3. Page 3
Plastic-based artificial leathers have increasingly been used for
manufacture of shadow puppet .Therefore the local produce for
tourist souvenir
shadow puppets
4. Page 4
Introduction: Current problemsIntroduction: Current problems
Low quality
Plastic based artificial leathers
- shot lifetime usage
- brittle
- hard to degrad
5. Page 5
We therefore inspired to produce alternative cellulose- based
artificial leathers to be used in shadow puppets production to
replace the high cost genuine leathers or plastic-based artificial
leathers.
6. Page 6
Introduction : interesting IdeaIntroduction : interesting Idea
The search for new alternative source of artificial
leathers began from our observation that a type of
bacteria can produce “coconut gel” from coconut
juice and that “coconut gel” looked like artificial
leather when it is dry.
7. Page 7
Introduction:Introduction: CharacteristicsCharacteristics
Properties of cellulose gel
- cellulose gel has 0.01 micron fibrils.
- crosslink
- absorb more water than cellulose from plants
Figure 1: : Cellulose gel fibrils
Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_cellulosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_cellulose
11. Page 11
since it gives the thickest cellulose gel with smooth texture
without air bubbles.
12. Page 12
This liquid medium contains high levels of glucose and
fructose and has the pH in the range of 4.0-5.0 which are
suitable conditions for cellulose production.
13. Page 13
1B.1B. To find the optimal time for culture medium
sterilization
14. Page 14
Experiment 2Experiment 2 Finding optimal time for biological
production of cellulose from A. xylinum
This formula could produce a 2.45 centimeters-thick cellulose gel, which was
41% than those used the traditional coconut juice medium after 7-days of cultivation.
Measure the thickness of the
cellulose gels
15. Page 15
Finding 2Finding 2
We found that cellulose could be fully produced in 7 days.
Time of culturing A. xylinum
0 0 0
0.5
0.7
1.6
2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
day
thickness(mm)
thickness(mm)
Figure 2 : Thickness of cellulose gel produced by A.xylinum at various
days of cultivation
16. Page 16
Sugar level ,pH Meter and Cell number
Number of
A. xylinum cell in culture
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
0 6 7 10
Day
Cellnumber
(cell/ml)
Number of
A. xylinum
cell in
culture
pH Meter and Refractometer
0
5
10
15
20
25
1 2 3 4
Formula
pHandSugar
level(o
Brix)
Sugar level
pH
17. Page 17
Experiment 3Experiment 3: Finding the optimal method and time for drying the
cellulose parchments and to study characteristics of dry cellulose
parchments (thickness of the dry parchments and the resistant
strength)
Heat at 80 °C Heat at 90 °C
Heat at 100 °C Dry in sun light
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However, the strength of such cellulose parchments was still
not enough for artificial leathers applications.
Balance scale
Clip
Cellulose parchment
Sand
Plastic glass
Tissue paper
Figure 3 : test tensile strength
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Experiment 4Experiment 4:: Evaluation of the quality of the cellulose parchments
cross-linked with rambutan husk extracts compared with that of those
uncross-linked parchments (Tensile strength and water absorption)
Figure 4 : Rambuton husk extract
Ref: www.thethaifruit.com/content/photos/scaled/9.JPG
20. Page 20
Tanning with rambutan husk extract was found to increase
tensile strength and reduce water absorption of the cellulose
parchments because the tanning process cross-linked cellulose
fibrils together.
21. Page 21
We found that the tanned parchments’ strength was
comparable to that of genuine leathers.
tensile modulus
398.12
329.18
188.12 169.26
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
tanned (cross-
linked) w ithout
soaking in w ater
tanned w ith
soaking in w ater
un-tanned
w ithout soaking
in w ater
un-tanned w ith
soaking in w ater
Cellulose parchment
tensilemodulus(MPa)
Strength testing of cellulose parchment
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
tanned
(cross-
linked)
w ithout
soaking in
w ater
tanned
w ith
soaking in
w ater
un-tanned
w ithout
soaking in
w ater
un-tanned
w ith
soaking in
w ater
cellulose parchment
tensile strength (Mpa)
break strain (%)
tear resistance (N/mm)
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Experiment 5Experiment 5:: Comparison of tensile strengths and price of the
cellulose-based artificial leathers with those of commercialized
leathers
the cost of our parchments was approximately 70% cheaper than that of the
leathers
Tensile strength
57.77
49.69
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
Genuine leather cellulose-based leather
Materials
Tensiletstrength(MPa)
Figure 5: tensile stength of the cellulose-based artificial leather
compared to that of genuine
23. Page 23
In addition to shadow puppets, the cellulose-based leathers can
also be used in many other applications such as hats or bags,
24. Page 24
Experiment 6Experiment 6: Production of shadow puppets, hats,
handbags, and other products from the dried, cross-linked
cellulose
25. Page 25
We found mostly people like products of cellulose-based
artificial leathers.
Example of questionnaire regarding user satisfactory of the
products
75%
80%
85%
90%
95%
100%
105%
Color Smell Durability Design Price
Shadow puppets
Hats
Bags
Figure 6 : satisfaction levels f customers regarding various
characteristic of products made from cellulose-based artificial
leather
27. Page 27
Conclusion
Production of environmental artificial leathers
from agricultural wastes
Coconut juice Pineapple husk
1:1
Liquid culture A.xylinum Boiling for 30 min.
+ +
7 days cultivation
Heat at 80 °C
For 30 hours.
Soaking with
rambutan husks
Cellulose gel
28. Page 28
Production of cellulose-based artificial leathersProduction of cellulose-based artificial leathers
Utilize agricultural wastes (coconut juice wastes,
pineapple husks, rambutan husks )
Obtain artificial leathers which are
- Inexpensive
- Free of harmful chemicals or animal
products
- Biodegradable
- Possible to be further developed into hats,
bags, disposable products, and others.
Conserve natural environments
