BS Education. General mathods of teaching

1. Art of Teaching (Pedagogy)
Dr Muhammad Najam ul Kashif
Dr Najam ul Kashif

2. Learning objectives
1. What is teaching?
2. What is the purpose of teaching?
3. What is the process of teaching?
4. What are the types of teaching?
5. What are the various teaching methods?
6. What are the qualities of good teaching?
7. How best to teach?
8. How to assess your teaching?
Dr Najam ul Kashif

3. Performance objectives
One can perform
1. Better in communicating a message to
any audience in future.
2. He can use any one of the methods as
such or with modifications in future.
3. One can develop automatism and ex-
tempore teaching by understanding
these concepts and practices.
Dr Najam ul Kashif

4. L1.What is teaching?
Dr Najam ul Kashif

5. What is teaching?
• Teaching is a process intended for learning
by inducing a behavioural change in the
taught.
• It is an art of communicating a message with
impact on audience.
• Pedagogy is an art or profession of teaching.
Dr Najam ul Kashif

6. •L2.Purpose of teaching
Dr Najam ul Kashif

7. Why teaching
•Teaching creates
knowledge, awareness and
feelings in the taught and
brings about behavioral
change.
Dr Najam ul Kashif

8. L3. PROCESS OF TEACHING
Dr Najam ul Kashif

9. Teaching process
• Teacher Message Taught
• Well (CABS)
prepared CLEAR, SENSITIZED
AND RECEPTIVE
ACCURATE
BRIEF
SPECIFIC
• No
Communication
barriers
Dr Najam ul Kashif

10. Learning cycle
COGNITIVE
DOMAIN
KNOWING
KNOWLEDGE ATTITUDE PRACTICE
PSYCHOMOTOR AFFECTIVE
DOMAIN DOMAIN
BEING DOING
TEACHING
Dr Najam ul Kashif

11. •Teacher learns while
teaching
Dr Najam ul Kashif

12. Teaching equips
• Cognitive domain with knowledge and
psychomotor domain with feelings and interest.
• Both these domains affect the affective domain to
do or practice.
• If this practicing of teaching is done on regular
basis with positive feeling ,liking for the subject ,
subject will be internally absorbed and retained
(internalization)
• Whenever it is needed, the cognitive domain
provides or recalls the stored facts and concepts
automatically( automatism)
• Then one can profess about the subject.
Dr Najam ul Kashif

13. Who is a Professor?
• Once the affective domain is enriched with
knowledge and positive attitude
Internalization of the subject ( subject will be
assimilated) will occur.
• Internalization will lead to development of
automatism( recalling the concepts and the
facts about subject automatically) and
command over the subject.
• Then he can profess about that subject
(becomes a professor)
Dr Najam ul Kashif

14. •L4.TYPES OF TEACHING
Dr Najam ul Kashif

15. TYPES OF TEACHING
•ACTIVE
•PASSIVE
•LEARNER ORIENTED
•TEACHER ORIENTED
Dr Najam ul Kashif

16. ACTIVE TEACHING
Active Learning is a process wherein
students are actively engaged in
building understanding of facts,
ideas, and skills through the
completion of instructor directed
tasks and activities. It is any type of
activity that gets students involved in
the learning process.
Dr Najam ul Kashif

17. PASSIVE TEACHING
Passive teaching is prevalent in the
traditional teaching approach taken
by many teachers in schools.
Teachers deliver lectures for majority
time and there is little opportunity
for student input through discussion
or experiential exercises
Dr Najam ul Kashif

18. LEARNER ORIENTED TEACHING
Dr Najam ul Kashif

19. TEACHER ORIENTED TEACHING
Dr Najam ul Kashif

20. •L5. METHODS OF
TEACHING
Dr Najam ul Kashif

21. Teaching methods
1. Lecture
2. Lecture discussion
3. Seminar
4. Symposium
5. Panel discussion
6. Group discussion
7. Tutorials
8. Role play
9. Integrated teaching (horizontal and vertical)
10. Talking point sessions
11. Workshops
12. Conferences Dr Najam ul Kashif

22. •L6. QUALITIES OF GOOD
TEACHING
Dr Najam ul Kashif

23. Criteria of good teaching
• Good Concept ( thorough preparation)
• Organized Content( lesson planning)
• Good Quality and optimum quantity
• Sequence
• Relevance
• Learner oriented
Dr Najam ul Kashif

24. L7.How to teach?
Dr Najam ul Kashif

25. TEACHING PRACTICE
1.SET INDUCTION
2.INTRODUCING TOPIC
3.TOPIC ORGANIZATION
4.REINFORCING OR STIMULATING
5.SUMMARIZING
Dr Najam ul Kashif

26. Set induction
• Bringing the mood of the audience into the
topic.
• Make sure that your audience is ready to
receive the message you are going to deliver
by any means which will make them
attentive and receptive like:
1. Verbal questioning
2. Handouts
3. Problem/exercises
Dr Najam ul Kashif

27. Introduction to the topic
• Introduce the topic to the
students by means of
1.Title
2.Learning objectives
3.Performance objectives
Dr Najam ul Kashif

28. Organizing the topic
• Prepare lesson plan keeping in mind
1. Relevance
2. Sequence
3. Editing
4. Time management
Dr Najam ul Kashif

29. Reinforcement
• Make the lesson both comprehensive and
interesting by Reinforcing with
1. Facts and figures
2. Problems/exercises
3. Giving Examples
4. Making it a two way lecture discussion
by asking few questions( particularly
the students who are not attentive).
Dr Najam ul Kashif

30. Stimulation
• Make it more interesting and lively by
1. Repetition of the main points
2. Stressing the important ones
3. Pauses to make something more
effective
4. Relevant personal experiences
5. Purposeful body movements, gestures,
voice modulations, eye contact etc.
Dr Najam ul Kashif

31. Teacher is the main one
•Teacher teaches
( not the black board, OHP
or PPT)
Dr Najam ul Kashif

32. Teaching flows
• Teaching is a flow of thoughts
( stream of thoughts).
• It is a continuous process ,
hence there should be no
unwanted interruptions.
Dr Najam ul Kashif

33. Stream of thoughts
Dr Najam ul Kashif

34. Summarizing
• Summarize your lecture
• By checking whether you have explained all the
learning objectives you have chosen.
• Just repeat your learning objectives giving
stress on main points.
• Please note that summarization is not
evaluation or assessment of impact of your
lecture. It completes just delivery of lecture, but
does not measure the impact of lecture on the
audience.
Dr Najam ul Kashif

35. L8. EVALUATION OR
ASSESSMENT
Dr Najam ul Kashif

36. Impact assessment
• Can be done in several ways
• One sided (by teacher
himself)
• Two sided (teacher and
student)
• third party assessment
Dr Najam ul Kashif

37. Evaluation
• Self designed using the
understanding of the learning
objectives of the lecture as criteria.
Or
• Basing on the basics of any lecture
like the content, quality of
presentation, assignment, etc.
Dr Najam ul Kashif

38. Learning objectives score
• You can give points to components of lecture and
grade yourself or get it done by the student or third
party.
• Example: 10 marks score
• 1 mark each for Set induction, Organizing lesson,
Reinforcement, Stimulation, Vocal clarity,
Expressions , Relevance, Sequence,
Preparation of slides, Usefulness to the student,
Excellent lecture= scored 8-10 points; good
lecture=6-8 points; average lecture=4-6
points; poor lecture=<4 points
Dr Najam ul Kashif

39. •Worthy points to
remember regarding
teaching
Dr Najam ul Kashif

40. Teaching
•Teaching is an art (not
just reading from a
book and reproducing
in the class room).
Dr Najam ul Kashif

41. Teaching dimensions
•Teacher development is
mutual with the student
development and vice
versa.
Dr Najam ul Kashif

42. Managing the students
Don’t throw the blame on the
students for your failure to create an
impact with your lecture.
Students are immature, less skilled,
emotional and You are mature, more
skilled and composed.
Best way to control the students is by
giving them best lectures.
Dr Najam ul Kashif