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1. EGG PRODUCTION
(LAYER CHICKEN)

2. WHAT IS EGG PRODUCTION
Eggs are considered as a perfect
food. They are rich in protein
and nutrients, versatile in
preparation, and cost-effective
to even the most budget-
conscious food shoppers. It is
estimated that egg production
will rise by 50% by the year 2030
to keep up with demand.

3. • Why are eggs different sizes?
There are many factors that can influence the size of a
hen's egg, including her age, breed, and the time of year.
Hen age: When hens are
still learning how to lay,
they often produce eggs
that fall into the peewee
and small weight classes.
However, young hens
have also been known to
lay jumbo eggs
(sometimes with double
yolks!). When hens are in
the prime of their laying
days, they usually
produce medium and
large eggs.
Hen breed: Some hens are bred to lay larger
eggs, while other breeds tend to lay very
small eggs. In general, the larger the hen's
body, the larger the eggs she'll lay.
Time of year: When the weather cools
down and the days get shorter, a hen's
production naturally slows. During the
coldest months of winter, her eggs may be
slightly smaller than usual.e

5. Technical term relevant to egg production
Artificial brooding - can be defined as the handling of newly born chicks without
the aid of hens.
Broody -A chicken that has decided to sit on and hatch a clutch of eggs
Bloom/cuticle - A thin coating that covers an egg and prevents bacteria from
effecting the egg
Internal Pip - During the hatching process, when the chick breaches the membrane
into the aircell of the egg, it is called the internal pip

6. • Incubator - A machine that maintains the
perfect temperatures to hatch an egg
• Blastoderm - A small white bullseye on the
egg yolk indicating a fertile egg
• Blastodisc - A small white disc on the egg
yolk indicating an infertile egg
• Disease - any harmful deviation from the
normal structural or functional state of an
organism, generally associated with
certain signs and symptoms and differing
in nature from physical injury

7. Tips on site selection for establishing a poultry house
-Good Drainage and Free from Flooding
(Topography)
The poultry farm must have good drainage. Water used in
cleaning equipment and housing facilities must be drained
properly. It is suggested to provide proper drainage for
easily drain water.
In deciding where to establish the poultry farm, it is significant to consider the
essential features of a good location. The following are important guides in choosing a
good location for the establishment of a poultry farm.

8. -Far from Residential Areas
The site where poultry farm will be established should be far
enough from residential houses and other densely populated
areas. Ideally, a 1km distance from poultry farm and residential
areas must be considered.
-Good Access to Utilities
The farm should be located in an area where there is access to
reliable and inexpensive sources of water and electricity.
-Good Access to Road and Market
The farm location should have good access to a road for the
delivery of inputs needed in the operation and the transport of
products to the market.

9. -No Security Problems
The farm should be located in a place where peace and order
are maintained.
-Possible Expansion
In selecting a site, provision for expansion should be considered.
If additional buildings and other housing provisions will be
constructed later, unnecessary expenses in remodeling and
dismantling of existing facilities should be minimized.

10. Breed or strain of layer chicken
EGG-TYPE CHICKEN
Australorp
These birds have sweet temperaments and are unique in that they’re ideal
breeds for both cold and hot climates. The Australorp can lay around 250-300
eggs per year. Develop in aurtralia
egg color - light brown
egg size - medium
Leghorn
The average Leghorn is known to lay between 250-300 eggs per year!
The Leghorn is small and sprightly, quite flighty and hard to catch. They’re not
known for their friendliness, but if you’re looking to have eggs for breakfast
every morning, they’re a great choice. Develop in tuscana italy
egg color - white
egg size - jumbo

11. Rhode Island Red
This breed is well known for ruling the roost with their high energy
and bossy demeanor. The Rhodie will lay up to 300 eggs per year
for the first few years of her life. Develop in america
egg color - brown
egg size - extra large
Plymouth Rock / Barred Rock
This classic chicken breed is a heavy layer at up to 280 eggs per
year. The Plymouth Rock is hardy and a great choice for either cold
or hot climates. Develop in america
egg color - brown
egg size - large

12. Speckled Sussex
The Sussex is a beloved breed and looks downright delightful with
its speckled and colorful feathers. The Sussex lays up to 260 eggs
per year and is a great breed to keep if you don’t mind the noise.
Develop in england
egg color - light brown
egg size - large
Delaware
The Delaware is a large bird that is used as a dual purpose chicken,
meaning you can raise them for eggs, meat, or both! The Delaware
is easy going and beautiful, the perfect addition to any backyard
homestead. Delaware chickens usually lay 200+ eggs per year.
Develop in USA
egg color - brown
egg size - large

13. Orpingtons
The Orpington is big, beautiful, incredibly friendly, and a good
egg layer. Often called the chicken version of a Golden Retriever,
this beloved breed has a sweet demeanor and make excellent
pets with benefits. They lay up to 200 eggs per year. The
Orpington breed comes in a variety of interesting colors,
including Buff, Black, Blue, White, and Lavender. Develop in
england
egg color - brown
egg size - large
Minorca
They are not broody, but good layers of very large white eggs –
possibly the largest white eggs of any of the white-egg-laying
breeds – at a rate of 140-220 per year (depending on the strain).
Develop in africa
egg color - white
egg size - large

14. famous LAYER CHICKEN IN THE PHILIPPINES
Dekalb White Layers:
Dekalb White layers are one of very popular layer
breeds used for egg production in the Philippines.
Dekalb White layers include good liability, large
number of eggs laid, good egg size, as well as high
quality of the eggs produced. Talking about the eggs,
they are generally crisp white with rich yellow yolks,
and they have an average weight of 63.1 grams

15. Tips for Keeping Your Egg Layers Healthy
• Free range your flock as much as possible. This gives them exercise and access to fresh
greens and bugs.
• Keep their water clean and constant, especially during times of stress and super hot or
super cold weather.
• Feed them high quality layer-specific feed and supplement with healthy treats and kitchen
scraps.
• Take proper precautions in bitter cold and extreme heat to make sure your flock is
comfortable. These temperature extremes affect egg laying in a big way.
• Keep your flock safe from predators at all times.
• Keep pests like rodents, flies, sparrows, and starlings out of the chicken coop. These pests
carry parasites and disease, and eat your chicken’s food.
• Do ‘chicken checks’ once per week to check on the health of your flock. Do a body scan and
check for signs of illness, wounds, or disease so you can catch them early!

16. top producers of chicken egg in the philippines
• CALABARZON was the top producer of chicken egg during the
quarter with 63.48 thousand metric tons or 34.2 percent
share.
• Completing the top five (5) major producing regions and their
corresponding volume of production were:
• a. Central Luzon with 38.22 thousand metric tons;
• b. Central Visayas with 21.25 thousand metric tons;
• c. Northern Mindanao with 12.38 thousand metric tons; and
• d. Western Visayas with 9.29 thousand metric tons.
• These regions accounted for 77.9 percent of the country’s
total chicken egg production.

17. top1 province in the philippines (egg producers)
The Municipality of San Jose in the Province of Batangas is hereby
declared as the "Egg Basket of the Philippines" In recognition of the
economic significance of its egg Industry in both local and national
levels.
top 1 country (egg producers)
• China is by far the world's largest egg producer, with 38 percent of
global production, followed by the United States (7 percent) and
India (7 percent). Asia is the largest egg-producing region, with
more than 64 percent of global output.

18. selection of stocks

19. • Backyard poultry production is at the subsistence level of farming. Birds live free range and hatch their own eggs.
Their diet is supplemented with crop waste or food leftovers. The labour involved in backyard poultry production is
part-time.
• Farm flock production is slightly more specialized. Eggs are hatched at a separate location where the hatch and the
sexing of the birds are controlled.
• Commercial poultry farm production means poultry wholly owned by a corporate enterprise that controls the
entire growing cycle of the birds, from the breeder flock to the processing plant.
• Integrated egg production is the most advanced enterprise and involves full mechanization and automation of the
egg production cycle including battery egg laying, temperature controls, scientific feeding and mechanized egg
collection methods.

20. Brooding Meaning:
Brooding is a process that is commonly seen in the poultry industry. The chickens especially whose
production now is increasing more than ever for various reasons that serve human purposes.
Brooding Technique:
Brooding is an important step in poultry animals, especially the brood of chicks. Brooding in chicken is
an important part of making the relationship between mother and chick strong as well as ensuring
proper growth and development.
BROODING SYSTEM

21. NATURAL BROODING
Is when the broody hen sits on her laid eggs
and provides warmth. The broody hen is the
hen whose maternal instincts have kicked in
and she needs to take care of her chicks. In this
period emotions surge in and she feels the
need to sit and hatch eggs. These broody
instincts last up to 21 days and in the starting 3
weeks, the eggs are completely warm and
ready for proper growth and self-regulation of
temperature.

22. Advantages of Natural Incubation:
-It is cheap.
-A broody hen will do most of the work for you, keeping a stable temperature and turn the egg regularly
which means that she will save you a lot of time and trouble.
-One more very important thing that you need to know about natural incubation is that once the eggs
hatch the hen will do most of the work for you concerning the subject of caring for the chicks.
Disadvantages of natural brooding:
-Unpredictable number of eggs are hatched
-There is risk of predators / parasites
-Eggs are often exposed to adverse weather conditions
-Possibility of abandonment of eggs is high
-Pecking and sucking of the eggs by the hen

23. ARTIFICIAL BROODING
Artificial brooding can be defined
as the handling of newly born
chicks without the aid of hens. It is
accomplished by means of a
temperature-controlled brooder
(foster mother). Artificial brooding
has several advantages over the
natural method, which are: Chicks
may be reared at any time of the
seasons.

24. Advantages of Artificial Incubation:
- Many chicks can be hatched at a time in a short while.
- Another thing is that it is possible to plan when to hatch the chicks unlike with the hen one may not know
when it can sit for the eggs.
- Artificial incubation cannot spread parasites and diseases to the chicks and lastly there is no cost for feeding
a broody hen since an incubator is used.
Disadvantages of Artificial Incution:
It is expensive to buy an incubator. Most of the incubators are highly priced and not affordable to small scale
farmers.
- Requires a lot of labor since there will be a lot of egg turning.
- It requires a lot of skills in order to manage and maintain an incubator.

25. EXAMPLE OF ARTIFICIAL BROODING
INCUBATOR
• An incubator should to be able to
regulate factors, such as temperature
and humidity, and to allow air renewal
and egg turning, providing the perfect
environmental conditions for
embryonic development, aiming at
achieving high hatchability of healthy
chicks, which is directly correlated with
the survival and performance of
individual chicks in the field
• Incubating chicken eggs is a 21-day
process and requires an egg incubator
to help control temperature, humidity
and egg turning

26. TYPES OF POULTRY HOUSE
Generally, four types of houses are found to follow among the
poultry farmers. These are:
• The free-range system
• The semi-intensive poultry house system
• Folding units poultry house system
• Intensive poultry house system

27. FREE RANGE SYSTEM
The free-range system of poultry housing refers to the method of housing birds
so that they have the opportunity to roam around the farm. The free-range
poultry housing system is, in fact, the oldest system of housing birds in poultry
farming.
Advantages of Free Range Poultry house
-Free-range poultry housing requires less capital investment to construct.
-Feed requirements are less since birds can consume a fairly good amount of
feed from grassland.
-This system helps to maintain fertility as the bird droppings mix with the soil.
-This system is perfect for poultry farmers who own a very large portion of land.
-In this type of housing system, the birds get most of their food by searching
around the farm.
-Mostly, the birds feed on herbs, seeds, and insects.
-

28. Disadvantages Of Free-Range Poultry House:
• It will be difficult for you to apply scientific management practices in this
system.
• You may lose poultry eggs when the birds lay their eggs inside the dense
grasses in the free-range.
• Many farmers experience a lot of losses in this system due to predatory
animals.
Mechanism of Free-range poultry house
• In this system, birds are kept free during day time and they take shelter in a
house during the night. The rearing of birds in this system is apparently
profitable as birds find an appreciable amount of feeds in the surroundings
during the daytime. This method is not suitable for commercial purposes.

29. SEMI INTENSIVE POULTRY HOUSE SYSTEM
-The semi-intensive poultry housing system is a system that is common among
small-scale poultry farmers. This system of poultry rearing is partly free-range
and partly intensive type. In this system, there is a poultry house followed by a
run.
Advantages of the semi-intensive poultry housing system:
-It is a more economical use of land in comparison to the free-range system.
-To an extent, you can apply scientific management operations in this system.
Disadvantages of the semi-intensive poultry housing system:
-High cost for fencing.
-Need for routine cleaning and removal of litter material from the pen.
Structure and advantages:
The run is a small land surrounded by wire mesh and attached to the poultry
house. The birds spend the daytime in the run and take shelter in the house
during the night. The approximate floor space per bird is 3-4 sq ft for the house
and 150-200 sq ft for the run area.

30. FOLDING UNITS HOUSING SYSTEM
• The general theme of this system of poultry rearing is the same as that of a
semi-intensive system. Here also, there is a poultry house followed by a run.
The whole area of the run is enclosed by wire nettings. But the space
requirement is less and the total poultry unit can be shifted from one place to
another.
Advantages of the folding unit of poultry housing:
• You spend less in feeding the birds as they pick most of their food from the
range.
• Just like in the free-range system, this method also helps to fertilize the soil
also.
Disadvantages of the folding unit system:
• You have to carry food and water to the birds and bring them back each time.
• This system requires some extra labor to move the fold units around every day.
• It is more expensive than the previous two housing systems.
Structure and advantages:
• Hence the name folding unit. One can keep a small number of birds in this
system on the roof of their house with sophistication. The approximate floor
space per bird is 1 sq ft for the house and 3 sq ft for the run area, i.e., total of 4
sq ft per bird. So, a folding house unit measuring 20ft x 5ft is suitable for 25
birds.

31. INTENSIVE POULTRY HOUS SYSTEM
Facilities
The investment that needs to be made in this type of infrastructure is
high. This is one of the constraints for low-scale production. The cost of
the installations is high and mostly large-scale production use this
system due to their required economic injection.
Advantages and production
This production easily exceeds other systems. Another notable
advantage is that birds grow faster and have better feed conversion
rates. In addition to the above, another advantage is the drastic
decrease in losses due to theft or predators in the area, which is a
prevalent problem in other systems. It should also be mentioned that
the intensive system facilitates the control and prevention of parasitic
diseases.
Difficulties
Perhaps one of the greatest difficulties of the intensive system is the cost
of maintaining the facilities. On the other hand, it requires manpower in
large numbers and qualified staff to carry out different operations.

32. Nutrition and its importance
• Nutrition is how food affects the health of the body.
• Nutrients provide poultry the energy and material needed for the
development of bone, flesh, feathers, and eggs. Each of these
compounds is important in providing poultry the nutrients they need,
and a deficit of even one can have serious health consequences for
poultry.

33. Six major components for Poultry Nutrition
1) Water
Water is often overlooked, but it is one of the most important nutrients. An animal can live without food longer
than it can live without water. In a laying flock, a shortage of water for just a few hours can result in reduced
egg production, so clean water should be available at all times. If you do not use automatic waterers, fill the
drinkers twice a day. If the drinkers are filled only in the morning, birds can run out of water by midday. A laying
hen drinks about 25% of her daily water intake during the last two hours of daylight.
2) Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates (compounds with carbon, hydrogen and oxygen) are an energy source for animals and make up
the largest portion of a poultry diet. Carbohydrates are typically eaten in the form of starch, sugar, cellulose,
and other nonstarch compounds. Poultry typically do not digest cellulose and the nonstarch compounds,
referred to as crude fiber, well. However, poultry are able to use most starches and sugars well. Important
sources of carbohydrates in poultry diets include corn, wheat, barley, and other grains.

34. 3) Fats
Fat must be present in the diet for poultry to absorb the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K. In addition to its
role in nutrition, fat is added to feed to reduce grain dust. Fat addition also improves the palatability of feed
(that is, makes feed more appetizing).
4) Proteins
Proteins are complex compounds made up of smaller units called amino acids. After a bird consumes protein,
the digestive process breaks down the protein into amino acids. The amino acids are then absorbed by the
blood and transported to cells that convert the individual amino acids into the specific proteins required by the
animal. Proteins are used in the construction of body tissues such as muscles, nerves, cartilage, skin, feathers,
beak, and so on. Egg white is also high in protein. The main sources of protein in poultry diets are plant
proteins such as soybean meal, canola meal, corn gluten meal, and so on.
5) Minerals
Minerals are typically classified as macro- or microminerals. Poultry require higher levels of macrominerals and
lower levels of microminerals in their diets. The microminerals include copper, iodine, iron, manganese,
selenium, and zinc. Although poultry have lower requirements for microminerals, these minerals play essential
roles in the body’s metabolism. Iodine, for example, is required to produce thyroid hormones that regulate
energy metabolism. Similarly, zinc is involved in many enzyme-based reactions in the body, and iron aids
oxygen transportation within the body.

35. 6) Vitamins
• Vitamins are a group of organic compounds that poultry require in small quantities. Despite the
low requirement levels, vitamins are essential for normal body functions, growth, and
reproduction. A deficiency of one or more vitamins can lead to a number of diseases or
syndromes.
• Vitamins are divided into two categories: fat-soluble and water-soluble. The fat-soluble vitamins
are A, D, E, and K. Vitamin A is required for normal growth and development of epithelial tissue
(skin and the linings of the digestive, reproductive, and respiratory tracts) and reproduction.
Vitamin D3 is required for normal growth, bone development, and eggshell formation. Vitamin K
is essential for blood-clot formation.

36. The Nutritional Requirements of Layer chicken

38. Feeds and Feeding for layer Chicken
• For laying hens, we recommend
a crumbed or pelleted feed (not
a grain mix!) with a minimum of
17% protein and 4% calcium. For
the average backyard layer right
through to show quality birds,
we usually recommend
Showbird Breeder MP and Red
Hen 17.

39. • How much feed does a layer chicken need daily?
• A typical laying hen will eat 4 to 6 ounces of feed each day. This will
vary, especially depending on the weather. During the cold months,
chickens need more fuel to keep their bodies warm. So, they will
naturally consume more food.

40. COMMON DISEASES AND BIOCHEMIOSTRY MEASURE

41. Chickens commonly suffer from a variety of diseases and health
conditions.
1. Fowl Cholera
 It is a chronic disease caused by Pasteurella
Multocida that can affect the joints, wattles,
infraohits, sinuses and other tissues.
Common signs convulsions, uncoordinated
fluttering, stiffness, and rapid breathing.
Common symptoms include loss of appetite,
diarrhea, ruffled feathers, swollen purple wattle,
swollen comb, swollen joints, lameness, and sudden
death. Most commonly found in older chickens,
Fowl Cholera affects more cocks than it does hens

42. • Transmission can occur through secretions from carrier
birds, infected droppings, or cannibalism of dead birds, as
well as through contaminated feed, water, equipment, or
clothing.
• it can be treated with antibiotics. Thorough sanitation,
rodent control, and a rigorous biosecurity plan are
essential to preventing infection. Vaccines are available to
aid in the control of an outbreak within a flock.
• Some example of Antibiotics such: as sulfadimethoxine,
tetracyclines, erythromycin, or penicillin.

43. 2. Coccidiosis
 It is a parasitic disease caused by
Coccidian protozoa that lives in and
damages a specific region of the gut in
chickens. Together with damage to the gut
walls, it causes loss of appetite, diarrhea,
ruffled feathers, weight loss and inability to
absorb nutrients.
• Common signs in infected flocks include
reduced feed consumption, rapid weight
loss, droopiness, ruffled feathers, and
severe diarrhea.
• Common symptom Diarrhea, which may
become bloody in severe cases,

44. • Transmission shed by infected chickens
through their fecal droppings
• Treatment is usually administered by
adding Amprolium to the chickens'
water supply.

45. 3. Avian Influenza
Avian influenza is a disease caused by
type A Orthomyxoviruses. They are
commonly found and spread by wild
aquatic birds which infect domesticated
poultry.
Symotpms Diarrhea, nasal discharge,
edema in the comb and wattles, purple
discoloration, coughing and sneezing,
swelling, ruffled feathers and more are
symptoms of the bird flu. Once spread,
avian influenza is deadly.
• Signs loss of appetite and a decrease in
egg production

46. • Transmission direct infection can occur from exposure to
saliva, mucous, or feces from infected birds.
• Treatment disinfect shoes, clothes, hands, egg trays or
flats, crates, vehicles, and tires. Avoid exposing cleaned
and disinfected equipment and tools to wild birds. Wash
hands and scrub boots before and after entering a poultry
area.

47. WHAT IS BIOsecuirity
It is a set of practices designed to reduce the risk of spreading
infectious disease from sick animals to healthy ones.
• Disease prevention steps vary between diseases and species.
Special care must be taken to decide what methods are right for
protecting your animals

48. BIO IN POULTRY FARM
 Keep your distance
 Isolate your animals as much as possible from visitors and other animals. Restrict access. Isolate new animals.
 Keep it clean
 Keep pens clean. Clean and disinfect equipment and tools.
 Don't haul it home
 Don't share equipment, tools, or other supplies. Use rigorous cleaning and disinfecting if you must share. Isolate
livestock that have been to shows, fairs, or other gathering activities for 4 weeks.
 Know warning signs of disease
 Signs might include increased mortality, respiratory or gastrointestinal signs, poor appetite, or production drop.
Early detection and reporting of disease is very important to prevent further spread of disease.

49. Limit visitations to other poultry farms:
poultry producers should avoid visiting other poultry operations
unless necessary.
before entering the other farm, shower and wear clean protective
clothing including, boots, coveralls, and headgear
Keep all pets out of poultry houses:
Pets such as dogs, cats and other animals can be carriers of
poultry disease causing organisms. Poultry producers should not
allow pets inside the poultry houses.
Practice an effective rodent and insect control programs:
Rats, mice, and insects such as flies and darkling beetles can carry
and spread disease-causing organisms.

50. • How disease agents might spread between poultry flocks
• Viruses, bacteria, and parasites can spread between poultry flocks
through exposure to:
• contaminated equipment and vehicles that move between farms
• contaminated clothing and footwear of farm workers or visitors
• infected animals, such as wild birds, insects, rodents, and pets
• contaminated air, on particles of dust from nearby farms or market.
gardens that apply untreated poultry manure as fertiliser
• contaminated water, of dam or creek, used for drinking or cooling.

51. PRODUCTION
ECONOMICS

52. • It is an activity carried out under the control and
responsibility of an institutional unit that uses inputs of
labour, capital, and goods and services to produce outputs of
goods or services.
• Production is a very important part of economics. It creates
value in the economy because it applies labor to land.
Production also improves the quality and standard of living
through the availability of goods and services, which
translates to improved utility.
• Without production, there would not be any income and
people would not be able to get jobs. Finally, production
allows firms and consumers to understand the relationship
between cost and final goods or services