5. CChhllaammyyddiiaa ttrraacchhoommaattiiss
1 0 0 U n t r e a t e d F e m a le s w it h C h la m y d ia
4 0 P e lv ic I n f la m m a t o r y D is e a s e
8 I n f e r t il e 7 c h r o n ic p e lv ic p a i n 5 t u b a l p r e g n a n c y
6. i How is Chlamydia innffeeccttiioonn ddiiaaggnnoosseedd aanndd
ttrreeaatteedd??
54. SSyypphhiilliiss TTrreeaattmmeenntt ffoorr AAdduullttss 22001100
Stage Recommended
Treatment
Alternative in Pen
Allergy
Comments
Primary,
Secondary,
Early Latent
Benzathine Pen G 2.4 MU
im x 1
Doxycycline for 2 weeks
or,
Ceftriaxone 1g im/iv qd x
10-14 d ?
or,
Azithromycin* 2 g single
dose
Penicillin only in
pregnancy; desensitize if
pen allergic and pregnant.
Use of non-penicillin rx
in HIV should be
undertaken with caution.
Late Latent,
Latent of
Unknown
Duration,
Tertiary
Benzathine Pen G 2.4 MU
im qwk x 3
Doxycycline for 4 weeks
or,
Ceftriaxone ? dose/duration
Neurosyphilis Aqueous Pen G 18-24 MU
iv qd for 10-14 d (q 4h or
continuous infusion) or,
Procaine Pen G 2.4 MU im
qd plus probenecid po for
10-14 d
Desensitize if pen allergic
or,
Ceftriaxone 2 g
im/iv qd x 10-14d (limited
data)
* SFDPH reported 8 failures with azithromycin (MMWR 2004;53:197-8)
68. T Timeline of Gonorrhea Trreeaattmmeenntt aanndd RReessiissttaannccee
Figure 1. History of antibiotic treatment of gonorrhea and evolution of resistance in N. gonorrhoeae
in the United States that is highly influenced from other geographic regions, especially through the
import of resistant strains from Asia. Modified from a figure prepared by Paul Johnson (Emory
University School of Medicine). Unemo M et al.Ann NY Acad Sci 2011;1230:E19-28
70. Of the 3 common ttyyppeess ooff vvaaggiinniittiiss,, wwhhiicchh
oonnee((ss)) aarree aassssoocciiaatteedd wwiitthh
AA vvaaggiinnaall ppHH >>44..55??
AA ppoossiittiivvee ““wwhhiiffff tteesstt””??
TThhee pprreesseennccee ooff cclluuee cceellllss oonn wweett mmoouunntt??
71. VVaaggiinniittiiss DDiiffffeerreennttiiaattiioonn
71
Vaginitis Curriculum
Normal Bacterial Vaginosis Candidiasis Trichomoniasis
Symptom
presentation Odor, discharge, itch
Itch, discomfort,
dysuria, thick
discharge
Itch, discharge, 50%
asymptomatic
Vaginal discharge Clear to
white
Homogenous,
adherent, thin, milky
white; malodorous
“foul fishy”
Thick, clumpy, white
“cottage cheese”
Frothy, gray or yellow-green;
malodorous
Clinical findings Inflammation and
erythema
Cervical petechiae
“strawberry cervix”
Vaginal pH 3.8 - 4.2 > 4.5 Usually < 4.5 > 4.5
KOH “whiff” test Negative Positive Negative Often positive
NaCl wet mount Lacto-bacilli Clue cells (> 20%),
no/few WBCs Few WBCs
Motile flagellated
protozoa, many
WBCs
KOH wet mount
Pseudohyphae or
spores if non-albicans
species
72. Bacterial Vaginosis Curriculum Diagnosis
WWeett PPrreepp:: BBaacctteerriiaall VVaaggiinnoossiiss
72
Saline: 40X objective
NOT a clue cell
Clue cells
NOT a clue cell
Seattle STD/HIV Prevention Training Center at the University of Washington
73. Trichomoniasis Curriculum Diagnosis
WWeett PPrreepp:: TTrriicchhoommoonniiaassiiss
Yeast
buds
Trichomonas*
73
Saline: 40X objective
*Trichomonas shown for size reference only: must be motile for identification
PMN
Trichomonas*
Squamous
epithelial
cells
PMN
Seattle STD/HIV Prevention Training Center at the University of Washington
Editor's Notes
Risk of infection among exposed individuals is ~30% (range in studies from 10-80%). Inoculation studies with Nichols strain suggest that the intradermal ID50 is only 57 organisms (57 organisms cause infection in 50%). This study was performed on 62 “volunteers” (prisoners) in Sing Sing prison in NY in 1956.
Discuss early vs. late neurosyphilis.
Hospitalized HIV-infected, penicillin-allergic patient with florid secondary syphilis who complained that his feet hurt. He was in the hospital for penicillin desensitization.
AIDS patient with lues maligna. Treated with BPG. Lesions resolved but left residual, hyperpigmented scars.
Prozone occurs when there is overwhelmingly high antibody titers, which interferes with formation of an antibody-antigen lattice necessary for the positive flocculation test. Usually seen in secondary syphilis.
RPR tends to run higher than VDRL. Use one or the other in individual patients. Expected decline for early syphilis 4 fold by 6-12 months; for late 4 fold by 12-24 months.
Doing the automated treponemal test first and doing the nontrep test only if the trep test is positive. This is the opposite of the conventional syphilis testing.
When RPR is negative and TP-PA is positive, there are 2 possible scenarios (treated syphilis in past, latent syphilis that requires treatment). It is important to investigate past serologic results, call ADH to inquire about past rx. A patient with a positive TP-PA who has not received some form of anti-syphilitic therapy needs treatment.
No evidence that CSF analysis and potentially different treatment based on those results affects outcome
Some patients are allergic to penicillin, so we need to consider alternatives occasionally.
Most gonorrhea is diagnosed with a nucleic acid amplification test, not culture. So, for most cases we do not in vitro susceptibility test results to guide therapy.
Strain was highly resistant to cefixime, levofloxacin and penicillin and had reduced susceptibility to azithromycin. It was susceptible to spectinomycin in vitro. She was treated with one gram of iv ceftriaxone, followed by further ceftriaxone (unspecified dose). Repeat culture 4 months after initial was negative.
Recent azithromycin-resistant strain in the U.S.
The French patient was an MSM who had not traveled outside France. Cefixime failed. He was treated successfully with gentamicin 160 mg im.