Agriculture Reform Act

Agriculture Reform Act
The 1960s pushed farming to a new low. "federal agriculture policy continued to curtail surplus
production and raise farm incomes, but it placed greater emphasis on guaranteeing low food prices"
(Miller, 2011). Farmers were competing with other farms just to keep their farms and homes. The
government implemented additional programs like the use of food stamps and the free school lunch
programs, which further deemphasized the necessity for production for the farmers.
In 1996, the Federal Agricultural Improvement and Reform Act (FAIR) was passed. This sought to
eliminate federal subsidies and encouraged diversification. The importance of diversification was
learned during the great famine. Since there was typically only one crop planted at ... Show more
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Franklin D Roosevelt once said, "the history of every Nation is eventually written in the way in
which it cares for its soil." The United States began seeing sustainable management practices in
farms, and healthier soil through this act. In 1982 through 2007, the United States soil erosion had
declined by 43%" (Montanarella, 2015). Every year the United States loses about $400 billion
dollars due to crop soil that is eroded. Soil is a limited resource and the largest resource for growing
food, accommodating diverse ecosystems, and providing food resources. Therefore laws, acts, and
provisions are necessary to protect this natural resource.
Without policies to guarantee proper care, use reasonable access to soil, we would have further
limitations to access of crops and in turn, less access to sustainable food sources. Without the
governing oversight of laws and policies, we would likely be living in a country looking at
"increased poverty, hunger, conflict, land grabs, and mass migration of displaces populations"
(Montanerella, 2015). There are many concerns that may arise when developing and enforcing
agricultural policies, but if policies are not made to improve standards, technology, maintain
diversity and preserve water, we would be apt to face devastating effects. Some of the major
concerns involved with agricultural policy include: biosecurity, labor supply, technology, water
access, water trades, and
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The American Health Reform Act
In a perfect world healthcare, public schools, and Universities as well as other necessities that are
important to everyday life will be distributed freely to all people. We live in a world of
consumerism, therefore in order to advertise for everyone in terms of healthcare there needs to be a
good variety of options that allows the consumer and people in business to fairly succeed. One
proposal that I came to agree with is the American Health Reform Act of 2013 (AHRA). I will give
a critical review of what the American Health Reform Act entails and how it differs from the
Affordable Care Act (ACA) for the better. The American Health Care Reform Act contains some
basic component of elements that works together to lower the cost of health care. In the article of
American Health Care Reform Act H.R. 3121. The writer noted some important key elements of the
AHRA. First, it puts together a market based reform in order to provide enough competition for
good low cost prices as well high quality health care ("American Health Care Act", 2013). Second, it
will allow citizens to "purchase insurance across state lines, using interstate competition to drive
down health care costs, while also reforming medical malpractice laws to help reduce unnecessary
costs on both doctors and patients" ("American Health Care Act", 2013). This will also help small
businesses to come together to get the same buying power as big corporations. AHRA help funds
people that are in high risk pool plans by

The Health Care Reform Act
The Health Care Reform Act is also known as the Affordable Care Act (ACA) was signed into law
by President Barrack Obama on March 23, 2010, (Touhy & Jett, 2014, p. 111). Its goals are to
expand coverage, control health care costs, and improve the health care delivery system. It focuses
on health promotion and greater emphasis on preventive care. The new legislation allows people and
small businesses to purchase health insurance coverage through the health insurance market places–
a virtual insurance mega mall where private insurers compete for business. The market exchange
ensures that insures follow strict guidelines and compete fairly allowing people the opportunity to
compare plans that best suits their needs.
The law mandates every U.S ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, insurers are mandated to cover and provide certain preventive services such as
vaccinations without additional charge. The ACA is projected to provide an estimated 32 million
uninsured Americans access to health care insurance resulting in more people seeking medical care.
As a result of this policy, the demand for nurses is projected to grow at a higher rate (Spetz, 2014).
In addition, nurses are confronted with critical changes in health care such as providing efficient and
high quality care while keeping the cost affordable. According to Vincent & Reed (2014), the policy
plans to enhance the role and expand opportunities in nursing. The law provides funding to expand
the number of advance practice nurses and providers. Some experts claim that the growing number
of people seeking medical care will not become an issue with the projected nursing workforce due to
the many opportunities for expansion as part of the ACA's provision. In another view, the shortage
of Registered Nurses (RN) is projected to intensify as the Baby Boomers age and the need for health
care rises in addition to the increasing number of uninsured people that have access to health
insurance. Therefore, the increase of patient load due to the extension of health care coverages to
millions of previously uninsured people as a result of the ACA will be unmanageable for nurses.
View 1: Healthcare access to millions of

The Main Provisions Of The 1944 Education Act And 1988...
The 20th century saw more changes to education than the thousand years preceding it. This was
largely in response to a recently industrialised country; with newly acquired voting rights, it became
apparent that education should not be only for elites. Education is a crucial element of social
mobility and it is important we fully understand both the positive and negative aspects of previous
legislation to help us plan for the future. The were two major 20th century pieces of legislation:
1944 Education Act and 1988 Education Reform Act. Both brought with them changes that are still
being felt today. This essay will cover those Acts in detail, along with other sizable changes such as
comprehensivisation, marketization and how other external ... Show more content on
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The ramifications of Butler's failure to separate church and schooling and further pandering by all
subsequent ministers can still be witnessed today. The church 's influence on teaching on subjects
evolution has forced the requirement of a law to ban creationism being taught (BHA, 2014). It has
also come to light that many faith schools teach a very narrow worldview pertaining of just their
own beliefs (NSS, 2015).
Furthermore the school age was raised to 15 in 1947, with secondary education beginning at 11.
Though the lack of funding and teaching costs meant this took a long time to fully implement as the
act stated it should be raised to 16 as soon as feasibly possible but this did not happen until 1972.
Other changes included free milk and meals, clothing grants as well as transport to and from
schools. As families would normally expect children to be working by the age of 13–14 these
measures ensured there was not too high a financial burden on parents. Giddard (2011) argues that
although there were many problems with the 1944 Act its redeeming features were forward looking
and progressive.
Few debates in education have been given more time than grammar schools. Though not a part of
the 1944 Act the tripartite system was based on a report by the Norward committee (1943); which
made recommendations based on the pseudoscience notion of there being three types of mind:

Reforms in the Economic Espionage Act (EEA) of 1996
There are two important major reforms that the U.S. established, the Economic Espionage Act
(EEA) of 1996 and the Theft of Trade Secrets Act of 2012. The U.S. established the EEA of 1996 to
protect companies with industrial espionage, theft of trade secrets, fraud, transfer of custody, and
penalties on offenses(ECONOMIC ESPIONAGE ACT OF 1996). "The EEA of 1996 is an act that
makes theft or misappropriation of trade secrets a federal crime" (LaMance). Activities that are
punishable under the EEA of 1996 if the person:
"steals, or without authorization takes, carries away, or by deception obtains a trade secret without
authorization copies, downloads, uploads, alters, destroys, transmits, or conveys a trade secret,
receives, buys, or possesses a trade secret, knowing that the trade secret has been stolen or obtained
wrongfully attempts to do any of the aforementioned activities , attempts to commit economic
espionage are punishable under the same penalties. The EEA is particularly severe with people or
corporations who steal trade secrets in order to benefit foreign countries or foreign agents"
(LaMance). Penalties under the EEA of 1996 if a person is found guilty can be fined up to $500
thousand and serve 10 years in jail. A company can be fined up to five million but if it serves to
benefit, a foreign country or a foreign agent fines are up to $10 million and up to 15 years in jail.
In April 2012, the U.S. tried to convict Sergey Aleynikov, a computer programmer at

The Immigration Reform And Control Act
In the present day United States, we face many disputes. One of the big issues is immigration.
Although many oppose so it, the historical experience of legalization under the 1986 immigration
reform and control act, has indicated that a comprehensive immigration reform would raise wages,
increase consumption, create jobs, and generate additional tax revenue, therefore in actuality really
beneficial to the to the U.S.(Hinojosa–Ojeda). The fact is that nearly all unauthorized migrants still
eventually succeed in entering the U.S despite tens billions of dollars spent to reinforce borders,
which has caused commotion(Hinojosa–Ojeda). Decisions taken by the government upon this issue
have not been handled well. The economic analysis in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Easter European "majority" would be actually larger that the Hispanic minority if they didn't
recognize them as white (Immigration: A). Immigration by far has been beneficial to U.S. illegal
immigrants is helping the American economy (Immigration is). Enforcement only policies
perpetuate unauthorized migration and exert downward pressure on already low wages, and toward
a "virtuous cycle" of worker empowerment in which legal status and labor rights exert upward
pressure on wages (Hinojosa–Ojeda). Illegals work under wage. Federal agent's raided 60 Walmart
stores in 21 states rounded up more than 250 illegal immigrants who were janitors in 2003. Low
skilled immigrants have helped drive down low end wages (Akst). A more forward looking
approach that puts all workers on a legal, even footing offers opportunity for a costless stimulus to
the local economy that improves fiscal balances in the short term and lays the foundation for robust ,
just and widespread growth (Hinojosa–Ojeda). Legalizing currently unauthorized immigration and
creating flexible legal limits on future immigrating in the context of full labor rights would raise
wages, increase consumption, create jobs , and generate additional tax revenue and increased
consumer purchasing power, which benefits the public treasury and the U.S. economic growing.
When it comes to potential global power and influence, numbers can matter a great deal
(Immigration: A).

The Policy Behind the Welfare Reform Act
The Welfare Reform Act of 1996 was enacted in order to change the current welfare policy at the
time. This welfare policy that existed was originally meant to provide financial assistance as well as
decent healthcare coverage during times of economic hardship (Kaestner, 2004). This policy was
implemented as a way to help hundreds of thousands of families overcome financial hurdles.
However, the idea behind the reforming of welfare was to avoid the stereotypical individuals that
lived off of welfare to continue doing so. Evidence existed that concluded that people who lived off
of government welfare assistance were actually allowing this system to destroy their desire to work
and sustain themselves (Rector & Marshall, 2013). Welfare was seen as a detrimental part of the
government and it was viewed as feeding into a lazy and poorly disciplined class of individuals.
Welfare's initial intention was to aid widows who had children to support, but in a matter of decades
the entire welfare system converted from being a safety net for individuals in dire times of need, to a
support system for able–bodied men who lacked motivation to find employment and sustain
themselves and their families (Rector & Marshall, 2013). The Welfare Reform Act came as a way to
remedy these problems. Stipulations were put on those applying to receive welfare benefits. Limits
were enacted that would reduce the amount of time that people could receive the benefits in order to
speed up their

Essay on Impact to North Carolina from Health Reform Act
The Affordable Care Act and North Carolina's Uninsured Population NUR6050 October 2, 2014
Affordable Care Act and North Carolina's Uninsured Population Introduction The Workings of an
Affordable Care Act The PPACT is more widely referred to as the Affordable Care Act (ACA). The
ACA is the product of years of political debates and movements to reform the American health care
system. Originally, conceived as an alternative to a single–payer health care system, the concepts
behind the ACA date back as far as the 1980's. Although progression of the ACA was stunted for
several years, it was eventually redesigned and signed into law on March 23, 2010. The purpose
behind the ACA is to control ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Perceptual differences among consumers and economist are due in part to media influence such as
reports on the abuse of the health care systems, investigations concerning fraud, and opposing
political banter. The fact is, albeit slow, the cost of health care is rising, however the rise has been
unprecedentedly slow. Better Quality and Better Access Providing enhanced access to a better
quality health care system is reliant upon the identification and modification of various barriers,
which must be addressed. Complex health care systems and politics generate barriers to the delivery
of high–quality access to care through knowledge deficits. Consumers are tasked with understanding
what services are needed as well as their abilities comprehend their diagnoses are challenged. They
must also over come barriers to communication to converse effectively with caregivers. Most
importantly, they must understand their role in the process as patients and citizens when accessing
health care services. (Ricketts, 2013) Comprehensive provisions built into the ACA help to energize
endeavors aimed towards developing ways to ensured enhancements to the quality and access to
health care provided in North Carolina. Accountable care organizations (ACO) were

The Civil Service Reform Act
This paper explains the history of federal employee labor relations and the personnel system, along
with an analysis of the most recent developments in the Civil Service Reform Act. The first section
of the paper explain the importance of the civil services reform and how the ideology, electoral
competition and political power gain forces political parties to make changes in policies and
introduced reforms. In the next section I shed some light on early reform of 19th century in the
United States. With the help of the 1996 Georgia Statues, I explain the radical civil services reforms,
union busting and at will employment and highlights how "radical" civil service reform swept the
United States and increase the number of at–will employees. Furthermore, the paper also signifies
the merit system and ongoing challenges in civil services reform since the founding of the United
States. In last section the paper give some reflection on current civil services condition and speculate
about the future of civil services reforms.
Introduction: Governments across the United States have made several reforms in the civil services
due to change in political and fiscal circumstances. Typically those reforms are in awake of the
social, political and economic trends with in the government and its affiliated agencies. Nobody can
deny the importance of the bureaucratic system and the work they perform on all level of the
society. For the same reasons this bureaucratic system has deep

To What Extent Does the Reform Act of 1832 Deserve Its...
The title, "great" is reserved for a select few characters and documents in history. Alfred earned his
through establishing stable change, peace and improvement. So too the Magna Carta, which brought
about greater justice and freedom for the common man and limited royal influence. In the same
ways, the reform act of 1832 warranted the title. It was by no means a revolutionary measure, nor
"the final solution of a great constitutional question" as Russell had put it, but both symbolically and
physically, it spelt change for Britain. This in itself showed its greatness – despite Pitt having
attempted reform in the 1780s, and the issue having repeatedly returned to parliament, no reform
had been achieved. The fact that finally after so much ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Getting bills past the commons was no longer a difficulty: the second reform bill passed by 140
votes. The lords, however, declined the second bill by a majority of 41. On the very same day,
rioting began in Derby and Nottingham and spread throughout England over the following days.
Britain had never been so close to revolution in October 1831: with no police force (other than a
minor presence in London), the army too small and too poorly trained to cope and rioting across the
country, all the signs were in place for a rebellion in frustration of lack of reform. Nottingham castle
was burnt down, Bristol Bishop's Palace was attacked, killing 12 and injuring 400, prisoners in
Nottingham were set free, the church was specifically targeted (as 21 of 26 Bishops had voted
against reform) and there were widespread disturbances and mass demonstrations. The situation was
far more serious than the 1790s or 1819; the repressive legislation that had worked then would not
here. Reform was necessary to avert revolution. Similar activities continued after the failure of the
third reform bill; although slightly less frenzied, activities such as withdrawing savings from banks
to precipitate an economic crisis were just as damaging. Finally (after Peel refused to serve under
Wellington, so the government remained with Grey), the reform act was passed. As soon as news of
this spread, civil disruption quietened. The reform act was great for many reasons, one of the most
important

The Dodd Frank Wall Street Reform And Consumer Protection...
A magnified outlook on The Dodd Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act.
The united states is currently the proprietor of nearly nineteen trillion dollars in debt, and that
number continues to increase to by 2.53 billion per day. With close to three hundred million people
in the united states each shared citizen's debt would be around sixty–one thousand dollars. (debt
calculator website). In 2008 at the end of the George bush administration the country was said to be
in the worst economic recession since the great depression. The current president of the united
states, Barack Obama and his administration proposed a bill to congress in 2009, that was believed
to assist in the prevention of another recession. This bill was titled "The Dodd Frank initiative and
consumer protection act." It was named after the two legislators who created it, Chis Dodd and
Barney Frank. This initiative was, and continues to be, considered a "massive" piece of legislation.
(quote). Although introduced, It did not pass in congress until July 21, 2010. In addition to assisting
with the economy, this act was created to help insure that consumers would not be easily taken
advantage of by major financial agencies and corporations. All of us, no matter age, gender, or
financial status are consumers. This act has put checks and balances in place that will protect all
families from making financial decision that might cripple them into a situation that may make it
impossible to get out

The Affordable Care Act Is The Us Healthcare Reform Law
What is Obamacare?
The affordable Care Act is the US healthcare reform law. The law makes health care and health
insurance more affordable and move available to more Americans the official name is the Patient
Protection and Affordable Care Act of 210, but is mostly referred to as Obamacare. This law was
signed on March 23, 2010. Originally the ACA was enacted to increase the quality and affordable of
health insurance, lower the uninsured rate by expanding public and private insurance coverage, and
reduce the costs of health care for individuals. There have been several provisions made to the act
since 2010. Within my paper I will be discussing the pros and cons of the ACA, changes that are
taking place within the act and from the standpoint of the insurance companies that offer insurance
through the marketplace, lastly explaining my ethical and Christian Worldview.
Pros and Cons:
The ACA is not all bad it has provided the opportunity for more Americans to have insurance within
the U.S. It requires insurance companies to cover a person's essential health care needs such as
preventive care visits, maternity and newborn care, mental and behavioral, lab test, pediatric care,
prescriptions drugs, outpatient care, emergency room services, and hospitalization, and people with
preexisting conditions cannot be denied by insurance companies nor can they drop them, or raise
premiums once they get sick. Also, another great thing is that parents can add their children up to the
age of

Welfare Reform Act Of 1996
The Welfare Reform Act of 1996 was an attempt by the government to get people to be more
efficient and less reliant on the government. There was a sort of "exchange" between the
government and citizens. Citizens work and in return they receive financial assistances. This is
referred to as the TANF, Temporary Assistance to Needy Families. It was supposed to motivate
people to work, or that was the goal. Recipients were required to work at least 20 hours a week. This
was actually successful in decreasing the number of Americans who were dependent on welfare
systems. As diversity greatly increased, the need for welfare also increased. Welfare reform efforts
were attempted because of the various changes occurring. Welfare in the United States is

The Reform Act Of 1867
Considerable progress was made in the European states toward liberal practices as constitutions and
parliaments, but the concept of mass reality became a reality. In the western European states,
parliamentary government was permanently rooted in these areas. As Britain and France
experienced the expansion for the right to vote, in Italy and Spain liberal reforms provided to be the
means of success. Reform in Great Britain took part because of their two functioning two–party
parliamentary system and the growth of political democracy. The right to vote was brought to light
by the Reform Act of 1867, however William Gladstone further extended this right with the Reform
Act of 1884. This reform act allowed males who paid regular taxes and rent, by enfranchising
agricultural workers. Even though women were still denied the right to vote, the passage of the
Redistribution Act eliminated historic boroughs and countries and established constituencies that
contained one member for the House of Commons and have equal population proportions. As the
reform's became Great Britain's way of life, this was not the case for Ireland, in which gradual
reform failed to solve their problems.
Not quite like the political trends noticed in Great Britain, France had formed an independent
republic government in Paris, known as the Commune. Not only did the General Assembly crush the
Commune, but also women's roles were changed. Instead of women looking out for wounded
soldiers or caring for them,

The Healthcare Reform Act in Texas
The consequence of The Patient Protection and Affordable Healthcare Act in Texas On June 28,
2012, The Supreme Court ruled the Federal Government does not have the constitutional right to
sanction an individual to buy health insurance, but declared that the states do have the right to place
a tax on citizens that do not carry insurance. This ruling is in response to President Obama's Patient
Protection and Healthcare Act of 2010. Passed on March 23, 2010, President Obama's Reform Act
mandates Texas, as well as the nation, to provide Medicaid funding to all individuals that are
uninsured by 2014. As well as expanding Medicaid, it will provide exchanges, which are pools of
insurance companies a previously uninsured person can pick ... Show more content on
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That mostly depends on our Presidential election in November. If a Republican wins office they
could option not to enforce the act or overturn it during Legislative session. As long as Governor
Perry is in office, there will be no expansion of Medicaid until at least 2014. Since, Governor Perry
is not expanding the Medicaid system, as a state will need to prepare for higher insurance premiums
to cover the costs that Medicaid does not. The state will need to revamp the state Medicaid system
because our population is rising higher than the cost of healthcare. As of December of 2011 total
enrollment in Medicaid was 3,652,591. This cost the state of Texas 12.8 billion dollars, paid for by
our taxpayers. As our state population increases it is estimated 1.2 million newly eligible Texans for
Medicaid, and by 2019 it will cost the state and additional 5.3 billion in taxes (Texas Health and
Human Services Commission, 2012). Rick Perry told Fox news on July 8th, 2012 that Texas
wouldn't be a part of "socializing healthcare,'' and the only solution to fixing Texas healthcare is to
have the Federal Government block grant the state funding to fix the healthcare options instead of
giving a ''one size fits all, cookie cutter'' solution (News, 2012). Even state Medicaid Chief, Billy
Millwee supports Perry. In an interview to The Texas Tribune he calls Medicaid,

The Tax Reform Act Of 1986
More than 25 years ago, there was a major overhaul of the U.S. corporate tax system. The Tax
Reform Act of 1986 reduced a corporate tax rate from 46 percent to 34 (Gross & Schadewald, 2012,
p. 40). The federal budget deficit forced the government to lower the corporate tax rate. The level of
corporate tax rate in the USA was lower than it was in Canada, Germany, and France. The tax rate
for corporations remained unchanged until 2011. In 2011, fiscal barriers led to changes of the tax
reform. Today, the reform package includes the exclusion of deductions and credits, and tax rate
reduction. However, the net effect of those components may boost the tax liability of domestic
companies.
The most recent economic crisis influenced the changes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The value of study cannot be overemphasized since the federal tax reform is a driving factor of
success of U.S. companies within country borders and in the global market.
Literature Review
The main objective of many companies is to minimize their tax obligations. Jeffers (2014) discussed
the reason of why companies adopt tax inversion strategies. The researcher indicated that the income
maximization is a major reason of companies attempting to reduce their tax liability (pp. 100–101).
Tax inversion strategies provide companies an advantage to lower income tax rate. Today, U.S.
corporations renounce its U.S. citizenship and move to low–tax countries. Companies that
reincorporate oversees are not obligated to pay U.S. taxes on earning income (p. 99). Many
countries implement tax competition strategies to attract and retain businesses. Well–known
companies, such as Exxon Mobil, Hewlett Packard, Tyco, General Electric, PepsiCo, etc. take
benefits of tax shelter opportunities overseas (p. 102). Other benefits of the jurisdiction abroad are
flexible banking laws and simplified litigation processes.
Bull, Dowd, and Moomau (2011) analyzed the macroeconomic perspectives of corporate tax reform.
The researchers indicated that it is important to consider changes in tax treatment – reduce a current
rate from 35 percent to 30, and eliminate various loopholes in the

Peterloo Reform Act
By the time the 19th century had come around, people's blood had risen to the point of violence.
Indeed, the Peterloo massacre of August 1819 only served to further these feelings and arouse more
violence in the people of Britain. On this day in Manchester, a crowd of 50,000 citizens gathered in
a field to protest and hear speeches from the leaders of the movement regarding the next steps for
the fight for electoral reform. The army was sent to quell any violence that could erupt from the
crowd, as there was no local police force in Manchester at the time. They decided to arrest Henry
Hunt, one of the major speakers for the day, and anyone who tried to stop them was treated as an
enemy combatant. Eleven people were killed, and over 400 were ... Show more content on
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It moved the Empire to a state of concern regarding the welfare of the less fortunate and of
underrepresented groups. This shift would eventually lead to the political inclusion of people of all
walks of life. It did not destroy the essence of what it meant to be British, as many of the Act's
opposers were afraid. Rather, it led to the culture of inclusion and tolerance which is modern Britain.
However, the Act was certainly flawed. Although it helped to abate the growing fury of the
populace, it did little in its time to substantially change the electoral process. The same types of
people were still winning election almost invariably in districts which were still corrupt and open to
bribery. With time and further legislation, these problems abated, but it took time which many
people were unwilling to endure. Following the implementation of the Reform Act of 1832, the fight
for meaningful change was far from over, but it had certainly begun to show signs of improvement.
The long term effects of this controversial piece of legislation would prove to be more significant
than the immediate benefits which it comported to the citizens, but it would prove to be a truly
invaluable addition to British

What Was The Significance Of The 1832 Reform Act
The Passing of the 1832 Reform Act
During the early part of the 19th Century reform was placed low on the political agenda. This was
perhaps due to the Napoleonic Wars with France which showed people the damaging effects war
could have on the country. However, in 1819 the arguments concerning the reformation of
parliament came back into the public's conscious. The growing role of the media acted as a new
method of informing the public of their rights and the need for action. People were also being made
aware through public meetings held by radical MP's that favoured reform. It is therefore not hard to
see why in 1832 the Great Reform Act was passed.
'Old Corruption' was the name given to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some had been prosperous medieval towns but were almost completely depopulated but despite this
up to four MP's could be sent to Parliament from each area. These, as a result, became know as
'rotten boroughs' because they were giving a true representation of the people of England. It was the
large, industrial towns that needed this number of MP's in parliament but these often went totally
unrepresented.
In addition to this the actual elections were also false. Two thirds of elections were uncontested
because people could not afford to stand against the successful candidate. The election process was
not conducted on a single day but held over a number of weeks. The result might not be know for 2
months. There was no voting in secrecy. Voting took place on a platform amid an atmosphere of
drunkenness and sometimes violent intimidation. Corruption was rife in terms of treating, cooping
and the hiring of lambs. It is therefore reasonable that people called for reform in 1832.
The 1832 Reform Act was seen at the time to be a solution to an ongoing problem highlighted by
popular unrest. It attempted to correct the failings of 'Old Corruption' whilst ensuring the elites in
society retained their grip on power. The Act consisted of two essential elements, the redistribution
of seats and the remodelling and systemising of the franchise. The Act released 143 seats that were

What Is Bail Reform Act Of 1984
Bail Reform Act of 1984
History
1) Judiciary Act of 1789
<ul>
<li> Defined bailable offenses and established judicial limits on setting bail
<li> All noncapital offenses were bailable
<li> Bail was left to the discretion of the federal judge
</ul>
2) Bail Reform Act of 1966
<ul>
<li> Established a statutory presumption in favor of pretrial release in all noncapital cases
<li> Primarily concerned with defendant's flight
<li> Attempt to set reasonable conditions of pretrial release and eliminate bond requirements
<li> Failed to address crimes committed by those awaiting trial
</ul>
3) D.C Court Reform and Criminal Procedures Act of 1970
<ul>
<li> First federal attempt to define eligibility for pretrial release ... Show more content on
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v. Salerno (1987)
· Perceived dangerousness constitute preventive detention?
· Second Circuit Court of Appeals says no (only flight risk)
· Supreme Court says yes, and practice is constitutional
5) General Accounting Study

<ul>
<li> Most comprehensive study to date
<li> How conducted
</ul>
· Conducted in four judicial districts representing both large and small caseloads
Ø Northern Indiana

The Great Reform Act 1832
The main issue is one that affected most of Society in the early 20th century.The main issue
stemmed from outcry at The Great Reform Act 1832 which was introduced to amend the
representation of the people in England and Wales. Before the 1832 Reform Act most men and all
women did not have the vote. This act created a wider franchise but used the term 'male person',
specifically excluding women. Alternative acts helped to enfranchise new sections of society and
gave most men the vote, leaving sex the principal ground for disqualification. As a result, debates
about 'fitness' for citizenship and the vote, which had previously centred around wealth, property
ownership and education, now revolved around questions of gender. It was that women, did not have
the right to vote for the men that were in power creating laws and such which they had to follow.
The laws and aspects of society which they were made to follow without any say in the creation of
them were things such as taxes. Women were denied the vote for many reasons, most being justified
by men. Most men and some women at the time, against women gaining the vote believed in
Conservatism, they thought that the way the laws were, had been the same for many years, and they
saw no need to change something that 'worked' for 'the benefit' of 'all' those in society at the time. it
was also a widespread belief that women should remain in the home and take care of their 'natural
duties', such as cleaning, cooking, etc. Women at

Health Care and New Reform Act
Ever since Obamacare was introduced back in March 23, of 2010, it has been one of the most
controversial health plans debated by all government parties. The rich hate it and the poor love it. Is
Obama care good or bad for the people and the economy? I believe it will be a stepping stone in the
right direction for the economy and the people and protecting their rights. Elections are just a month
and a half away and Obamacare is still a highly heated debate. The Patient Protection and
Affordable Care Act (PPACA), or what everyone has dubbed as Obamacare is a law that passed on
June 28, 2012 to help reform healthcare. The law was introduced to provide affordable medical
healthcare for everyone. The reform act doesn't take away the State's ... Show more content on
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Basically the new reform act is aimed at the wealthy and helping the middle class, and to help
stimulate the economy and lower the national debt. The new law was set forth to protect your rights,
but take away your right to not having medical coverage. The new reform act was set forth to have
affordable medical coverage for everyone. The rich don't like the new tax hikes, but .09% is a
minuscule penalty for everyone to have insurance. They will probably save that much from
premiums dropping in the next few years. Insurance and pharmaceutical companies will take the
worst blow, but they should have seen it coming from the anguish directed towards them from
raising premiums to make a hefty profit. The poor will have quality healthcare at an affordable price
and receive rebates to help pay for it if unable to.
References:
United States. Congress, Sept 25, 2012, Read the Law, The Health Care Law & You. Retrieved
on Sept 24, 2012 from http://www.healthcare.gov/law/full/index.html and
http://housedocs.house.gov/energycommerce/ppacacon.pdf for the full

The United States Should Reform The Clean Water Act Of 1972
The inception of U.S. Environmental policy most notably began under the Presidency of Richard
Nixon; Nixon oversaw the passage of the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act and the creation of the
Environmental Policy Act (EPA). The Clean Water Act of 1972, in particular, enacted stringent laws
to prevent pollutants from entering navigable waters, outlawing open sewers from dumping crud
into a local stream and the law also protects land that filters and purifies water as it flows by. The
Landmark law passed in 1972, however, has not impeded the pending water crisis facing the U.S.
today. The United States must take immediate measures in order to combat the problem; given that
the U.S. Office of the Director of National Intelligence now ranks water scarcity as a major threat to
national security; right next to Terrorism (Sullivan). The United States should reform the Clean
Water Act of 1972 to look for any deficiencies in the law.
The situation stretches as far as California in which historic drought conditions have led to water
rationing and lower crop yields. Polluters to this day are failing to live up to the terms of their
permits. A 1982 General Accounting Office (GAO) report revealed that after examining more than
five hundred facilities 82 percent of these dischargers had violated their permits at least once during
a two–year period (Salzman). Additionally, 11 percent of these facilities released toxic pollutants
that exceeded the average monthly limit by 20 percent or more

The Affordable Care Act : A Catalyst For Payment And...
The fragmented and misaligned state of the U.S. health care system has become a catalyst for
payment and delivery system reforms. Traditional fee–for service (FFS) payment structures
incentivize high volume rather than high quality care, and lead to the suboptimal provision of
medical services across the disjointed provider landscape. Despite various attempts to improve care
delivery, health care costs continue to rise. The Accountable Care Organization (ACO) model seeks
to reverse these trends by promoting a simultaneous restructure of the payment and delivery systems
to incentivize higher quality, lower cost care. In todays' healthcare most people with private
insurance today get coverage through their employers. Public programs provide ... Show more
ACOs can be classified into six categories based on the number and leadership structure of parties
involved in the ACO, the services provided directly by the ACO, and the services provided through
contracted entities (see Table 1). ACOs can range from an "Independent Physician Group" that only
directly provides outpatient care, to a larger, "Full–Spectrum Integrated" ACO that directly provides
all core medical services, from ambulatory to inpatient and to post–acute settings. Using this
taxonomy to identify different ACO types can help providers learn from like–entities by
distinguishing structural commonalities between different organizations, and by highlighting
common approaches to managing patient care. Further research using this taxonomy can also help
ACOs and researchers' alike better understand performance to date of these different accountable
care arrangements and the factors most critical for success. If they hit the quality targets, any
savings that result are then shared among the providers, on that same token if they miss targets they
can end up owing money back to Medicare. ACOs get paid based on their patients' medical
outcomes rather than on how many tests and procedures they perform. Under the Pioneer model
ACOs are paid at fee–for–service rates, but then can earn payments or have to pay–back money
based on patient outcomes. A major

The Health Care Reform Act was designed to benefit the citizens of the United States. Thanks to the
Affordable Care Act, 3.1 million more young adults have health insurance on their parent's plan,
three million seniors have received a 50 percent discount on their prescription drugs, and millions of
Americans now have access to no–cost preventive services to help them stay healthy. Abusive
insurance practices are becoming a thing of the past. Additionally, the Affordable Care Act helps
small businesses with the cost of providing health insurance for their employees and helps doctors
and other health providers care for their patients more effectively.
(http://www.whitehouse.gov/healthreform/relief–for–americans–and–businesses) The Health ...
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3590) and the Health Care Education Reconciliation Act 2010 (H.R. 4872). When President Obama
signed these two bills, they became Public Law. The purpose of the ACA is to make health care
more accessible to all residents of the United States by three means: mandating all U.S. residents to
select a health insurance plan, forbidding insurers from denying coverage based on a pre–existing
condition, and expanding program. The ACA states that the federal government will pay 100% of
the cost of a newly enrolled Medicaid participants until 2016 for all states that expand their
Medicaid program up to 138% of the federal poverty level and will pay90% by 2020 (Kincaid,
2013). Other concerns include whether the federal government will give state enough flexibility to
manage Medicaid program, whether hospitals will receive adequate compensation to care for more
patients and whether the physician workforce can accommodate the increased demand for care
(Kincaid, 2013). The ACA is affected by two things, one is payments of hospitals and providers. The
ACA does not provide fee for service towards a bundled payment. This type of payment, a set amout
is paid for all services rendered and treatment related sickness. The ACA emphasizes pay per
performance, meaning that the providers will not receive payment based on the patient outcome. For
example, if the patient has shown no improvement there will be penalties. Also, there will be
penalties if the patient has to be hospitalized

Sarbanes Oxley Act : The Public Company Accounting Reform...
Sarbanes–Oxley Act, which is as often as possible alluded to as SOX or Sarbox, was presented 6
years back in 2002, or to be more particular, was authorized on July, 30 2002. This demonstration is
otherwise called the Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act of 2002. This
demonstration showed up not without a moment 's delay with no reasons, there were not kidding
requirements for its advancement and institution. There was a progression of bookkeeping and
corporate outrages that affected such organizations as Tyco International, Enron, ImClone,
WorldCom, Global Crossing, Adelphia, and Peregrine Systems. Amid embarrassments with said
companied included, speculators lost billions of dollars and there was no legitimate demonstration to
secure their interests in any capacity. These outrages created colossal cash misfortune, as well as
seriously diminished open trust in the securities business of the USA.
The Act was named after its supporters Senator Paul Sarbanes and Representative Michael G. Oxley,
sanction by the House of Representatives and marked into law by the President George W. Shrub.
This demonstration is frequently viewed as a standout amongst the most extraordinary proactive
changes amid most recent a very long while. Sarbanes–Oxley Act contains 11 titles, which give the
portrayal of particular prerequisites and orders for monetary reporting. There are a few segments in
every title. Significant titles are: Public Company Accounting Oversight Board

Health Care Reform And The Affordable Care Act
The passage exhibits the 2010 Patient Protection and the Affordable Care Act (PPACA) in the U.S.
that put the topic of health care reform and health care costs in the national spotlight again. Once
employers starting abandoning in managing the care. The purpose of this paper is discuss the Health
Care Reforms of the key issues, challenges, opportunities and is the health care reform good thing or
not. The enactment of the health care reform comes from the path of dependence. The Health Care
Reform, was passed by President Obama, this is a federal government's role that is financed by
delivering a health care system. "The Supreme Court upheld most of the Obama administration's
2010 health care law, allowing the government to fine people ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The practice of health insurance and public regulations were the restricted province of the states. By
2019, under current projections, overall will be spending more than double in the billions. Medicare
is projected to saving over $150 billion. Through readings it appears the Medicare could possibly
result in cuts in coverage for beneficiaries. The health care system does appear to support lowering
the rate of expansion of Medicare spending. This offers advance care preparation for consumer with
serious illness. The attitudes of the healthcare reform, is the rising healthcare costs has become a
burden to many Americans. The big concern, can Americans afford to insure everyone, because
there are many Americans especially the young who are now forced to have insurance otherwise
penalized. It is true the many Americans decisions are based how to rational the health care resource
are limited. The rising healthcare costs have had an adverse impact to many individuals. Due to the
costs continuing of the Gross Domestic Product has grown over 11% back in 1987 and in 2005 to
16%; it can impact the decision when choosing the right healthcare package based on their income.
Greater public knowledge of the healthcare system may be necessary to influence attitudes toward
the system (Nixon, T and Aruguete, M, 2010, p 360). When President Nixon voiced out the idea in
1974, of a universal health insurance, where Americans will

The Tax Reform Act Of 1986
The main topic of this research paper is taxation. Seeing that this topic is pretty open, I've chosen to
write about the proposed idea of Fair Tax. Along with a little bit of insight on Fair Tax and a couple
highlights of history, I'll try and explain some pros and cons as well as give my opinion on the topic.
According to vocabulary.com "Taxation refers to the practice of a government collecting money
from its citizens to pay for public services". Our country was practically founded because of
differences on taxation. The Stamp Act, Townshend Revenue Act, and most famously the Tea Act of
1773, are a few examples given of the progressive start to the American Revolution. If we can fast
forward to 1986, this is the year that President Reagan passed the Tax Reform Act of 1986. Needless
to say, the main purpose of the Tax Reform Act was for simplicity. Simplicity in federal tax code
than in the pervious generations of tax code, but since passed, I believe the Act has gone through
several changes and has now made the federal tax codes a bit more complicated. An idea of the Fair
Tax has come in to play as a new way to reform federal tax in the past 10 to 15 years to simplify
current tax codes.
The current federal tax income code is anything but simple as its complexity imposes high
administrative costs, causes constant errors by individuals (us, the taxpayers), and a greater
noncompliance with the tax system. I guess a good term would be to say simplification is a

The Patent Reform Act Of 1952
The Leahy–Smith America Invents Act, passed on September 16, 2011, was the most significant
reform to the patent system in the United States since the Patent Act of 1952, which redefined the
patentability of patent to include being nonobvious in addition to new and useful (1). The
demanding need for patent reform had been discussed and debated frequently both within the
literature focusing on patent trolls and consistently in Congress with the introduction of many patent
reform acts that were never enacted: the Patent Reform Act of 2006 at the 109th Congress, the
Patent Reform Act of 2007 at the 110th Congress, and the Patent Reform Act of 2009 at the 111th
Congress (2–5). The enactment of the America Invents Act in 2011 after the failure of previous
reform attempts signifies its importance in addressing the pressing issues of the United States patent
system. The America Invents Acts specifically aimed to confront problems that were impeding
innovation: the ever–increasing expense of the patent process, the exploitation of the patent system
by patent trolls, and the unnecessary complexity and inefficiency of the patent process as a whole.
Although the process of obtaining a patent–patent prosecution–of minimal complexity costed on
average approximately $10,000, the most expensive part of the patent process was patent litigation–
the legal process for patent infringement (6). The average cost of patent litigation for a patent case
claiming $1 million to $25 million

The Affordable Care Act Is The Us Healthcare Reform Law
What is Obamacare? The affordable Care Act is the US healthcare reform law. The law makes
healthcare and health insurance more affordable and move available to more Americans the official
name is the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 210, but is mostly referred to as
Obamacare. This law was signed on March 23, 2010. Originally the ACA was enacted to increase
the quality and affordable of health insurance, lower the uninsured rate by expanding public and
private insurance coverage, and reduce the costs of healthcare for individuals. There have been
several provisions done to the act since 2010. Within my paper I will be discussing the pros and
cons of the ACA, changes that are taking place within the act and from the standpoint ... Show more
There are also several cons within the ACA which one is most people that have insurance through
the marketplace have very high deductibles. With a person having a high deductibles when they go
to the doctor for minor things they are still having to come out of pocket when they went to doctor
visits due to the deductibles.. This can turn into a problem for some people due to their finances.
Another big issue is being fined if you do not have health insurance. I do not believe that this is fair
due to the circumstances of people lives. It is said that the fine will increase over time. I look at it
like this there are people that try to apply for Medicaid within their state, and are turned down due to
them being over qualified. Than we they go and apply for insurance through the marketplace it is
too much so for some people they cannot win within this situation. I believe the government should
look at it from all standpoints. Changes: Their several changes that are being made to the
Obamacare. This is a very big topic within the United States. One of the things that are set in place
is for the price to increase for Obamacare. This is because of a lot of low income–families
unexpectedly enrolled in public health care coverage rather than private insurance according to new
government reports show. According to recent reports that have been done it shows that the number
of low and middle–income people has dropped that is covered with

Health Care Reform : The Affordable Care Act
For centuries, health care has been an ever changing entity within the United States. The cost of
health insurance, medication, and medical care has fluctuated from high to low. Over the years with
all the changes to healthcare, those in Congress try to appease everyone that is involved. For
example, trying to make healthcare affordable for those who are less fortunate and live around the
poverty line. As well as, employers who may have to revamp their insurance plans offered to the
employees. Recently the talk about healthcare has put many people in an uproar. Health care reform
has been a very debatable topic since President Obama has been in office. Health care reform, also
known as Obama Care, has a section called the Affordable Care ... Show more content on
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Within the Affordable Care Act there is also an employer mandate.
The Obama Care employer mandate / employer penalty, originally set to begin in 2014, will be
delayed until 2015 / 2016. The Obama Care "employer mandate" is a requirement that all businesses
with over 50 full–time equivalent (FTE) employees provide health insurance for their full–time
employees, or pay a per month "Employer Shared Responsibility Payment" on their federal tax
return (Obama Care Facts, 2014).
This mandate puts pressure on employers to insure all of their employees, as well as raises the cost
for employers since they have to pay a bigger portion of the health insurance costs. In order to avoid
the employer mandate, some companies have cut back hours which makes it a bit more affordable
for the company. With this Act being effect it may take some time for people to get used to it and see
the overall bigger picture.
With changes to something so influential, there comes positives and negatives. Some positives of
the Affordable Care Act are increased access to healthcare, reduce healthcare cost, and coverage of
pre–existing conditions. With increased access to healthcare, many people who did not have the
opportunity previously, will now be able to have access to decent healthcare. According to the
Obama Care Facts websites, "Tens of millions of uninsured will get access to affordable quality
health insurance through the marketplace" (2014). Also, previously to the Act if a

The Administration Proposed A Far Reaching Health Care...
Malky Fried
Professor Reichman
GLL–121–G–QK
April 21, 2015 Universal Health Care In 1993, the Clinton administration proposed a far–reaching
health–care reform bill called the Health Security Act. This plan would have guaranteed health
insurance to every American. This proposition did not get broad consumer support, and Congress
scuttled it, saying it was too expensive, too bureaucratic, and too intrusive. Despite defeat of that
bill, many Americans are still committed to achieving universal coverage for all Americans. Many
universal health care advocates favor a national health insurance plan funded by the government.
The majority of industrialized nations have such health care systems, sometimes called "socialized
medicine." However, critics say that the United States cannot afford a national health care system.
Moreover, most national health care plans are inferior to the best of our health plans. Switching to a
government–funded system would destroy what is good about the present system. The United States
has the best and most advanced health care in the world. Advances in medicine here have saved
countless lives and lengthened and enriched the lives of others. Our basic health care system– a
combination of private insurance and government programs–works well for most Americans. Close
to 84 percent of Americans have health care coverage, with access to superior doctors and hospitals.
They do

The Reform Act And The Municipal Act
The legislation passed in 1832, known as the 'Great Reform Act ', was viewed as a breakthrough in
terms of reforming parliament due to it being the first of its kind. The legislation brought newly
enfranchised towns and cities into the fold, removed rotten boroughs and created a consistency in
voting all of which had been a problem for parliament previously. However many have argued to the
length that this legislation extended to and have countered that the legislation passed following 1832
was merely a slow progression towards full reform in the 20th century. These acts still left working
men without a vote and franchise was based on property rather than tax paying. This would suggest
to why there was so much disappointment from these acts as a result, as they simply did not go far
enough to reach the expectations that came with them. This essay will demonstrate why there was
such a sense of anticlimax with the legislation itself, as well as expanding upon the acts that were
passed after 1832 such as the second Great Reform Act and the Municipal act. All of which brought
further reform and change that was originally expected with the Great Reform Act in 1832. The
great sense of disappointment stemmed from the idea that the Great Reform Act did not address the
issues that were problematic in this period to the full extent they should have. A large factor was that
of the working–class and how they could not vote if they did not meet certain property requirements
or pay the

Free Market Reform And Affordable Care Act
There are different reforms being proposed to help fix America's healthcare system that is dialing
many Americans daily. Many Americans are finding themselves unable to pay the hefty sum, it takes
to take care of themselves. There are two types of markets that could potentially solve America's
health insurance dilemma. These market reforms are called perfect competition or free market
reform, and Affordable Care Act.
Free market healthcare reform is proposed solution to healthcare aimed at reducing demand for high
cost primary healthcare services, increasing supply in the health care market, and lowering market
transaction costs. Utilizing a free market system in healthcare could potentially maximize welfare by
vesting health care choices ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Individual firm's market share is tiny compared to the other three market powers, such as
monopolistic, oligopoly, and pure monopoly. In a perfect competition system the type of products
are homogenous, so each competitor would be selling the same product or service. There is also no
barrier to entry so firms can enter and exit the market freely without barriers from regulation or cost.
Affordable Care Act also known as Obamacare, is a new reform that was signed by President
Obama in March 2010 and major provisions went into effect in January 1st, 2014. Obama's goal
with the ACA was that "the core principle that everybody should have some basic security when it
comes to their healthcare." The ACA's goal is to extend insurance to more than 30 million American
people, by expanding Medicaid and providing federal subsidies to help lower– and middle–income
buy private coverages. Another reform that is similar to the ACA is a Single Payer System that is
trying to be pushed to fix the problems of the ACA such as eliminating commercial insurance. The
market structure of Affordable Care Act and a single payer system is that it is heavily government
regulated, unlike a free market based healthcare system. The logic behind this is that monopoly
power has allowed hospitals to push up prices without improving quality. With government
regulation and control over providers they can make healthcare more affordable by subjecting
hospitals to regulatory

In March 23. 2010 the Health Care Reform law, also known as the "Affordable Care Act" was
signed to enhance help for the United States health care system. This law is meant to "provide
affordable, quality health care for all Americans and reduce the growth in health care spending, and
for other purposes". Although this is the most recent act to help the health care system, this effort to
reform the system has been in action for many years with many failed attempts to succeed. With
further research on the "Health Care Reform", came with better understanding if the topic. In "World
Prosperity Organization 's Viewpoint on Healthcare Reform", it briefly gives its own description on
Healthcare Reform. It states "current healthcare system finds that the root cause of its problems is
premedical education, most of which is irrelevant" (World Prosperity,2013), with this said it shows
that part of the reason why our attempts don't succeed is that our educational system is flawed to the
point where it is not effective as it should be. To become a certified physician it takes 10–12 years to
become one, in the process the majority of students will go into financial debt. To compensate for
their time dedication, they will charge to what they believe they deserve. There has been ideas to
make medical education a lot cheaper and a lot more efficient in retaining the information. Patient
centered learning is what is believed to be that form of method, which learning is primarily focused

How Did The Liberal Government Act Of Social Reform...
The Introduction of Social Reforms by the Liberal Government in 1906–1914
There are multiple reasons why the Liberal government introduced acts of social reform between
1906 and 1914. The obvious reason is that there was a great need for reform(change) but there are
also many other factors that played a part in the decision for a reform. This change was really
required to help and improve Britain. The reason for this need for change was the poor conditions
that all parts of Britain had been left in after the conservatives had been in power.
It is often said that the Liberals had to introduce in social reforms due to pressure from the Labour
party. This new party was formed in 1903 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because of this there were committees set up to evaluate and analyze this to show that the physical
condition males was very poor, as this was the group of people who would be defending Britain for
years to come something needed to be done. If Britain would always struggle to defeat.
The other factor that made the need seem realistically more desperate was from surveys carried out
indifferent places by two very different men Seebohm Rowntree and Charles Booth. The carried
surveys out on all classes but were very concerned about the poor. After many years of analyzing
and evaluating they calculated that a family of fives minimum necessary income per week for a
family to exist at' mere physical efficiency' was 21s 8d. this minimum amount was called the
poverty line. Over a third of the population of Britain were earning under this poverty line whilst
another third were just meeting it. Nearly all of the unemployment was caused by ill health or just
lack of work available. If the man lost his job the whole family would struggle to survive. This is
when sometimes the children were sent out to work. The liberals needed to change this and New
Liberalism was the way.
People were questioning the cost of the Boer war 250 million pounds was spent on a so called
'questionable conflict' whe it could have been spent on

The Healthcare Reforms Act 2010
The Healthcare Reforms Act 2010 or the Affordable Care Act introduces the universal form of
health care. The ACA seeks to reduce healthcare costs and allow people to be more engaged in their
own health care. The ACA intends to make healthcare more affordable and increase access of health
care by expanding government's Medicaid program to the financially disadvantaged, such as the low
income earners, disabled people and people over 65 years of age (Arvantes, 2010).
The healthcare reform ensures every individual in America has a government or private insurance to
cater for their hospital bills. Besides this, 60% of America citizens have their health insurance
covered by their employers. Most of these citizens are employees of small business ... Show more
Some small employers may also steer their workers to the state's insurance exchange by dropping
the health insurance coverage (Coombs, 2013). While most people who receive health insurance
through their employers may not be expecting any changes in their insurance coverage in 2013,
reports have indicated that many companies will be seeking to avoid the large–employer
responsibility by cutting down on the number of their staff or weekly working hours. Many
employers are currently consulting with various insurance brokers or agents of their current insurer
to plan for the future. However, looking at various provisions for the healthcare reforms, this paper
describes some positive impact of the reform on businesses particularly to the small businesses.
Small businesses are an integral part of job creation and of driving the US economy. However, the
current healthcare system has severely disadvantaged small business in comparison to the larger
companies. According to research, small businesses with fewer than 20 employees accounted for
approximately 18% of private sector jobs in 2008, but about 25% of net employment growth from
1992 to 2007 (Arvantes, 2010). Small businesses also rates highly in terms of jobs creation, in start–
ups, as well as being a key source economic growth and of innovation. Historically, small businesses
have encountered numerous challenges to offering affordable insurance coverage to

Health Care Reform : The Affordable Care Act Essay
Health Care Reform Overview
In 2010, President Obama signed the Affordable Care Act (ACA) which puts into place health
insurance reform with the purpose of providing health care access to those who are uninsured and
underinsured. The goals of the law are to make health care affordable, accessible and higher quality.
In 2013, open enrollment began and now that three years have passed, it is a good time to evaluate
how this law impacts Ohioans (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2014–a). In this
paper, I will discuss health care reform in Ohio, examine positive and negative outcomes, and look
at the effect of the ACA on health care economics.
Health Care Reform in My State
As a Republican governor, John Kasich broke from party leaders to implement and expand the
Affordable Care Act in the state of Ohio. Currently, 155,000 people have signed up for the Health
Insurance Market Place, and 285,000 have signed up for Medicaid expansion. If Ohioans were fully
enrolled, the ACA would extend insurance coverage to 1.5 million people. This health care reform
creates new coverage methods including expanding Medicaid to nearly everyone under the age of 65
who qualify up to 138% of the Federal Poverty Level (FPL) and providing monthly cost subsidies
for people who have incomes up to 400% FPL. This is monumental because of those who were
uninsured before, half qualify for Medicaid or Children's Medicaid and a quarter are eligible for
monthly subsidies. In all, 285,000

Healthcare Reform By Signing The Affordable Care Act ( Aca )
In 2008, Obama accomplished the goal of healthcare reform by signing the Affordable Care Act
(ACA). The ACA aims to control healthcare costs and give Americans accessibility to health
insurance. One method to accomplish this is Title IX, Sec 9001 of the ACA, known officially as
"Excise tax on high cost employer–sponsored health coverage", which implements a tax on overly
generous health plans. This part of the ACA remains one of many issues that has drawn ire from
both Democrats and Republicans. The intent of this excise tax, nicknamed the "Cadillac tax", is to
target generous health plans that increase overall healthcare costs. While implementing this tax
would raise revenue to subsidize other parts of the ACA and keep healthcare costs ... Show more
The World War 2 era of wage freezes eventually allowed tax–free fringe benefits such as health
insurance. Thus, companies were encouraged through tax benefits to provide their employees with
health insurance, resulting in many workers today receiving health insurance from their employers.
However, economists believe this policy benefits the rich and drives up healthcare costs. By
examining the healthcare system and its costs, economists observed that healthcare took up a larger
chunk of the US economy than that of other developed nations. Consequently, the implementation of
the Cadillac tax on overly generous health plans was meant to keep healthcare costs under control
by discouraging nonessential care and encourage preventative care.
While initially only meant to affect the rich, which is where the nickname "Cadillac tax" comes
from, the Cadillac tax has profound implications for union workers as well. Because unions often
negotiate in terms of healthcare benefits instead of wages are already witnessing the effect of this
tax on current negotiations. According a survey conducted by Kaiser, 25% of employers expect to
pay the tax by 2018 if they did not make any changes to their health plans currently. Since the
Cadillac tax will affect the "gold–plated," or generous health plans that many unions negotiate for
their workers, union workers are a prime example of a group that is strongly

The Health Care Reform : The Affordable Care Act
The health care debate has been a tricky one over the years with legislators ongoing decision on
whether rules should be put in place that would even out the playing field between regular folk and
health insurance companies. Obtaining affordable health care has been difficult for many and has
raised some eyebrows about how these health care companies continue to make billions of dollars a
year while people's health continue to suffer. In 2010, a health care reform, the Affordable Care Act
or "Obamacare", was signed into law which eliminated those obstacles and limitations set forth by
the healthcare industry. People have now been able to recover in terms of their health and financial
situation. However, with as many supporters as this new health reform has, there are just as many
who have opposed such law. Many feel like they have been shortchanged as they now have to pay
more taxes and those who already have insurance, need to pay higher premiums. Some companies
are even cutting employee hours to avoid covering their insurance which affects the people who rely
on them as they need those extra hours to make ends meet. Obamacare may be here to stay for a
while so the goal will be to explore both sides of the spectrum and find a commonplace that will
leave both supporters and opposition happy. PROS Millions of Americans have struggled over the
years with getting proper healthcare because of its high cost or lack of availability. Many of them go
years without getting

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