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Policy Related to Health Information Systems: A U.S. Case Study
1. Policy Related to
Health Information Systems:
A U.S. Case Study
Nawanan Theera-Ampornpunt, M.D., Ph.D.
Department of Community Medicine
Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital
October 19, 2014
SlideShare.net/Nawanan nawanan.the@mahidol.ac.th
Except where referred
to or copied from
other works
2. Outline
• Electronic Health Records & Health IT
• U.S. eHealth Policy
• HITECH Act & “Meaningful Use” of EHRs
• Lessons for Thailand
5. Electronic Health Records (EHRs)
• Electronic documentation of health care provided to patients, as
recorded by providers
• Ideally longitudinal (e.g., life-long) records
• Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) vs.
Electronic Health Records (EHRs) often used interchangeably (or with
some minor distinctions)
6. • Are they just electronic documentation?
Diag-nosis
History
& PE
Treat-ments
• Or do they have some other values?
...
EHR Systems
7. Some Benefits of EHRs
• Ubiquitous availability (anytime, anywhere, everyone who is authorized)
• Multiple concurrent uses
• The end of “Where the heck is the patient’s record?!?”
• Ability to control & enforce access security
• Structured data entry possible
• Data presentation that is easier to understand (e.g. graphs)
• Efficiency in data entry? (but sometimes it slows users down!)
• Process improvement (business process reengineering/redesign, quality
improvement)
• No doctor’s handwriting!!!!!
8. Benefits of Health Information Technology
• Literature suggests improvement in health care through
– Guideline adherence (Shiffman et al, 1999;Chaudhry et al, 2006)
– Better documentation (Shiffman et al, 1999)
– Practitioner decision making or process of care
(Balas et al, 1996;Kaushal et al, 2003;Garg et al, 2005)
– Medication safety (Kaushal et al, 2003;Chaudhry et al, 2006;van Rosse et al, 2009)
– Patient surveillance & monitoring (Chaudhry et al, 2006)
– Patient education/reminder (Balas et al, 1996)
– Cost savings and better financial performance
(Parente & Dunbar, 2001;Chaudhry et al, 2006;Amarasingham et al, 2009;Borzekowski, 2009)
9. Functions that Should be Part of EHR Systems
• Computerized Medication Order Entry (IOM, 2003; Blumenthal et al, 2006)
• Computerized Laboratory Order Entry (IOM, 2003)
• Computerized Laboratory Results (IOM, 2003)
• Physician Notes (IOM, 2003)
• Patient Demographics (Blumenthal et al, 2006)
• Problem Lists (Blumenthal et al, 2006)
• Medication Lists (Blumenthal et al, 2006)
• Discharge Summaries (Blumenthal et al, 2006)
• Diagnostic Test Results (Blumenthal et al, 2006)
• Radiologic Reports (Blumenthal et al, 2006)
10. The Bigger Picture: Health Information Exchange
Hospital A Hospital B
Clinic C
Government
Lab Patient at Home
11. Common Denominator
• Health Information Technology
• Electronic Health Records
• Health Information Exchange
12. Ultimate Goal = Health
• Don’t implement technology just for technology’s sake.
(Yasnoff et al, 2001 and many others)
• “Don’t make use of excellent technology.
Make excellent use of technology.”
(Tangwongsan, Supachai. Personal communication, 2005.)
14. U.S. Public Policy Related to eHealth
1991: IOM’s CPR Report published
1996: HIPAA enacted
2000-2001: IOM’s To Err Is Human &
Crossing the Quality Chasm published
2004: George W. Bush’s Executive Order
establishing ONCHIT (ONC)
2009-2010: ARRA/HITECH Act &
“Meaningful Use” regulations
16. Patient Safety
• To Err is Human (IOM, 2000) reported that:
– 44,000 to 98,000 people die in U.S. hospitals each year
as a result of preventable medical mistakes
– Mistakes cost U.S. hospitals $17 billion to $29 billion
yearly
– Individual errors are not the main problem
– Faulty systems, processes, and other conditions lead to
preventable errors
Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version
3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Healthcare and Public Health in the US: Regulating Healthcare - Lecture d
17. Landmark IOM Reports: Summary
• Humans are not perfect and are bound to make
errors
• Highlight problems in U.S. health care system
that systematically contributes to medical errors
and poor quality
• Recommends reform
• Health IT plays a role in improving patient
safety
18. Political Support Behind Health IT
“...We will make wider use of electronic records and other
health information technology, to help control costs and reduce
dangerous medical errors.”
Source: Wikisource.org Image Source: Wikipedia.org
President George W. Bush
Sixth State of the Union Address
January 31, 2006
?
19. U.S. Adoption of Health IT
Ambulatory (Hsiao et al, 2009) Hospitals (Jha et al, 2009)
Basic EHRs w/ notes 7.6%
Comprehensive EHRs 1.5%
CPOE 17%
• U.S. lags behind other Western countries
(Schoen et al, 2006;Jha et al, 2008)
• Money and misalignment of benefits is the biggest reason
20. American Recovery & Reinvestment Act (ARRA)
• Economic Stimulus Legislation
• Contains HITECH Act (Health Information Technology for
Economic and Clinical Health Act)
• ~ 20 billion dollars for Health IT investments
Goals:
1. Boost economy (economic health)
2. Widespread adoption of Health IT (clinical health)
Quality Patient Safety Costs
21. President Obama Backs Health IT
“...Our recovery plan will invest in
electronic health records and new technology
that will reduce errors, bring down costs,
ensure privacy, and save lives.”
President Barack Obama
Address to Joint Session of Congress
Source: WhiteHouse.gov February 24, 2009
22. U.S. National Leadership on Health IT
Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology
(ONC -- formerly ONCHIT)
David Blumenthal, MD, MPP
National Coordinator for
Health Information Technology
(2009 - 2011)
Farzad Mostashari, MD, ScM
National Coordinator for
Health Information Technology
(2011 - 2013)
David Brailer, MD, PhD
National Coordinator for
Health Information Technology
(2004 - 2007)
Robert Kolodner, MD
National Coordinator for
Health Information Technology
(2006 - 2009)
Karen B. DeSalvo, MD, MPH, MSc
National Coordinator for
Health Information Technology
(2014 - Present)
Photos courtesy of U.S. Department of Health & Human Services
25. “Meaningful Use” of EHRs
• Use of “Certified EHR Technology” (CEHRT) by
providers (eligible professionals, eligible hospitals
& critical access hospitals) to achieve significant
improvements in care
• Financial incentives & penalties
26. Incentives for Eligible Professionals (Doctors)
• Medicaid incentives for eligible professionals
– Maximum $63,750 over 6 years beginning in 2011
• Medicare payments for eligible professionals
– Maximum $44,000 over 5 years
27. Incentives for Eligible Hospitals
http://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Legislation/EHRIncentivePrograms/Downloads/MLN_TipSheet_MedicareHospitals.pdf
28. “Meaningful Use” of A Pumpkin
“Meaningful Use”
of a Pumpkin
Pumpkin
Image Source & Idea Courtesy of Pat Wise at HIMSS, Oct. 2009
29. Meaningful Use of EHRs: ONC’s 3-Stage Approach
Stage 1
- Electronic capture of
health information
- Information sharing
- Data reporting
Stage 2
Use of EHRs
to improve
processes of
care
Stage 3
Use of
EHRs to
improve
outcomes
Better
Health
Blumenthal D, 2010
30. Components of Meaningful Use Regulations
• Medicare & Medicaid Incentives for Meaningful Use of EHRs
– Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)
• Rule on Standards, Implementation Specifications &
Certification Criteria
• Certification Programs
– Office of the National Coordinator for Health IT (ONC)
31. Meaningful Use Incentives: Stage 1
Proposed Rule
(Jan. 2010)
• 23 Criteria for Hospitals to Pass
• 25 Criteria for Professionals (Clinics) to Pass
Public Hearing
• Pace & Scope: too ambitious, demanding, inflexible
• Few providers would likely qualify -> Little adoption
Final Rule (2011)
• Core Objectives (14 criteria for Hospitals, 15 for Professionals, required)
• Menu Set (10 criteria, pick 5)
Blumenthal D, Tavenner M. The “meaningful use” regulation for electronic health records. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(6):501-4.
32. Meaningful Use Stage 1 Criteria
Blumenthal D, Tavenner M. The “meaningful use” regulation for electronic health records. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(6):501-4.
33. Meaningful Use Stage 1 Criteria
Blumenthal D, Tavenner M. The “meaningful use” regulation for electronic health records. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(6):501-4.
34. Meaningful Use Stage 1 Criteria
Blumenthal D, Tavenner M. The “meaningful use” regulation for electronic health records. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(6):501-4.
35. Meaningful Use Stage 1 Criteria
Blumenthal D, Tavenner M. The “meaningful use” regulation for electronic health records. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(6):501-4.
36. Some Selected Meaningful Use Stage 1 Final Rule:
Core Objectives
• Electronic capture of information
– Demographics
– Vital signs
– Medication list
– Allergies
– Problem list
– Smoking
• Medication order entry
• Drug-allergy & drug-drug interaction checks
• Patient access to/copy of health information
37. Some Selected Meaningful Use Stage 1 Final Rule:
Menu Set
• Drug formulary checks
• Lab results incorporation into EHRs
• Generate lists of patients by specific conditions
• Medication reconciliation
• Electronic reporting to governmental agencies
• Advanced directives for elderly patients
• Patient reminders for certain services (for clinics)
• Patient access to health information (for clinics)
39. Stages & Timeline of Meaningful Use
http://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Legislation/EHRIncentivePrograms/Downloads/Stage2Overview_Tipsheet.pdf
40. Evolution of Meaningful Use Objectives in Each Stage
• 2011 Definition Stage 1:
– 14 Core Objectives for Hospitals
– 15 Core Objectives for Professionals
– Pick 5 of 10 Menu Set Objectives
• 2013 Definition Stage 1:
– 12 Core Objectives for Hospitals
– 13 Core Objectives for Professionals
– Pick 5 of 10 Menu Set Objectives
41. Evolution of Meaningful Use Objectives in Each Stage
• 2014 Definition Stage 1:
– 11 Core Objectives for Hospitals
– 13 Core Objectives for Professionals
– Pick 5 of 10 Menu Set Objectives for Hospitals
– Pick 5 of 9 Menu Set Objectives for Professionals
• 2014 Definition Stage 2:
– 16 Core Objectives for Hospitals
– 17 Core Objectives for Professionals
– Pick 3 of 6 Menu Set Objectives
42. Meaningful Use Stage 2 Objectives (2014)
for Eligible Professionals
http://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Legislation/EHRIncentivePrograms/Downloads/Stage2Overview_Tipsheet.pdf
43. Meaningful Use Stage 2 Objectives (2014)
for Eligible Professionals
http://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Legislation/EHRIncentivePrograms/Downloads/Stage2Overview_Tipsheet.pdf
44. Meaningful Use Stage 2 Objectives (2014) for Hospitals
http://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Legislation/EHRIncentivePrograms/Downloads/Stage2Overview_Tipsheet.pdf
45. Meaningful Use Stage 2 Objectives (2014) for Hospitals
http://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Legislation/EHRIncentivePrograms/Downloads/Stage2Overview_Tipsheet.pdf
54. Lesson #8
Accept local diversity in technologies
& requirements.
Don’t aim for homogeneous
environment.
55. Lesson #9
Leverage existing standards
to the extent possible.
Don’t reinvent the wheel.
56. Lesson #10
Acknowledge that more than one
level of interoperability needs to be
achieved.
57. Lesson #11
A policy that attempts to move too
fast or be too dynamic will greatly
burden providers
58. Lesson #12
“Meaningful Use” focuses too much
on functionality, with questions on
true interoperability, and with little
attention on usability, ease of use &
provider acceptance of technology
59. Take Home Message
• Adoption of health IT still work in progress, even
in developed countries
• We can learn something from other countries
• We need to do something, soon.
• Don’t forget to build the workforce!!
61. References (1)
• Amarasingham R, Plantinga L, Diener-West M, Gaskin DJ, Powe NR. Clinical information technologies and
inpatient outcomes: a multiple hospital study. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(2):108-14.
• Balas EA, Austin SM, Mitchell JA, Ewigman BG, Bopp KD, Brown GD. The clinical value of computerized
information services. A review of 98 randomized clinical trials. Arch Fam Med. 1996;5(5):271-8.
• Blumenthal D. Launching HITECH. N Engl J Med. 2010 Feb 4;362(5):382-5.
• Blumenthal D, DesRoches C, Donelan K, Ferris T, Jha A, Kaushal R, Rao S, Rosenbaum S. Health information
technology in the United States: the information base for progress [Internet]. Princeton (NJ): Robert Wood
Johnson Foundation; 2006 [cited 2010 Oct 14]. 81 p. Available from:
http://www.rwjf.org/files/publications/other/EHRReport0609.pdf
• Blumenthal D, Tavenner M. The “meaningful use” regulation for electronic health records. N Engl J Med. 2010
Aug 5;363(6):501-4.
• Borzekowski R. Measuring the cost impact of hospital information systems: 1987-1994. J Health Econ.
2009;28(5):939-49.
• Chaudhry B, Wang J, Wu S, Maglione M, Mojica W, Roth E, Morton SC, Shekelle PG. Systematic review: impact
of health information technology on quality, efficiency, and costs of medical care. Ann Intern Med.
2006;144(10):742-52.
62. References (2)
• Garg AX, Adhikari NKJ, McDonald H, Rosas-Arellano MP, Devereaux PJ, Beyene J, et al. Effects of computerized
clinical decision support systems on practitioner performance and patient outcomes: a systematic review.
JAMA. 2005;293(10):1223-38.
• Hsiao C, Beatty PC, Hing ES, Woodwell DA. Electronic medical record/electronic health record use by office-based
physicians: United States, 2008 and preliminary 2009 [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2010 Apr 12]; Available from:
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/emr_ehr/emr_ehr.pdf
• Institute of Medicine, Board on Health Care Services, Committee on Data Standards for Patient Safety. Key
Capabilities of an electronic health record system: letter report [Internet]. Washington, DC: National Academy
of Sciences; 2003 [cited 2010 Oct 14]. 31 p. Available from: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10781.html
• Jha AK, DesRoches CM, Campbell EG, Donelan K, Rao SR, Ferris TG, Shields A, Rosenbaum S, Blumenthal D.
Use of electronic health records in U.S. hospitals. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(16):1628-38.
• Jha AK, Doolan D, Grandt D, Scott T, Bates DW. The use of health information technology in seven nations. Int
J Med Inform. 2008;77(12):848-54.
• Kaushal R, Shojania KG, Bates DW. Effects of computerized physician order entry and clinical decision support
systems on medication safety: a systematic review. Arch. Intern. Med. 2003;163(12):1409-16.
63. References (3)
• Parente ST, Dunbar JL. Is health information technology investment related to the financial performance of US
hospitals? An exploratory analysis. Int J Healthc Technol Manag. 2001;3(1):48-58.
• Schoen C, Osborn R, Huynh PT, Doty M, Puegh J, Zapert K. On the front lines of care: primary care doctors’
office systems, experiences, and views in seven countries. Health Aff (Millwood). 2006;25(6):w555-71.
• Shiffman RN, Liaw Y, Brandt CA, Corb GJ. Computer-based guideline implementation systems: a systematic
review of functionality and effectiveness. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 1999;6(2):104-14.
• Van Rosse F, Maat B, Rademaker CMA, van Vught AJ, Egberts ACG, Bollen CW. The effect of computerized
physician order entry on medication prescription errors and clinical outcome in pediatric and intensive care: a
systematic review. Pediatrics. 2009;123(4):1184-90.
• Yasnoff WA, Overhage JM, Humphreys BL, LaVenture M. A national agenda for public health informatics:
summarized recommendations from the 2001 AMIA Spring Congress. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2001
Dec;8(6):535-545.