Knee complex in involution and its implication on how to avoid graft v1
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Observations on active touch
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Knee complex in involution and its implication on how to avoid graft v1
- 1. Faculty of Human Kinetics Technical University of Lisbon Neuromechanics Research Group Wangdo Kim1,*, Antonio Veloso1, Duarte Araújo3, Maria Machado1, Veronica Vleck2, Liliana Aguiar1, Silvia Cabral1 and Filomena Vieira1 1 Biomechanics Laboratory 2 CIPER (Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Human Performance) 3Sports Expertise Laboratory Faculty of Human Kinetics Technical University of Lisbon Knee Complex in Involution and its implication on how to avoid graft impingement
- 2. BIOMECHANICS AND FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY LABORATORY Aims Observations on active touch The difference between active touch and passive touch is very important for the individual but it has not been emphasized in sensory psychology, and particularly in the experimental literature.
- 3. BIOMECHANICS AND FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY LABORATORY Impingement of the graft
- 5. Freddie H. Fu, M.D.,(傅浩強; pinyin: Fù Hàoqiáng) is a pioneer and authority in sports medicine and recognized as a preeminent leader in orthopaedic surgery and sports medicine across the globe
- 6. Movements and postures are controlled and coordinated to realize functionally specific acts based on the perception of affordances (that is, possibilities for action (Gibson 1979) James Jerome Gibson (January 27, 1904– December 11, 1979), was an American psychologist Edward S. Reed (November 20, 1954 - February 14, 1997) was a philosopher of science and an ecological psychologist in the vein of James J. Gibson. Eleanor J. Gibson (December 7, 1910 – December 30, 2002) was an American psychologist
- 7. The Basic Orienting System Gibson JJ. 1966. The senses considered as perceptual systems: Houghton Mifflin.
- 8. The Statocyst in Relation to Other Organs
- 9. The Limitations of the Vestibular Apparatus
- 10. The frog never falls into the water Ronald A. Howard Dynamic Programming and Markov Processes, The M.I.T. Press, 1960.
- 11. Touch and Posture are Covariant x y o 1 2 3 4 x y o a a b b 1 2 3 4 x y o a a b b 1 2 3 4
- 12. "You think too much." x y o 1 2 3 4 x y o a a b b 1 2 3 4 x y o a a b b 1 2 3 4
- 13. Original system of knee complex in involution Kim W, Kohles SS. 2012. A reciprocal connection factor for assessing knee-joint function. Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering 15:911-917.
- 14. The Nut in Screw Theory The lack of duality The concept of “aggregate” Griffis M, Rico JM. 2003. The nut in screw theory. Journal of Robotic Systems 20:437-476.
- 15. the linear line complex (LLC)of an Instantaneous screw Huang C, Kuo W, Ravani B. 2008. On the linear line complex and helicoidal vector field associated with homologous lines of a finite displacement. Mechanism and Machine Theory 43:138-146.
- 16. Fiber tractography imaging and LLC Individual muscle fiber p pole polar plane q Kim W, Espanha M, Veloso A, Araújo D, João F. 2013a. An Informational Algorithm as the Basis for Perception- Action Control of the Instantaneous Axes of the Knee. J Nov Physiother 3:2.
- 17. The Axes of Rotation of the Knee Kim W, Veloso A, Araújo DK, SS. 2015. Novel computational approaches characterizing knee physiotherapy. Journal of Computational Design and Engineering 1:55-66
- 18. The Ball–Disteli diagram and its relevance to functional knee joint Sir Robert Stawell Ball (1840- 1913) Martin Disteli, (1862-1923) Dresden, Karlsruhe Ball R. 1900. A treatise on the theory of screws: Cambridge University Press. Jessop CM. 1903. Treatise on the Line Complex: American Mathematical Society.
- 19. The Ball-Disteli diagram S T IAK X Z (mm) Y 0 bb
- 20. A system of lines in two LLC in involution forms a LLC twist about the two screw on S and T on the cylindroids (S, T) by a single twist about a single screw -100 0 100 200 300 400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 Knee instantaneous axes Ground reaction forces -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 -500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 X (mm) Y (mm) Z (mm) -50 0 50 100 -100 -50 0 50 100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 Lat 1 (a) X (mm)Y (mm) Z (mm) -300 -200 -100 0 100 -100 -50 0 50 100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 Lat 1 (b) X (mm)Y (mm) Z (mm) Kim W, Veloso AP, Araújo D, Vleck V, João F. 2013. An informational framework to predict reaction of constraints using a reciprocally connected knee model. Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering:1- 12.
- 21. Relationship between two bodies in contact for motion transmission between parallel axes Dooner DB. 2002. On the Three Laws of Gearing. Journal of Mechanical Design 124:733-744. Common normal to the point of contact Pitch Point
- 22. The position of the tibial femoral tunnel can be customized 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Z(mm) X (mm) Y (mm) -0.2-0.15-0.1-0.0500.050.10.150.2 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Z(mm) Y (mm) X (mm) -0.2 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 X(mm) Y (mm) -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 -100 -50 0 50 100 Z(mm) X (mm) Y (mm) Knee Thigh Shank Directrix 2 Directrix 1
- 23. Reconstructed system of knee complex in involution Blumensaat’s line Point of contact c F V T V
- 24. BIOMECHANICS AND FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY LABORATORY Conclusion The layout of physical surfaces, according to this theory, is perceived by the way of the disposition of body members when touch and posture are covariant. It is not that sensations from the skin and the joint are blended or fused when they occur together, as most modern practitioners believed.
- 25. a simple spring-mass system Claire T. Farley Leg stiffness is not directly related to hopping mechanics, but, rather, to the hopping environment. Kim W, João F, Tan J, Mota P, Vleck V, Aguiar L, Veloso A. 2013b. The natural shock absorption of the leg spring. Journal of Biomechanics 46:129-136.
- 26. Thank you! The world is a meaningful environment of an animal.
Editor's Notes
- Two prominent surgeons, Freddie Fu and Charlie Brown, have been working on the idea of anatomical ACL reconstruction. They would stand up at meetings and say “I’ve done 5,000 ACL reconstructions and looking back at what I was doing I now think that I put 5,000 ACLs in the wrong place because we now know that we have been putting it in the wrong place. Although we can get an excellent clinical result, almost everyone that has an ACL reconstruction will eventually go on to develop osteoarthritis.”
- Recalling our frog pond, we can picture a game where the player receives an amount of money R ij if the frog jumps pad i to pad j. As some of the R ij might be negative, the player on occasion would have to contribute to the pot. Although his jumps may be random, the frog never falls into the water. In probability theory and statistics, a Markov process or Markoff process, named after the Russian mathematician Andrey Markov, is a stochastic process that satisfies the Markov property. A Markov process can be thought of as 'memoryless': loosely speaking, a process satisfies the Markov property if one can make predictions for the future of the process based solely on its present state just as well as one could knowing the process's full history. i.e., conditional on the present state of the system, its future and past are independent.[1]
- As shown in Figure 6, a thin rectangular plate is supported on a frictionless horizontal plane (z = 0) with four circular shaped pegs arranged in configuration (a), (b) and (c). The contact between the plate and the peg is assumed frictionless point contact. Determine the wrench (force/torque) exerted on the plate by the four pegs respectively and write the four wrenches in a 6 x 4 matrix for configuration (a), (b) and (c) respectively. (6 marks) The plate is allowed to move only on the horizontal plane. Based on the configurations of the pegs, determine the directions of the unconstrained instantaneous motion (the directions of the twist motion) of the plate for configuration (a), (b), and (c) respectively, if there is any. For case (a), 4 wrenches can only constrain the plate in X- and Y- direction. It cannot constrain the rotation in Z-direction, i.e., the reciprocal twist motion is in [0,0,0,0,0,1]. For case (b), the 4 wrenches can partially constrain the plate in all 3 directions. However, as the peg are arranged in such a way that a twist motion in the CW Z-direction rotation cannot be constrained. This can be reflected in the linear combination of the 4 wrenches that the torque in Z-direction is always positive. For case (c ), the 4 wrenches can fully constrain the plate in 3 directions. Hence, there is no unconstrained twist motion.
- A reciprocal connection scenario compatible with a single DOF of the right knee joint about $. Here the vectors associated with the five constraints $i´ intersect the axis of $. The five intersections are indicated by the markers. In this model, for simplicity, the LCL as indicated is not included. (Kim and Kohles, 2011) Original system of knee complexes in involution: Five constraints s are collectively reciprocal to the instantaneous screw , indicated as . That the virtual coefficient should vanish is the necessary and the sufficient conditions (Kim et al., 2013e), or the pair ( and ) are in involution, The instantaneous axis of the knee (IAK) is guided by the constraints of the anterior cruciate ligaments (ACL), posterior cruiciate ligament (PCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL), and articular contact in the medial (P1) and lateral (P2) compartments. Note that no combination of the constraint forces that might be generated at the will result in a turning at the and no angular velocity at the will cause the constraint force to do any work at the points on medial and lateral contacts. In the language of Plűcker a system of lines in involution forms a linear complex as defined in Figure 2. Note that a system of lines thus defined belongs to a screw five-system, when six lines, , are so situated that forces acting along them equilibrate when applied to the knee joint, which is free to twist about the IAK. We speak of the six lines so related as being in involution. (The figure was originally published by Kim and Kohles (2011)).
- If any screw motion about a certain axis be given to the lines forming a linear complex, these lines still remain within the complex. If all the lines of a complex are subjected to a screw motion about the axis, the complex itself is not altered.
- Fiber tractography imaging of a portion of the gastrocnemius lateralis muscle generated in a healthy subject. The images were generated with one region of interest, correspondent to the muscle boundary where the anatomical cross-section area was maximal. The subject’s leg was placed parallel to the magnetic imaging field. The pole and pole plane within a single muscle fiber are shown. Adapted from the original figure published in Kim et al. (2013a).
- The knee joint provides the instantaneous screw which is reciprocal to the impulsive ground reaction force . No combination of angular velocity about the axis will cause instantaneous translational movement, while any force at the ground contact will not cause a rotation about . The reaction forces (and torques) of the GRF will then be taken up by the musculoskeletal structures with the limb. Muscle contraction and GRF are compounded into a wrench, which is limited to a plane of COP and reciprocal to the IAK. The reciprocal forces reside in the plane is resolved into component wrenches belonging to the reciprocal screw system of the five components as indicated in the Figure 1. We established a framework for the estimation of reaction of constraints about the knee, in vivo medial and lateral contact force, using a process that is simplified by the judicious generation of IAK for the first order of freedom in equilibrium. Adapted from the original figure published in Kim et al. (2013a).
- (1962) “Rediscovered” the cylindroid and work of Ball • Revived screw theory in 1960s • Applied to spatial mechanisms • Hunt – (1979) Kinematic Geometry of Mechanisms – (2004) Robots and Screw Theory (with J. Davidson) • Phillips – (1984) Freedom in Machinery Vol.1 – (1990) Freedom in Machinery Vol. 2 – Based on synthetic (i.e. descriptive methods)
- The complexes are said to be themsleves in Involution The upward pressure of the surface of support on the ventral side of the foot provides, for every terrestrial animal, a constant background of stimulation. It is covariant with the continuous input of the appropriate receptors of the articular motion in the knee joint already mentioned. Together they provide what the ordinary person calls the “sense of support.” The axis of gravity and the plane of the ground provide the basic frame of reference for tactual space perception. Active touch, as will appear, yields clear perceptions of environmental space in the absence of vision.