basic power plant

1. Amit Prakash 1
POWER GENERATION
PROCESS BASICS

2. Amit Prakash 2
BOILER / STEAM TURBO-GENERATOR
UTILITY PLANT
Boiler
100%
Fuel
Air
Stack
Steam
Steam Turbine Generator
20%
Lake
6% Aux. Power + Losses
Steam Condenser
40%
34% Electricity
THERMAL EFFICIENCY - 34%
Transmission

3. Amit Prakash 3
BOILER / STEAM TURBINE-GENERATOR
INDUSTRIAL CO-GENERATION
Boiler
Fuel
100%
Air
Stack
15%
Steam Turbine Generator
15% Electricity
Transmission
Steam 5% Aux. Power + Losses
Process Steam
65%
Process Plant
THERMAL EFFICIENCY - 80%

4. Amit Prakash 4
SIMPLE CYCLE COMBUSTION (GAS) TURBINE
Air
100% Fuel
Compressor Turbine
Generator
Combuster
Stack
57-62%
3% Aux Power + Losses
35-40% Electricity
Transmission
THERMAL EFFICIENCY - 35-40%

5. Amit Prakash 5
Air
Compressor
TransmissionGenerator
GAS TURBINE
INDUSTRIAL CO-GENERATION PLANT
Turbine
100% Fuel
Combuster Exhaust Gas
20%
StackStack
Process Plant
Process Steam
Supplementary/
Auxiliary
Fuel (Optional)

6. Amit Prakash 6
Air
Compressor
TransmissionGenerator
GAS TURBINE
COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT
20%
Stack
100% Fuel
Combuster Exhaust Gas
Stack
Turbine
Steam Turbine
Steam
Generator
Transmission
Steam Condenser
Lake
28%
6% Aux. Power + Losses
12-15% Electricity
35-40% Electricity
Supplementary
Fuel (Optional)
Thermal Efficiency - 45-55%

7. Amit Prakash 7
UTILITY PLANT - FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM
Switch Yard System
Station Electrical System
Boiler Feed Pumps &
Deaerator System
Turbine Bypass System
BOILER
TURBINE-
GENERATOR
UNIT#2
DM Plant
Fuel Handling System
Station Miscellaneous Systems
Turbine Miscellaneous Systems
Turbine Steam System
HP & LP Heaters System
Turbine Supervisory & Control
System
Generator & Electrical System
Boiler Steam & Water System
Air & Flue Gas System
Fuel Preparation System
Fuel Firing System
Boiler Miscellaneous Systems
Ash Handling System

8. Amit Prakash 8
CAPTIVE POWER PLANT - FUNCTIONAL BLOCK
DIAGRAM
Switch Yard System Station Electrical System
DM Plant
Fuel Handling System
Station Miscellaneous Systems
BFP’s & Deaerator System
UNIT#2 UNIT#3
BOILER
TG
Steam & Water
Air & Flue Gas
Fuel Preparation
Fuel Firing
Steam
HP & LP Heaters
Supervisory & Control
Generator & Electrical
Miscellaneous Systems
Ash Handling System

9. Amit Prakash 9
BOILER FUNDAMENTALS

10. Amit Prakash 10
BASIC DIAGRAM OF A BOILER
Steam / Water System
Furnace
Heat Transfer
Surface
Mixing of
Fuel & Air
Water
Fuel
Air
Steam
Flue Gas
Ash
Blowdown

11. Amit Prakash 11
SALIENT FEATURES OF MODERN INDUSTRIAL
& UTILITY BOILER
• STEAM BOILER
• WATER TUBE
• SUPERHEATED STEAM
• HIGH PRESSURE
• WATER COOLED FURNACE
• WATER CIRCULATION

12. Amit Prakash 12
COMBUSTION REQUIREMENTS
3 T’s of Combustion
Combustion
Time
Temperature
Turbulence
Sufficient
Combustion Air
Fuel
is
Gasified
Mixing within
Flammable
Range
Temperature
above
Ignition
Point

13. Amit Prakash 13
BASIC COMBUSTION CHEMISTRY
Complete
O2 +
H2
C
Heat
(Air) Oxygen Fuel
Products
H2O
CO2
Incomplete
+
Heat
O2
H2
C
Oxygen Fuel
Flue Gas
Flue Gas
Products
H2O
CO2
CO
H2
C
• Other Combustibles - Sulphur to Sulphur Oxides
• Non-combustible - Nitrogen to Nitrogen+Nitrous Oxides
• Ash

14. Amit Prakash 14
BOILER WATER & STEAM SYSTEM
Furnace
Water Wall
Risers
Drum
Down
Comers
Economiser
Feed Water
Primary
Super
Heater
Final
Super
Heater
Primary
Re
Heater
Final
Re
Heater
Platen
Super
Heater
Attemperator
Spray
Water
Spray
Water
Main Steam
Hot Reheat
Steam
Cold
Reheat
Steam
Bottom Ring Header
Simplified Process Diagram
Flue Gas
Flue Gas
Out to
Air Heater
Attemperator

15. Amit Prakash 15
BOILER WATER & STEAM SYSTEM
Process Performance Highlights
• Heat Transfer by Radiation and Convection
• Boiler Water Circulation - Natural or Controlled
• Heat Transfer depends on Heat Transfer Area & Time
• Heat Transfer is affected by Fouling, Boiler Pressure, Boiler Water Quality
and % MCR Load

16. Amit Prakash 16
BOILER WATER & STEAM SYSTEM
Major Equipment
• Economiser - Pre-heats Boiler Feed water
• Boiler Drum - Separates water from steam and reduce solids in steam
• Water Walls - Absorb heat from flue gas to evaporate boiler water
• Superheaters - Heat up steam coming from boiler drum
• Reheaters - Heat up steam coming from High Pressure turbine
• Attemperators - Reduce superheat from steam

17. Amit Prakash 17
BOILER WATER & STEAM SYSTEM
Process Regulation
• Drum Level - Regulation of Feed Water flow
• Drum Water Quality - Blow down / Chemical Dozing
• Fouling of Heat Transfer Surfaces - Blowdown / Soot Blowing
• Main Steam Temperature - Attemperation / Burner Tilt
• Hot Reheat Steam Temperature - Burner Tilt / Attemperation
• Main Steam Pressure - Regulation of Combustion

18. Amit Prakash 18
AIR & FLUE GAS SYSTEM
Simplified Process Diagram
Chimney
ID Fan A
ID Fan B
ESP A
ESP B
AH A
AH B
FD FAN A
FD FAN B
PA FAN A
PA FAN B
To Cold
PA Header
To Hot
PA Header
E
C
O
L
T
S
H
FURNACE
R
H
P
T
N
S
H
F
I
N
S
H
WINDOX A
WINDBOX B
From
FD Fans
To Air Cooled
Guns
Scanner Air Fans

19. Amit Prakash 19
AIR & FLUE GAS SYSTEM
Process Performance Highlights
• Generation of Draft - Natural / Induced / Forced / Balanced
• Supply of Air for Transport of Pulverised Coal
• Pre-heating of Air
• Distribution of Air in Combustion Chamber
• Recirculation of Gas
• Fan capacity depends on Flow, Density & System Resistance
• Fan performance is affected by temperature, density, barometric pressure
and speed
• Flue Gas Cleaning
• Gas flow is restricted by ash deposits on boiler surfaces

20. Amit Prakash 20
AIR & FLUE GAS SYSTEM
Major Equipment
• Air Path - Forced Draft Fans, Steam Coil Air Pre-heater,
Regenerative Air Pre-heater & Wind-box
• Gas Path - Induced Draft Fans and Stack
• Gas Recirculation - Gas Recirculating Fans
• Flue Gas Cleaning - Mechanical Precipitator, Electrostatic
Precipitator and Gas Scrubber
• Dampers

21. Amit Prakash 21
AIR & FLUE GAS SYSTEM
Process Regulation
• Furnace Draft - ID Fan Inlet Vane Control and/or Variable Speed
• Secondary Air Flow - FD Fan Variable Pitch Control
• PA Header Pressure - PA Fan Inlet Vane Control
• RAPH Cold End Temperature - SCAPH Control
• Gas Recirculation - Damper Control

22. Amit Prakash 22
FUEL PREPARATION SYSTEM - COAL
Simplified Process Diagram
Hot PA
Cold PAMill A
Raw Coal Bunker
Coal Feeder
Coal+Air
to Burners
Seal Air FansTo Other Mills
To Mill Discharge
Valves
To
Other
Mills
To
Other
Mills

23. Amit Prakash 23
FUEL PREPARATION SYSTEM - GAS/OIL
Simplified Process Diagram
Fuel Gas
Supply To Burners
PRV’s
FCV FGTV
FUEL GAS
FUEL OIL
Fuel Oil
Supply
PCV
Fuel Oil Pumps
To BurnersOil Heater
Steam
FCV FOTV
Fuel Oil
Return
Short
Recirc
Long
Recirc
Atomising
Steam/Air
PCV

24. Amit Prakash 24
FUEL PREPARATION SYSTEM
Process Performance Highlights
• Coal Pulverizing - Direct / Indirect Firing
• Coal Transport and Drying
• Fuel Gas Pressure Regulation
• Fuel Oil Pumping & Filtering
• Fuel Oil Pressure & Viscosity Regulation
• Gas Pressure & Oil Pressure/Temperature affect Boiler
Load

25. Amit Prakash 25
FUEL PREPARATION SYSTEM
Major Equipment
• Coal Mills - Tube Ball / Bowl / Impact
• Raw Coal Feeders - Chain / Belt / Rotary / Gravimetric
• Coal / Air Dampers, Gates & Discharge Valves
• Fuel Oil Pumps & Heaters
• Seal Air Fans
• Coal Bunkers
• Vapour Fans

26. Amit Prakash 26
FUEL PREPARATION SYSTEM
Process Regulation
• Coal Flow - Raw Coal Feeder Speed
• Coal/Air Temperature & Flow - Cold & Hot PA Flows

27. Amit Prakash 27
FUEL FIRING SYSTEM
Typical Corner Arrangement
for a Tangentially Fired System
Front Wall
Plan
(Corner Designation)
(1)
(2) (3)
(4)
AA
A
AB
B
BC
C
CD
D
DE
E
EF
F
FF
Air Damper
OFA
OFA Over Fire Air
OFA
EA
EA End Air
FA
FA Fuel Air
AA
AA Aux. Air
Coal Burner
Fire Ball Scanner
LFO?HFO Burner
HFO Burner
Oil Flame Scanner
HEA Igniter

28. Amit Prakash 28
FUEL FIRING SYSTEM
Process Performance Highlights
• Fuel Firing - Front / Tangential
• Fuel Oil Atomisation - Mechanical / Air / Steam
• Flame Ignition
• Air Distribution
• Fuel Combustion

29. Amit Prakash 29
FUEL FIRING SYSTEM
Major Equipment
• Burners
• Ignitors
• Flame Scanners
• Burner Tilt Mechanism
• Wind Box
• Dampers

30. Amit Prakash 30
FUEL FIRING SYSTEM
Process Regulation
• Furnace to Wind Box Differential Pressure
• Fuel Air Flows
• Fuel Firing
• Emergency Shutdown
• Flame Monitoring
• Oil Support for Coal Flame Stability

31. Amit Prakash 31
BOILER MISCELLANEOUS SYSTEMS
Boiler Auxiliary Cooling Water System
• Ensures continuous supply of cooling water to Boiler & it’s auxiliaries
• Consists of Overhead Tank, Pumps & Heat Exchangers
Chemical Dosing System
• Prepares & supplies chemicals for treatment of Boiler Water
• Consists of Preparation Tanks, Mixers & Metering Pumps

32. Amit Prakash 32
DEAERATION & FEED PUMPING SYSTEM
Simplified Process Diagram
Deaerator
Feed Storage Tank
M
Discharge Valve
Recirculation
Valve
Boiler Feed Pumps
To HP
Heaters
To HP Bypass
Spray
T o APRDS
Spray
Hydrazine
Dosing
Ammonia
Dosing
Aux. Steam
for
Pegging
HP Heater Drains
Condensate from LP Heater
Aux. Steam
CRH Steam
IPT Extraction
Steam

33. Amit Prakash 33
DEAERATION & FEED PUMPING SYSTEM
Process Performance Highlights
• Boiler Water pre-heating & air removal
• Maintain positive Suction Pressure for Feed Pumps
• Feed Water Pumping to Boiler

34. Amit Prakash 34
DEAERATION & FEED PUMPING SYSTEM
Major Equipment
• Boiler Feed Pumps
• Hydraulic Coupling
• Deaerator

35. Amit Prakash 35
DEAERATION & FEED PUMPING SYSTEM
Process Regulation
• Deaerator Pressure
• Deaerator Level
• BFP Minimum Recirculation
• Feed Pump Speed

36. Amit Prakash 36
STEAM TURBINE FUNDAMENTALS

37. Amit Prakash 37
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
• Conservation of Energy - Heat may be converted in to work and
work may be converted in to heat,
in accordance with a certain natural proportionality constant
(ENERGY CAN NOT BE DESTROYED)
• Not all of a given quantity of Heat can be converted in to useful Work,
because of irreversbility in the process
(ENTROPY OF THE UNIVERSE IS INCREASING)

38. Amit Prakash 38
BASIC RANKINE CYCLE
T
S
Unavailable Heat
Heat Available
for Work

39. Amit Prakash 39
IMPROVING RANKINE CYCLE
• Superheating
• Increased Pressure
• Decreased Exhaust Pressure
• Regenerative Feed Heating
• Reheating

40. Amit Prakash 40
STEAM TURBINE TYPES
• Condensing Turbine
• Back Pressure Turbine
• Regenerative Turbine
•Controlled Extraction
• No. of Cylinders
• Speed - Constant / Variable
• Single / Double Flow

41. Amit Prakash 41
TURBINE STEAM SYSTEM
Simplified Process Diagram
Condenser
HP
Turbine
IP
Turbine LP
Turbine
Extraction
Steam
Main
Steam
Cold
Reheat
Steam
Hot
Reheat
Steam
ESV CV
IV CV

42. Amit Prakash 42
TURBINE STEAM SYSTEM
Major Equipment
• Turbine - Casing, Rotor & Blades
• Emergency Stop Valves
• Control Valves
• Condenser

43. Amit Prakash 43
TURBINE STEAM SYSTEM
Process Regulation
• Steam Admission
• Emergency Shutdown

44. Amit Prakash 44
REGENERATIVE FEED HEATING SYSTEM
Simplified Process Diagram
From BFP
Discharge
To
Boiler
HP
HTR
HP
HTR
CRH
Steam
To
Deaerator
IPT
Extrn.
Steam
Condenser
Hotwell
Condensate Extraction
Pump
LP
HTR
LP
HTR
HP
Flash
Tank
LP
Flash
Tank
To
Deaerator LPT
Extraction Steam
LPT
Extraction Steam
Minimum
Recirculation
LP
HTR
Drain
CLRGSC
To
Condenser
To
Condenser
Gland
Leakoff
Steam
LPT Extraction
Makeup

45. Amit Prakash 45
REGENERATIVE FEED HEATING SYSTEM
Process Performance Highlights
• Pumping of Condensate from Hotwell to Deaerator
•Gradual Heating of Feed Water Temperature
• Minimise Heat Loss from the Cycle

46. Amit Prakash 46
REGENERATIVE FEED HEATING SYSTEM
Major Equipment
• HP Heaters
• LP Heaters
• Drain Cooler
• Condensate Extraction Pumps

47. Amit Prakash 47
REGENERATIVE FEED HEATING SYSTEM
Process Regulation
• Hotwell Level
• Heater Level
• Minimum Flow through CEP & GSC

48. Amit Prakash 48
TURBINE GOVERNING & CONTROL SYSTEM
Functional Block Diagram
Gland
Steam
System
Lubricating
Oil
System
Governing
Oil
System
Turning
Gear
Jacking
Oil
System
Condenser
Vacuum
System
Turbine
Drain
System
OIL SYSTEMS
VACUUM SYSTEM WARM UP SYSTEM

49. Amit Prakash 49
TURBINE GOVERNING & CONTROL SYSTEM
Process Performance Highlights
• Shaft & Bearing Protection
• Electro-hydraulic Governing
• Maintain Vacuum in Condenser
• Supply Steam to Turbine Glands
• Warming up of Turbines and their Valves
• Emergency Shutdown in case of Unsafe Conditions

50. Amit Prakash 50
TURBINE GOVERNING & CONTROL SYSTEM
Major Equipment
• Oil Pumps, Turning Gear & Jacking Oil Pump
• Hydraulic Actuators for Turbine Valves
• Vacuum Pumps
• Gland Steam Pressure Regulator
• Oil Coolers & Temperature Regulator

51. Amit Prakash 51
TURBINE GOVERNING & CONTROL SYSTEM
Process Regulation
• Speed / Load / Frequency Control
• Gland Steam Pressure Control

52. Amit Prakash 52
TURBINE MISCELLANEOUS SYSTEMS
Condenser Cooling Water System
• Supplies Cooling Water Condensation of Turbine Exhaust Steam
Turbine Auxiliary Cooling Water System
• Ensures continuous supply of cooling water to Turbine & it’s auxiliaries
• Consists of Overhead Tank, Pumps & Heat Exchangers
Chemical Dosing System
• Prepares & supplies chemicals for treatment of Condensate
• Consists of Preparation Tanks, Mixers & Metering Pumps

53. Amit Prakash 53
TURBINE MISCELLANEOUS SYSTEMS
Condenser Cooling Water System
Simplified Process Diagram
Cooling
Tower
CW
Sump
CW
Makeup
Water
Condenser
A
Waterbox
B
Circulating
Water Pumps
To
Unit#2
CW Return Header
CW Supply Header

54. Amit Prakash 54
TURBINE MISCELLANEOUS SYSTEMS
Condenser Cooling Water System
Major Equipment
• Cooling Towers
• CW Pumps
Process Performance Highlights
• Steam Condensation
• Cooling of Condenser CW - Cooling Tower / Lake
Process Regulation
• Condenser Tube Cleaning - Online / Back flushing

55. Amit Prakash 55
TURBINE BYPASS SYSTEM
Simplified Process Diagram
Main
Steam
CRH
To HPT
From HPT
To IPTHRH
Feed
Water PRV
Spray
Control
Valve
Block
Valve
Condenser
Condensate

56. Amit Prakash 56
TURBINE BYPASS SYSTEM
Process Performance Highlights
• Enable Boiler Operation for Quick Re-start after Boiler Trip and
during Turbine Start-up
• Control MS Pressure after Turbine Trip or Sudden Load Throw-off

57. Amit Prakash 57
TURBINE BYPASS SYSTEM
Process Regulation
• MS Pressure Reduction & Desuperheating
• HRH Steam Pressure Reduction & Desuperheating

58. Amit Prakash 58
GENERATOR FUNDAMENTALS

59. Amit Prakash 59
WORKING PRINCIPLE
• Converts Mechanical Energy in to Electrical Energy
• Based on Electro-magnetic Induction
E = 4.44 O FN volts
E - e. m. f.
O - Strength of Magnetic Field
F - Frequency
N - No. of Turns in a Stator Winding Coil
F = Pn/120
P - No. of Poles
n - Revolution per second of Rotor

60. Amit Prakash 60
GENERATOR EFFICIENCY & LOSSES
• Efficiency = Output Electrical Energy
Input Mechanical Energy
• Losses - Bearing Loss, Copper Loss & Iron Loss
• Typically Efficiency is 90-97%

61. Amit Prakash 61
GENERATOR & UNIT ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
Generator Functional Block Diagram
Unit
Auxiliary
Transformer
Field
Excitation
System
Generator
Synchronising
Sceme
Generator
Transformer
Metering &
Protective
Relays
Stator
Cooling Water
System
Hydrogen
Cooling
System
Seal
Oil
System
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

62. Amit Prakash 62
GENERATOR & UNIT ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
Key One Line Diagram
132 KV Bus I
132 KV Bus II
Isolator
Circuit Breaker
GT
Generator
Unit
Auxiliary
Transformer
From
Station
Bus
From
Station
Bus
6.6 kV Unit Bus B6.6 kV Unit Bus A
11 kV

63. Amit Prakash 63
GENERATOR & UNIT ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
Process Performance Highlights
• Conversion of Mechanical Energy in to Electrical Energy
• Field Excitation
• Stator Winding Cooling by Distillate / Air
• Rotor Winding Cooling by Hydrogen / Air
• Hydrogen Sealing by Oil
• Synchronisation & Voltage Transformation
• Emergency Shutdown in case of Unsafe Conditions

64. Amit Prakash 64
GENERATOR & UNIT ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
Major Equipment
• Generator - Stator, Rotor, Armature Windings, Field Windings
• Field Excitation - Exciter (DC/AC), Static Rectifying Unit & AVR
• Bus Ducts & Transformers
• Circuit Breakers & Protective Relays
• H2 Cooling - Fans, Dryers & Coolers
• Stator Water Cooling - Pumps, Coolers & Overhead Tank
• Seal Oil - Pumps, Coolers & Differential Pressure Regulator

65. Amit Prakash 65
GENERATOR & UNIT ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
Process Regulation
• Field Excitation
• Generator Synchrinisation
• Voltage Regulation

66. Amit Prakash 66
POWER PLANT
OPERATION & MAINTENANCE

67. Amit Prakash 67
OPERATION & MAINTENANCE
Efficiency Calculations
• Boiler Efficiency - Direct / Heat Loss Method
• Turbine Heat Rate - Total Heat Supplied/ KWHR
• Plant Heat Rate - Heat Supplied/ KWHR

68. Amit Prakash 68
Factors Affecting Plant Performance
• Flue Gas Exit Temperature
• Excess Air
• Unburnt Fuel
• Steam Temperature
• Condenser Back Pressure
• FW Temperature at Eco Inlet
• Auxiliary Power Consumption
• Make up Water Flow
• Optimum Loading
OPERATION & MAINTENANCE

69. Amit Prakash 69
OPERATION & MAINTENANCE
• Start-up & Shutdown Monitoring
• Trip Analysis - Boiler / Turbine / Generator
• Equipment Run-Hour Monitoring
• History Trending
• Alarm Management
• Division of Operational Responsibilities
• Economic Load Allocation & Load Shedding (CPP)

70. Amit Prakash 70
POWER PLANT
AUTOMATION &
CONTROL

71. Amit Prakash 71
POWER PLANT AUTOMATION & CONTROL
Burner Management System
• Furnace Purge Supervision
• Secondary Air Damper Modulation, On/Off Control and Supervision
• Light/Heavy Oil On/Off Control and Supervision
• Pulveriser and Feeder On/Off Control and Supervision
• Flame Scanning
• Overall Boiler Flame Failure Protection
• Boiler Trip Protection

72. Amit Prakash 72
POWER PLANT AUTOMATION & CONTROL
Soot Blower Sequential Control
• Wall Blowers
• Long Retractable Blowers
• Air Heater Blowers

73. Amit Prakash 73
POWER PLANT AUTOMATION & CONTROL
Automatic Turbine Run-up System
• Oil Supply Control - Turning Gear, Auxiliary Oil Pumps, Emergency Oil Pump,
Jacking Oil Pump and Lube Oil Temperature
• Condensate & Evacuation Control - Condensate Extraction Pumps, Gland Steam
Pressure, Vacuum Pumps and Vacuum Breaker Valve
• Turbine Control - Steam & Metal Temperature Matching, Warming up of HP
ESV & CV, Steam Rolling & Acceleration and Auto Synchroniser

74. Amit Prakash 74
POWER PLANT AUTOMATION & CONTROL
Turbine Stress Evaluator
• Calculation of Actual and Permissible Thermal Stress Values
• Comparison of Actual with Permissible Stress Values and Computation
of Available Margin
• Optimize Start up, Operation and Shut down

75. Amit Prakash 75
POWER PLANT AUTOMATION & CONTROL
Automatic Turbine Tester
• Safety Devices - Remote Trip, Over-speed, Low Vacuum and
Thrust Bearing
• HP/IP Valves - HP Stop and Control Valves, and IP Stop and
Control Valves

76. Amit Prakash 76
POWER PLANT AUTOMATION & CONTROL
Electro-hydraulic Governing System
• Speed Control
• Load Control
• Load Shedding
• Initial Pressure Control

77. Amit Prakash 77
CRITICAL CLOSED LOOPS
• CMC - Boiler Follow / Turbine follow / Coordinated (Utility)
• Header Pressure Control (CPP)
• Combustion - Fuel / Air Flow
• Steam Temperature
• Drum Level
• Furnace Draft
AUTOMATION & CONTROL

78. Amit Prakash 78
AUTOMATION & CONTROL
OPEN LOOP CONTROL
• Interlocking - Safe Startup / Shutdown
• Protection - Emergency Shutdown (Trip)
• Sequencial Control - Efficient Startup / Shutdown
CRITICAL OPEN LOOPS
• ID/FD /PA Fans
• BFP

79. Amit Prakash 79
POWER PLANT
INSTRUMENTATION

80. Amit Prakash 80
POWER PLANT INSTRUMENTATION
• Temperature - T/C & RTD
• Pressure
• Level - DP / Displacement / Hydra Step Drum Level Indicator
• Flow - DP / Annubar / Mag-flow
• Turbine Supervisory - Vibration/ Expansion/ Axial Shift/ Eccentricity
• Steam & Water Analysers - Conductivity/ pH/ DO2/ Silica
• Gas Analysers - O2/ CO2/ CO (in Flue Gas)
Pollution Monitor
H2 Purity (in Generator)