Earth and Space

1. RECAP

2. •What are
earthquakes?

3. •Name and describe
the theory that
explains earthquakes?

5. •Where do
earthquakes
frequently occur?

6. •Differentiate focus
and epicenter.

7. •Define the following:
•Seismology
•Seismologist
•Seismograph

8. •Name and describe
the different types
of seismic waves.

9. • Differentiate Intensity from
Magnitude.
• What scales are used to
measure both?

11. VOLCANOES
are Hot Stuff

15. Volcanoes
• mountain or hill formed by the
accumulation of materials
erupted through one or more
openings (called volcanic
vents) in the earth's surface.

17. What’s inside a volcano?
• Magma
Chamber-
molten rock
that feeds a
volcano
• What is the
difference
between
magma and
lava?

18. What are the parts of a Volcano?
1. VENT- the vent
is the opening
from which lava
flows. Dust,
ash, and rock
particles can
also be thrown
out of the vent.

19. 2. Crater- the top
of the volcano.
It is a funnel
shaped pit. It
is formed when
the material
explodes out of
the vent

20. 3. Volcanic cone-
is the pile of
lava, dust,
ashes, and rock
around the
vent. It can be
found in
different
shapes.

22. Tom Abbott, Biddulph High School and
made available through
www.sln.org.uk/geography and only for
Composite Cone
The volcano is built up
of alternate layers of
LAVA and ASH. They can
explode with great
violence.
Mt St Helens - USA
Conelet
Dyke
Crater
Ash layer
Lava Layer Flank
eruption
Lava
Flow
Crust
Pyroclastic Flow

23. Tom Abbott, Biddulph High School and
made available through
www.sln.org.uk/geography and only for
Shield ( Basic) Cone
Shield Volcanoes are enormous features
built up only from layers of lava. They
produce lots of lava but they tent not to
erupt violently.
Mauna Loa Hawaii -USA
250 miles
10,000m
Composite volcano to scale
Layers of Lava Lava Flow

24. Tom Abbott, Biddulph High School and
made available through
www.sln.org.uk/geography and only for
Ash and Cinder Cone
Paracutin - Mexico
Layers of Ash
and Cinder
Volcanic Bombs
Pipe
The volcano is built
up of layers of ASH.
When it erupts it is
normally with great
explosive force.
3,000m

25. Hawaii
Hot spots
ClassifyMaunaLoa &
Kilauea

26. Materials from Erupting Volcanoes
• Steam / Water Vapor
• CO, CO2, H2S, SO2, HCl, CH4, NH4Cl
• Lava
• Dust and Ash
• Hardened Lava = Cinders
• Bombs

28. In the Philippines
• 46 known volcanoes – 13 are
considered active

29. Philippine Volcanoes
• Taal
• Mayon
• Makiling
• Bulusan
• Canlaon / Kanlaon
• Hibok-Hibok
• Apo
• Banahaw

31. Past Volcanism on Mercury
Abundance of surface craters
No craters more that 50 km in diameter
Evidence of lava-filled craters
Volcanic rock samples predate Earth
Rock samples dated @ >3000 million years ago

32. Volcanic Activity on Venus
80% of the planet’s surface shows volcanic activity
Several million volcanoes have been detected
Venus is (debatably) volcanically extinct
Many volcanoes are several hundred km across, and
thousands of km high

33. NASA Photo: A Volcano on Venus

34. Martian Volcanoes
Mars is almost volcanically extinct; this is debatable
Martian volcanoes are probably all shield-cone types
Mars has at least 3 volcanoes larger than those on Earth
Mars has the largest volcano in the solar system:
Olympus Mons

35. Olympus Mons:
A Shield Volcano
on Mars
Earth’s Largest Volcano: Mauna
Loa
9 km high
120 km across
Olympus Mons:
24 km high
550 km across
x 3 =

36. Volcanoes on Io: A moon of Jupiter
The most volcanically active place in the solar system
At least 8 active volcanoes have been mapped
Plumes extend ≈ 280 km above Io’s surface
Molten rock spews out faster than the speed of sound
The size of Io is ≈ Earth’s moon

37. Io: One of Jupiter’s Moons

38. Io:
Images from Galileo’s Mission
(“Raw” images) (Digitally remastered)

39. Volcanoes on Other Moons of Jupiter:
Europa and Ganymede have “Cryovolcanism!”

40. Triton:
The seventh
(and largest)
of Neptune’s
Moons also
features
“Ice Volcanoes!”

41. ?