marine, but also inhabited shallow esturine waters. Eusthenopteron share its phylogenetic relationships with early tetrapods on the basis of its folded dentition. Moreover, its pectoral and pelvic fins were homologous to radius, ulna, tibia and fibula of modern tetrapods. Tiktaalik (also called transitional fossil) marked the transition from aquatic to land in early tetrapods. Although being a fish, it exhibited morphological characters similar to transition from water to terrestrial life. It lacks the operculum which converts the bony connection between head and body to a more flexible neck like structure. This allowed their head movements out of water. Modern salamaders are tetrapod amphibians typically characterized by appearances which are lizard like and have the unique capability of limb regeneration. They are related to modern day humans with respect to the evolution of lungs and four limbs and also in the pattern of shull development. Among the organisms mentioned above, Eusthenopteron and Tiktaalik are more closely related phylogenetically. Evidences include their fin morphology..

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1) You need to attended two shows, they shows are only 15 minutes long. For each show seen you need to write a paragraph summarizing the shows you saw. The first show we attended was hard to understand what diver is trying to say, they mention it also because the water of that tank is so chili. The diver mentioned that a lot of species are living in this tank, which some are benthic and some are pelagic organisms. They mostly talked about the pelagic organisms in that tank. They chose white sea bass as far as giant sea bass and briefly explain about them. There were thousands of sardines and between them the diver point to the fish called half-moon which it was bigger and silver moon. Half-moons are the feeder of red and green algae, also they can eat some small invertebrates like sponges, crustaceans, and anemones. We were told about the giant bass history in Santa Barbara island, which the scientist didn’t see the organism approximately for forty years but the person who was carrying out the show saw it. She mentioned that scientist by creating a space for these organisms in about thirty or forty years in the nice protected area in the ocean to have no pressure in hunting not even boat driving, they wait for a long time for this species to coming back to protected area and scientists of all over California taking pictures of those animals. The diver also talked about the spots of giant sea bass that we could see on the side of fish that they are specific each and individual. At the end, he said white sea bass are more open ocean than giant sea bass. The second show we attended was more interesting for me than the first one. We explored bunch of animal that live there, and talked about some of the organisms that are important and have right force in everything on that tank. We waited for diver to join us to communicate with him. He worn a special mask that allowed him to talk with us. The presenter talked the way that they feed animals, which it was so interesting, the diver goes to target animals and feed them to get the proper diet. The diver mentioned there are six hundred different fishes are living in this tank. The exhibit was so big with 350000 gallons of water. There were two species of shark in that specific exhibit, but they were not like hunting sharks as we see in television. There was an animal that shark close related to which is ray. We saw a diver was feeding those new rays. Rays are related to sharks but they look different. The fishes live in that tank were bony fish and have skeleton. One of them was napoleon wrasse. This organism has a unique adaptation, they all are female and they can change itself to male which this transformation takes about a year. Looks like the name of this fish comes up from the shape it has, because there is a bump on its head that’s why calling it a napoleon wrasse. Bubbles also are another bony fish, that loves to be part of presentation. This fish loves the bubbles and for entire presentation.

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Adaptation is an evolutionary process whereby an organism becomes increasingly well suited to living in a particular habitat. It is not a quick process! Natural selection over many generations results in helpful traits becoming more common in a population. This occurs because individuals with these traits are better adapted to the environment and therefore more likely to survive and breed. Adaptation is also a common term to describe these helpful or adaptive traits. In other words, an adaptation is a feature of an organism that enables it to live in a particular habitat.

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6. The fish-amphibian transition was not a passage from water to land, but rather a transition from fins t feet that took place in water. Based on aspects of functional morphology, the earliest amphibian limt probably were used to scud around on the bottom in the water, as do some modern fish (such as the mu skippers, species of Boleophthalmus and Periopthaimus, of the Indo-Pacific), rather than to facilitate wall ing on land. It has been suggested recently that the origin of tetrapods and the invasion of land by ve: tebrates be decoupled. Several anatomical characters of the limbs separate tetrapods from their fish ancestors. These include th presence of digits, carpals (in the forelimb, the bones that make up the wrist) and tarsals (in the hindlim the bones that help make up the ankle), and bones in the limb of approximately equal length (e.g.. the u nus/radia of the forelimb) that both participate in the development of the joint. A. The following diagram illustrates the bone structure of (1) an early rhupidistian lobe-tinned fi: (Eusthenopteron), (2) a coelocanth fish (Latimeria), (3) an early tetrapod (Ichtityostega) and (4) an exta aquatic mammal (family Otaridae, the seals). Draw a vertical line separating the limbs of tetrapod tro fish. Upon which anatomical character(s) did you base this division? B. The carliest tetrapods retained a limb structure similar to that of the fins of ancestral figh. Rather than having limbs based upona fivetoed foot, as do modern tetrapods, these animals had more than five "toes, "This gave the feet the Jook of a short, stout fipper with many "toe rays" similar to fin ravs. Identify the early tetrapod by writing ICTHY on the diagram. How does the toe structure of this hind limb differ from that of the mammal? C. The fins of most lobe-finned fishes have a simple bifurcate design. That is, bones develop in a pattem of twos during embryogenesis. The mid-late Devonian thupidistian possessed this limb arthitecture. Its Eins were very similar to early amphibian feet in the overall layout of the major bones, except that there were no perceptible "toes," fust a set of identical fin rays. Identify the limb structure of Eusthenopteron by writing EU on the diagram. How does the bone structure of this fish compare with that of the early tetrapod? D. Land-dwelling arimals must bear weight on their limbs in order to move efficiently on terra firma. One feature that helped early vertebrates move on land, and allowed for weight to be borne, was the development of limb joints (elbows and knees). All but one of the early tetrapods are from continentai depoetits, and all possess simular arrangements of bones in the limbs as depicted in the drawing. Compare the skeletal arrangemens of the semi-aquatic mammal and the early tetrapod. What can you inier about the ability of each to move about on land..

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