Comparative Cooling Efficiency of Brick Walls for Poultry House in Hot Climatic Conditions

Comparative Cooling Efficiency of Brick Walls for Poultry House in Hot Climatic Conditions
IRJAP
Comparative Cooling Efficiency of Brick Walls for Poultry
House in Hot Climatic Conditions
1O. M. Idowu, 2K.P. Daniel and 3U. Abdullahi
1
Department of Architecture, 2
Department of Industrial Design, 3
Department of Building, Modibbo Adama
University of Technology (MAUTECH), Yola, Nigeria
The attainment of thermo-neutral condition in a poultry house is determined, to some extent, by
the choice of wall materials. The extent to which bricks produce desired cooling in relation to
other materials as walls for poultry houses is uncertain. This study was aimed at determining the
relative cooling efficiency of brick walls over sand-crete block walls on one hand, and a
combination of thatch insulation and iron-roofing sheets on the other. The quasi-experimental
research design employed thermo-anemometer to determine temperatures inside five poultry
houses: three made up of brick-walls; one of sand-crete block-walls; and one of insulated iron
roofing sheet-walls. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to establish any significant
difference in temperature in the houses (at 0.05 level of significance). The result showed that brick
walls have higher cooling efficiency than the other materials, but not at a significant level. Also,
thermo-neutral condition was not attained in any of the five poultry houses. It was recommended
that architectural strategies that may further reduce temperature to thermo-neutral condition in
poultry houses be investigated.
Keywords: Cooling efficiency; bricks; sand-crete blocks; insulated iron sheets; poultry house; hot climate; thermo-neutral
condition
INTRODUCTION
The climate in poultry houses influences the wellbeing and
health of the birds. Poultry houses are, hence, expected to
create thermal environment within comfort zone to
engender minimum stress, and optimum health and
production performance of the enclosed birds. The
comfort zone of birds is the range of temperature in which
the birds are able to keep their body temperature constant
with minimum effort (PoultryHub, 2018). Hy-Line (2016)
specifies heat stress index (HSI) less than 70 as the
comfort zone of birds; the index being expressed
mathematically as:
HIS = (0.6*Dry bulb temperature) + (0.4*Wet bulb
temperature) ……………. (1)
The thermo-neutral zone is the temperature range in which
the birds are not using any energy to lose or gain heat
(Czarik and Fairchild, 2008). This temperature zone
depends on feeding level, housing conditions, age, body
weight, health condition, and type of the birds. According
to Czarik and Fairchild (2008) and Hy-Line (2016), the
thermo-neutral zone of adult chicken is generally between
18 and 27°C at decreasing relative humidity from 100 to
15%. Within this temperature range, sensible heat loss is
adequate to maintain the bird’s normal body temperature
(PoultryHub, 2018). Beyond the range, heat condition may
slide progressively from the alert zone (HSI, 70-75; 28oC -
32oC), the danger zone (HIS, 76-81; 34- 38oC), to the
emergency zone (HIS >81; above 38oC) (Hy-Line, 2016).
*Corresponding author: O. M. Idowu, Department of
Architecture, Modibbo Adama University of Technology
(MAUTECH), Yola, Nigeria. E-mail:
idowumosegun@gmail.com; Tel +2348061510635.
International Research Journal of Architecture and Planning
Vol. 3(1), pp. 029-037, May, 2018. © www.premierpublishers.org. ISSN: 1530-9931
Research Article

Idowu et al. 030
Birds generally have higher body temperature than
mammals and are indeed the hottest animals because the
basal rates of metabolism are higher and the conductance
is lower in birds than in mammals of the same weight
(McNab, 1970). The body temperature of adult birds
ranges between 41oC and 42.2oC; increase of temperature
to above 45oC may cause birds to enter into a state of
hyperthermia or to actively dissipate heat from the body by
increasing evaporative cooling, through panting and gular
fluttering (Nilsson Molokwu and Olsson, 2016).
The hot dry climate is characterized by air temperature and
relative humidity beyond desirable comfort zone for birds.
In poultry houses or scoops, often constructed with
sandcrete blocks and iron roofing sheet in this region,
temperatures have been reported to rise above thermo-
neutral zones for birds (Idowu, 2010). To avert this
situation, poultry houses should be designed for passive
cooling to thermo-neutral levels (Crown, 2005). Odim,
Okonkwo and Idowu (2012) and Hy-Line (2016) revealed
that this can be achieved by design strategies aimed at
solar protection, heat dissipation and heat modulation.
Appropriate building orientation, application of shading
devices and vegetative covering around buildings to
minimize heat radiation are some of the common solar
protection strategies (Odim et al, 2012). Where solar
protection is insufficient or ineffective, heat dissipation and
modulation should be stepped up to enhance passive
cooling. Heat dissipation strategies include natural
ventilation and evaporative cooling, while heat modulation
aimed at elongating heat conduction time (time-lag) across
barriers deploys thermal mass and insulated fabrics (Odim
et al, 2012; University of Minnesota (UMN), 2015).
Passive cooling by heat modulation could be an effective
strategy in climates characterized by wide diurnal
temperature range, as obtained in Yola, the study area
where range. as high as 20oC has been reported (Idowu,
2012).
Experts have also recommended some expedient heat
stress reduction measures, in order to avoid poultry
climatic conditions aggravating beyond the comfort zone.
These measures include raising ventilation in closed
houses and employing evaporative cooling based on
relative humidity (Hy-Line, 2016). The University of
Minnesota (UMN), (2015) posits that poultry houses or
scoop must provide protection from inclement weather,
and keep heat stress index within comfort zone by
insulation and adequate ventilation. Wind speeds ranging
from 0.7m/s (for low stocking density) to 3.0m/s (for high
stocking density) is required and recommended around
birds (Crown, 2005). In a similar vein, Poultry Hub (2018)
indicates that air velocities higher than 0.2m/s will have a
positive effect and help to cool the animals, when poultry
indoor temperatures are higher than 30oC. Adequate
ventilation can be achieved by providing window areas at
10 per cent of poultry house floor area, and open roof ridge
depending on climate (Counting My chickens, 2015; Hy-
Line, 2016).
Thermal properties of brick and other wall materials
Brick is described as a small block of burnt clay of such
size that can be conveniently held in one hand and is
slightly longer than twice its width. It is usually of 215mm
long, 102.5mm wide and 65mm high (Barry, 1980). Brick
is believed to possess heat modulation values, and of
thermal cooling advantage over the conventional building
materials like sand-crete blocks and iron roofing sheets.
Barry (1980) indicated that brick wall is a moderately good
insulator against heat transference. Double skin cavity
brick walls are known to be of better insulation value, which
increases with overall thickness of the wall (Fisher, 1979).
Although, mud brick is not considered to be a very good
thermal insulator since it possesses a high unit-mass and
very low porosity, its high thermal capacity is conducive to
storing the absorbed heat for a longer period of time and
releasing it back into the surrounding space more slowly
than the other materials in common use in Nigeria (Elias-
Ozkan Summers, Summers and Yannas, 2006).
In Nigeria and other third world countries, majority of the
houses in rural areas are built with laterite, a type of soil
with high clay content. According to Ganiyu (2012), clay
walls have excellent thermal mass property, and play an
important role in stabilizing temperature by delaying the
passage of external heat through the walls, thereby
keeping the internal temperature of the building cooler
over a long period. To corroborate this claim, Hamman
(2012) also reported higher thermal comfort levels of
occupants in lecture theatres of brick wall compared to
those of sand-crete block wall. Brick as a ceramic product
has also been reported to exhibit high water resistance and
chemical stability qualities (Ibrahim, 2005). Clay, the raw
material for brick production, is abundant and can be fired
manually with available bio-fuel in the study area. Its use
in building walls is therefore economical, environment
friendly, and resource-sustainable.
Another material often used for walls of back-yard poultry
houses is corrugated iron roofing sheets, especially those
dismounted from leaking or old roofs. Iron roofing sheets
have high thermal conductivity (and low thermal
resistance) which make them not suitable as wall materials
for passive cooling without insulation. When employed as
wall or roof material, it is necessary to incorporate a layer
of some insulating materials with iron sheets (Barry, 1980;
Owen, 1985). The University of Kentucky (UKY), (2014)
cited natural plant materials as among those that can be
employed for insulation, and these include cellulose
insulation, cork, hemp, cotton and straw (UKY, 2014). The
high thermal insulation property of straw bale, which is
locally available, has also been cited by Elias-Ozkan et al
(2006).

Int. Res. J. Archit. Planning 031
The reported studies on thermal properties of brick in the
study area are largely qualitative, based only on human
user perception. Quantitative studies on thermal
performance of brick in poultry houses or any animal-farm
building have not been reported in the study area. It is
expected that this study will provide quantitative data on
the cooling efficiency of brick, and possibly promote its use
in poultry houses, rather than the other popular materials
in the study area.
The Study Area
Yola is located on the north eastern part of Nigeria
between latitude 70 and 110 North of the equator, and
longitude 110 and 140 of the Greenwich meridian. Based
on analysis of climatic data of temperature, rainfall and
relative humidity, Yola has been classified, as espoused in
Idowu (2012), as a hot-dry zone. It is characterized by
mean daily maximum dry bulb temperature during the dry
season not less than 35oC, daily diurnal temperature
ranges up to 20 oC, relative humidity not exceeding 40%,
and the mean yearly rainfall below 1000mm. The dry
season lasts about five months from November to March
when there is usually no rain, with maximum temperature
up to 45 oC, and relative humidity as low as 15%. Wind
speeds during this period range from 0.16 to 1.36m/s
(Idowu, 2012; Abdurrahman, 2015). Incidence of
temperature rise beyond the thermo-neutral zone of birds,
resulting in heat stress and high mortality rate have been
reported in poultry houses in hot dry climate of the study
area (Idowu, 2010).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Clay from River Benue shore below the Jimeta bridge was
molded, dried and manually fired on site by two artisans
producing over 2000 bricks, each of 110mm thickness.
Other materials procured for the construction of the poultry
sheds include the following: Sand-crete blocks, trips of
sand, bags of cement, water, bundles of corrugated iron
roofing sheets, sheets of locally woven thatch, pieces of
hardwood, and other carpentry wares. Six units of Hot-wire
thermo-anemometer were also procured for observing
wind speeds and temperature.
Design and construction of the sheds
The procured materials were deployed to erect five sheds
at the selected site behind the University’s old
administrative buildings (figure 1). The site was considered
to be of fairly flat terrain with minimal obstruction to wind
flow. The sheds were spaced over 10m apart and arranged
to take advantage of prevailing wind with minimal
incidence of solar heat radiation. The buildings/sheds’
fenestrations are manipulated to study their effects on
ventilation and temperature within five poultry shed, each
of which has floor area 2.4m x 3.6m considered adequate
for 150 birds. The sheds were constructed as follows
(Table 1):
Shed 1: Had fenestrated wall of bricks; un-fenestrated roof
and un-insulated iron roofing sheets (see plate 1); Shed 2:
Had fenestrated wall of bricks; fenestrated roof of
corrugated iron insulated with double layers of woven
thatch (plate 2); Shed 3: With fenestrated wall with bricks;
unfenestrated roof of corrugated iron insulated with double
layers of woven thatch (plate 3); Shed 4: Made of
fenestrated sand-crete block wall; un-fenestrated roof and
un-insulated iron roofing sheets (plate 4) and Shed 5:
Composed of fenestrated wall and roof of corrugated iron
insulated with double layers of woven thatch (as in plate
5).
Table 1: Design variables of the study sheds
Variables Shed 1 Shed 2 Shed 3 Shed 4 Shed 5
Floor Area 8.64m2
8.64m2
8.64m2
8.64m2
8.64m2
Wall Material Bricks Bricks Bricks Sandcrete Ins/Iron
Wall
Fenestration
1.62 m2
1.62 m2
1.62 m2
1.62 m2
1.62 m2
Roof Material Iron Ins/Iron Ins/Iron Iron Ins/Iron
Roof
Fenestration
None 0.36m2
None None 0.36m2
Data collection
The designed and constructed sheds were subjected
(exposed to external) climatic conditions, and the wind
speeds and temperatures were observed within and
outside the five sheds.
Deploying six units of the hot-wire- thermo-anemometer,
five rounds of wind speeds and temperatures were
observed and recorded in and outside each of the sheds
in the afternoon hours (between 2.30 and 3.30pm) at five
minutes intervals. Each round of observation was made for
30 readings of equipment at five seconds intervals. The
observation process was repeated daily for 16 days
starting from 5th and ending on 26th of April 2013 when heat
was expected to peak ... observation of wind speeds and
temperatures within and outside the five sheds.

Idowu et al. 032
(b)
(a)
(c)
Figure 1: Sketches of study objects: (a) Site plan; (b) Typical shed floor plan; (c) Typical closed- and opened-roof
shed sections

Plate 1: Side views of Shed 1

Idowu et al. 034
Table 2: Summary of observed Mean Temperature (O
C)
S/N Date Space
Shed 1 Shed 2 Shed 3 Shed 4 Shed 5 Outdoor
1 5th April 2013 40.12 41.10 40.58 40.40 40.78 44.10
2 08th April 2013 37.02 37.40 37.36 37.48 37.18 38.56
3 09th April 2013 37.66 37.70 37.56 37.70 38.18 41.84
4 10th April 2013 40.04 39.62 39.36 39.14 39.92 42.84
5 11th April 2013 39.80 40.12 39.70 40.06 40.44 49.10
6 12th April 2013 41.04 41.20 40.28 40.88 41.18 51.00
7 15th April 2013 39.16 39.60 38.88 39.22 39.18 48.94
8 16th April 2013 39.10 38.92 39.02 39.06 39.90 45.54
9 17th April 2013 38.16 38.24 38.30 38.24 38.60 39.68
10 18th April 2013 35.00 34.82 34.86 34.78 34.60 36.74
11 19th April 2013 38.94 39.00 39.06 39.28 39.12 44.18
12 22nd April 2013 36.70 36.94 36.74 36.68 36.66 39.00
13 23rd April 2013 38.08 38.14 38.04 38.04 38.44 41.74
14 24th April 2013 39.90 40.26 39.78 39.68 40.16 48.68
15 25th April 2013 40.50 40.54 40.78 40.68 41.30 47.46
16 26th April 2013 40.00 39.72 39.68 40.08 39.82 44.64
17 Mean 38.83 38.96 38.75 38.84 39.09 44.00
Standard deviation 1.62 1.69 1.56 1.62 1.79 4.27
Table 3: Summary of observed Mean Wind Speed (m/s)
S/N Date Space
Shed 1 Shed 2 Shed 3 Shed 4 Shed 5 Outdoor
1 5th April 2013 0.22 0.18 0.24 0.27 0.14 0.40
2 08th April 2013 0.19 0.11 0.16 0.28 0.23 1.32
3 09th April 2013 0.19 0.20 0.24 0.17 0.15 0.68
4 10th April 2013 0.26 0.19 0.30 0.14 0.09 0.92
5 11th April 2013 0.32 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.33
6 12th April 2013 0.14 0.14 0.10 0.10 0.17 0.32
7 15th April 2013 0.19 0.35 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.33
8 16th April 2013 0.29 0.23 0.25 0.21 0.19 0.42
9 17th April 2013 0.65 0.29 0.14 0.38 0.36 0.43
10 18th April 2013 0.26 0.48 0.38 0.43 0.52 0.65
11 19th April 2013 0.23 0.21 0.32 0.30 0.42 0.46
12 22nd April 2013 0.25 0.22 0.24 0.21 0.18 0.48
13 23rd April 2013 0.18 0.12 0.14 0.13 0.18 0.24
14 24th April 2013 0.17 0.11 0.15 0.12 0.12 0.30
15 25th April 2013 0.22 0.18 0.30 0.15 0.16 0.27
16 26th April 2013 0.20 0.16 0.22 0.29 0.30 0.52
17 Mean 0.25 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.50
Standard deviation 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.28
RESULTS
The design variables of the sheds under study are
indicated in Table 1, while Table 2 shows the summary of
observed daily mean temperatures in the afternoon in and
outside the sheds for the 16 days of observations. The
corresponding summary of daily mean wind speeds within
the same observation period is indicated in Table 3.
Summaries of the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) of these
means (of temperature and wind speeds) are shown in

Table 4: Analysis of Variance Summary of Mean Temperature
Source of variance Sum of squares d.f. Mean square Fcal Sig. Fcrit Remark: Difference in mean
Between groups 1.149 4 0.287
0.104 0.981 2.45 Not significantWithin groups 206.377 75 2.752
Total 207.526 79
Source: Authors’ analysis (2015)
Table 5: Analysis of Variance Summary of Mean Wind Speed
Source of variance Sum of squares d.f. Mean square Fcal Sig. Fcrit Remark: Difference in mean
Between groups 0.017 4 0.004
0.378 0.824 2.45 Not significantWithin groups 0.836 75 0.011
Total 0.853 79
Source: Authors’ analysis (2015)
Figure 2: Study sheds daily indoor mean temperature
Tables 4 and 5 respectively. Figure 2 is a graphical
presentation of the variation of daily indoor mean
temperature in the sheds.
Sheds 2 and 5 have roof fenestration area of 0.36m2 each,
while sheds 1, 3 and 4 are without any roof opening.
Outside the sheds, daily mean temperature ranged from
36.74 oC to 51.00 oC, while the grand mean temperature
for the period of study was 44.00 oC (with standard
deviation, SD of 4.27). Daily mean temperatures in the
sheds ranged from a minimum value of 34.60oC to a
maximum of 41.30 oC, both obtained in shed 5. Grand
mean temperature in the sheds in the 16 days ranged from
38.75 oC (with SD of 1.56) in shed 3 to 39.09 oC (SD of
1.79) in shed 5. The lowest daily mean indoor temperature
was recorded five times (days) in shed 3, four times in
shed 4, three times in shed 5 and twice each in sheds 2
and 4. Daily outdoor mean temperatures above 45oC were
recorded
six times, when the maximum cooling of 10.06oC was
observed in shed 3, followed by cooling of 9.96oC and
9.4oC observed in sheds 1 and 3 respectively. A maximum
mean temperature reduction (cooling) between outside
and shed interiors of 5.25 oC was obtained also from shed
3 (Table 2). The lowest daily indoor mean temperatures
are mostly found in shed 3, and the highest in shed 5, as
revealed in Figure 2. The difference in cooling in the sheds
is not significant as shown in the ANOVA summary (Table
4): the calculated value of f-ratio being lower than the
critical (tabulated) value.
External daily mean wind speeds (Table 3) ranged from
0.24m/s to 1.32m/s, with the grand mean wind speed in
the observation period of 0.50m/s (SD of 0.28). Within the
sheds, daily mean wind speeds ranged from 0.09m/s to
0.65m/s while the grand mean wind speeds varied from
0.21m/s (SD of 0.08) to 0.25m/s (SD of 0.12).
DISCUSSION
The different mean temperatures obtained in the sheds
may be indicative of the difference in either the thermal
properties of the fabrics of walls and roofs or the
fenestration (openings) of the sheds, since they have
same size and orientation. A paired comparison of sheds
with similar fenestration may indicate the thermal effect of
the different fabrics. Shed 5 (made of insulated iron
sheets) with indoor grand mean temperature of 39.09 oC
has similar fenestration with shed 2 (of brick wall and
insulated iron roof) with indoor grand mean temperature of
38.96oC. In the same vein, shed 4 (with 150mm sand-crete
block wall) and shed 1 (with 110mm brick wall) have similar
fenestration but produced different indoor mean
temperatures of 38.84 oC and 38.83 oC respectively. Both
paired comparisons suggest that the brick has higher
cooling capacity than iron sheet and sand-crete block. In
addition, it is instructive to note that sheds 1 and 3
produced the two highest occurrences of lowest daily
indoor mean temperature, Sheds 1 and 3 also recorded
three out of the six of these occurrences of lowest daily
indoor mean temperatures when the outdoor mean
temperatures were above 45oC, and the three highest
cooling occurrences (10.06oC and 9.4oC in shed 3; 9.96oC
in shed 1). Not only do the data suggest that the cooling
efficiency of the bricks is higher than those of the insulated
iron and sandcrete blocks, they also seem to reveal higher
efficiency of the bricks at critically high outdoor
temperatures. Shed 3 which appears more efficient in
cooling than sheds 1 and 2, has an insulated roof only
distinguishing it from shed 1, and a closed roof only

Idowu et al. 036
distinguishing it from shed 2. This suggests that thatch
insulated roof enhances passive cooling, but roof opening
during the day negates passive cooling in this case.
However, the difference in cooling efficiency of the
materials is apparently weak, since it is not significant,
according to the statistics.
The apparently weak difference may be attributed to the
smaller brick thickness (110mm thick bricks as against
150mm sand-crete block), and the use of sand-crete
mortar in the walls. Bricks of the same thickness as
(150mm) sand-crete blocks is of higher thermal storage
capacity (thermal mass), and expected to have higher
time-lag or heat modulation effect as posited in Fisher
(1979). The presence of sand-crete mortar in brick wall has
also apparently contaminated the purity of the brick wall,
and this might have also reduced the thermal storage
capacity of the walls in question.
By and large, the cooling advantage of bricks over the
other wall materials has been reinforced, albeit weakly in
this study. It has reinforced the findings from earlier studies
by Elias-Ozkan et al (2006), Haman (2012) and Ganiyu
(2012). It is not clear if the maximum mean wind speed of
0.25m/s, when matched with the corresponding mean
temperature of 38.83oC (in shed 1) would produce desired
thermo-neutral conditions as espoused in Crown (2005).
Even though the mean temperature is lower than 40 oC,
the mean wind speed is lower than 0.7m/s suggested in
Crown (op cit). It is obvious that the daily indoor mean
temperature ranging from 34.60oC to 41.30oC is higher
than 27oC, the upper limit of the thermoneutral zone for
adult birds, cited in Czarik and Fairchild (2008) and Hy-
Line (2016). The temperature has reached the emergency
zone, and urgent and drastic cooling strategies and
actions would be required to avert deterioration in health
and productivity, or even death of birds.
CONCLUSION
The main objective of the study was to ascertain whether
or not poultry houses constructed with brick walls were
more efficient for passive cooling in hot climatic conditions
than those constructed with sand-crete block or insulated
iron roofing sheet walls. Five sheds of the same size but
different composition of the materials and other
architectural features were constructed, and air
temperatures in and around them were observed during
hot climatic conditions in the study area. Ambient
temperatures were found to be above the thermoneutral
zone of adult birds in all the poultry houses (sheds) under
study. Even though not at any significant level, brick was
found to have cooling capacity higher than the other
materials of the studied sheds. It was also found that
thatch insulated, but closed roof enhanced day time
passive cooling in the brick sheds under study. Use of
brick for walls and thatch insulated roofs are therefore
recommended for backyard poultry house constructions in
the study area. Further studies and deployment of more
passive cooling strategies for attainment of thermoneutral
conditions in poultry houses in the study area are also
recommended. Such strategies may include use of
double- brick walls as thermal mass, indoor evaporative
cooling devices and solar protection with plants around the
poultry houses.
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Accepted 9 May 2018
Citation: Idowu OM, Daniel KP, Abdullahi U (2018).
Comparative Cooling Efficiency of Brick Walls for Poultry
House in Hot Climatic Conditions. International Research
Journal of Architecture and Planning, 3(1): 029-037.
Copyright: © 2018 Idowu et al. This is an open-access
article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original author and source are cited.

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