1. Polyethylene Terephthalate Vs. PLA
PET(Polyethylene Terephthalate) vs PLA(Polylactide), which one is better or worse than the other?
Both of these polymer is used in the world today. PET is perhaps the more famous one because of its
cheap prices and many uses. 30 % of the global demand for PET happens to be plastic bottles. PLA
the other type of polymer is just now gaining momentum being used as a bottle in the market today.
It is derived from renewable resources (corn) that we can regrow a lot easier than the polymer that
we harvest from trees. In my opinion I think there are a few more pros for PET then there are for
PLA. We use some sort of PET merchandise every day. "Polyethylene Terephthalate is a strong,
lightweight plastic resin and form of polyester that closely resembles glass in clarity .... PET is
commonly used in food packaging due to its strong barrier properties against water vapor... PET is
also shatter–resistant, slightly flexible and easy to recycle" (Alpha). As stated above we use PET in
everything that you can think of. If you have a bottle around you, look at the bottom, if it says 1 in ...
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They are made by "Fermenting corn to produce lactic acid, which is then polymerized to make
polylactic acid" (Hitachi). It can be made into almost anything that PET can be made into. It also
does it with about 68 percent less fossil fuel resources. Making it one of the few green material. PLA
also shares a lot of the same characteristics as PET. One that only PLA has is that it is bio–
degradable. The con of PLA is that it is not recyclable everywhere. There are only a few places that
are capable of breaking down the polymer. One would think that it can just degrade anywhere;
however, they require special chemicals to allow it to break down. So you cannot just throw it out in
your yard and expect it to be gone within weeks or months. Being bio–degradable still makes it
better for the environment then PET. Especially if both the PET and PLA are not
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2.
3. Nail Polish Observation Essay
Observation: One day my mom was doing my sister's nails and decided to do nail art and poured
some nail polish onto a styrofoam plate and before she could put it on the brush it burned a hole
through the plate. After I saw that I decided that when I had to do a science fair project that's what I
would do and here we are. I got the information to do this (like the procedure) from a website called
education.com. I found out chemical name nail polish and styrofoam on sciencefix.com and gal
science.com. Then I asked my Aunt , who is a chemist, would this be a on or above grade level
project she said that it would be appropriate for 7–9 grade chemistry projects. I found out that the
The main ingredient in nail polish is nitrocellulose, which creates
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4.
5. A Recent Public Health Concern Has Implicated Polyethylene...
Specific Aims A recent public health concern has implicated polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
plastics, commonly used in recyclable plastic water bottles, as a common source of carcinogenic
xenoestrogens. Xenoestrogens act as hormone disruptors, and can alter the natural homeostasis of
the human body. Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals has been known to cause cancer,
sexual dysfunction, and problems during puberty. Better understanding exposure to these chemicals
will help improve awareness of the issue and hopefully prevent some exposures. An experiment has
been devised to study the quantity of xenoestrogens present in two common types of water bottles,
BPA free bottles and recyclable single–use plastic water bottles. Due to the ... Show more content on
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Our group of three scientists has access to Kettering University's Applied Biology laboratories
equipped with the necessary instrumentation to perform the biological assays needed to test our
hypothesis. The team's combined experience and background in microbiology, chemistry, and
biology will play a key role in the process. Between us, we have participated in research through
cooperative education and on campus opportunities, as well as completed several upper–level
biology and chemistry courses, including Analytical Chemistry, Biochemistry, Molecular/Cellular
Biology and Biological Techniques. Specific Aim 1: Quantify Any Xenoestrogens Present at
Ambient Temperature (20°C/68°F) A yeast bioassay will be employed to determine what quantity, if
any, of xenoestrogens are present in the water samples taken from a single–use, plastic water bottle
and a BPA–free water bottle, both incubated for 24 hours at ambient temperature (20°C/68°F). The
assay utilizes relatively inexpensive and easy to maintain yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The
yeast used will be MATa leu2–112 ura3–1 trp1–1 his3–11, 15 ade2–1 can1–100GAL SUC2 which
was cotransformed with the DSY219 plasmid containing: pSO4–123 (ER/TRP) for human estrogen
receptor alpha and pSO4–124 (ERE–lacZ/URA) for chemiluminescence (response). The response
will be measured with a standard microplate microluminator for each sample against a
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6.
7. Back in the 1800s most waste that ships carried were...
Back in the 1800s most waste that ships carried were dumped in our oceans without much thought.
The difference from then to now is that the dump 200 years ago was biodegradable dump now about
14.4 million tons of our waste is plastic which is not always biodegradable according to the EPA and
that number is rapidly increasing every year. Our oceans are massively being affected and so are we
in ways unimaginable like the fact that our fish are ingesting chemicals that is in the plastics in the
sea and we are being fed these toxic chemicals. Maybe if citizens have a better understanding of
what is going on in our oceans they'll decide to do something about it. Plastic pollution is the biggest
threat in our oceans as it takes up about 90% of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another major health risk that occurs when our oceans are being polluted is that the seafood
becomes contaminated with chemicals. Chemicals are beginning to move up the food chain and
soon into our plates. Research and studies show that plastic is absorbed by animals when it floats in
waters and when these innocent fish and marine life ingest these foods it is endangering the marine
ecosystem as a whole. Now that we know how it is affecting us how does it reach our oceans to start
with? Some of it does come from ships that are sailing by but 80% of it comes from land. Most
storm drains have a common end point which is into our oceans. And lets say Johnny is waking
down the street and eating a lollipop and he litters the wrapper. Next thing you know it rains and that
wrapper is swept away with the water and into the storm drain. That drain leads into our ocean and
that plastic wrapper is going to be floating for a very long time. These systems are all a cycle but the
problem is the cycle is a one way street and that trash you threw onto the street will never come
back to the street but will stay in our oceans killing marine life. We can't only blame the consumers
for the things occurring in our world. If less plastic packaging were used and more paper or glass
packaging were used it would really benefit the world. Looking at plastic water bottles many say
that they are recycled or reusable but they aren't always
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8.
9. The Benefits Of Bottled Water
Evian, Volvic, Aquafina, Hawaiian Springs, or Fiji, ring a bell? These are the names of famous
bottled water brands. Nowadays, bottled water is extremely popular in America. "Approximately, 85
million bottles of water are consumed every day in the United States" (Gleick). The reason being
that bottled water is convenient, reasonable, and seems healthy. However, the disadvantages of using
bottled water outweigh its benefits; therefore consumers should refrain from buying bottled water.
Bottled water is convenient and reasonable. Today, bottled water is available at a variety of stores,
such as grocery stores and 7 eleven. Moreover, many vending machines throughout the country
carry bottled water. Usually a bottle of water costs around ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Tap water is regulated by the EPA, which requires municipalities to have their water quality tested
annually by certified laboratories, and then provide the results to the public. Bottled water, on the
other hand, is regulated by the FDA, which does not have the regulatory power to require bottled
water companies to test water using certified labs or to provide the results of any testing to the
public. Even if high levels of contaminants are found in the water, companies do not need to report
the test results" (Why bottled water is unhealthy). Several bottled water companies accept the fact
that they use the same water as tap water (Blue Gold). Moreover, health experts have expressed
concern that bottled water might contain chemicals that cause serious health problems. According to
Professor Salzman of Duke University, several studies of bottled water from various brands have
found to contain dangerous chemicals, such as arsenic, benzene, and chloroform (185).These
chemicals are poisonous, and thus consumption of these chemicals can be fatal. Hence, there is little
doubt that drinking bottled water carries risks to human health. Apparently, bottled water is clean
and healthy, but have you ever thought where the water in the bottles came from? Or how the water
is processed before it makes to the shelves? Knowing the answers to these questions is key to
understanding how drinking bottled water affects our
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10.
11. Macromolecules: What Is Polymers?
Polymers
Polymers are large molecules with large molar masses and are composed of many repeating
subunits. Also referred to as macromolecules, polymers both synthetic and natural have a broad
range of properties which play a vital role in everyday life. Polymers range from naturally occurring
biopolymers such as DNA, proteins, cellulose and starches to synthetic plastics including
polystyrene and polyethylene (Shakhashiri). Polymers are synthesised using a chemical process
known as polymerisation, where individual molecules called monomers are reacted to form chains
or three dimensional networks.
A look at the history of polymers reveals that many of the first discoveries were accidental. Since
these discoveries, a whole new area of chemistry ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1839 Edwin Simon discovered a new chemical named Styrol which he had isolated from a natural
resin (EPSA, 2014). Twenty–five years later it was demonstrated that this hard material was actually
a polymer, though the monomer was unstable. By the 1920s, new developments had stabilised it
with the addition of small amounts of aromatic amines and phenols. This stabilisation led to the
study of polymerisation throughout the 1920s. Thus it was not the discovery of the polymer which
was important but the later development of it.
The polymerisation of polystyrene works on the same principle as that of polyethylene. The pi–bond
between the carbons is broken by the free radical which forms a sigma–bond to the ethyl group. This
allows the second carbon to break another pi–bond, and so on, to form a long chain. Polystyrene is
similar to polyethylene except that it is bonded to a single benzene ring in place of a hydrogen atom,
as shown in Figure 4. This benzene ring consists of six carbon atoms with three
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12.
13. Negative Effects Of Pollution
Pollution is a serious global issue that has occurred for as long as humans have inhabited the planet.
There are several different varieties of pollution, as well as an abundance of materials, both natural
and synthetic, that the earth is contaminated with. Shifrin (2005) states: "To date, wastes remain a
fact of life and there are only three places to dispose of wastes–air, water, or land. Waste
management always involves tradeoffs" (p. 676). Even though Shifrin is correct in his analysis, it
does not excuse the amount of environmental poison that continues to exist today, nor the amount of
environmental problems that it has caused throughout history. The "tradeoffs" of pollution have
devastated entire communities, causing waves of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
952). Low–density polyethylene is very thin and stretchy, while high–density polyethylene is stiffer,
more durable and has a higher melting point than its low–density counterpart. Both of these types of
polyethylene are used to create many different items of plastic, including pipes, toys, and the one
that consumers use every day in grocery stores: the plastic bag.
Issue of Concern
Plastic bags can be found by the hundreds in stores all across the country and in many parts of the
world, but what exactly is a plastic bag? According to Rujnic–Sokele and Baric (2014): "A plastic
shopping bag is a polymer carry bag provided or utilised at the retail point of sale for carrying and
transporting retail goods and which is only
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR POLLUTION 3 intended for one way use" (p. 41).
Therein lies the concern: while they are convenient because of their lightness and durability, when
the consumer no longer has need of them, they are cast aside without a second thought. Littering is
very common, and many individuals simply don't care that they aren't being good stewards of the
earth; this in turn can have a disastrous impact on the environment as it can lead to potential cases of
large–scale buildup in an emergency situation. In an article on plastic waste in the country of Jordan,
M. Saidan, H. Saidan and Ansour (2017) reveal:
In 2012 Amman's tunnels and streets were flooded by rainfall water within a few
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14.
15. Advantages Of Recycling Plastic
Science Fair Research Paper
Zachariah Alzubi and Yosef Ismael
Best Methods of Recycling Plastics
Recycling has grown rapidly over these past few decades. Almost every single household in
America has a recycling bin. You can find recycling bins anywhere like in your school or at a
dumpster nearby and I'm sure there are plenty at home. You can almost recycle anything from glass,
to Styrofoam, and especially plastic. There are many things around your house that are probably
made of plastic, if you're just drinking a water bottle and you finish it toss it in the recycling bin
instead of wasting it in the garbage. You never know, you might end up using that same water bottle
again in the future. Recycling plastics doesn't only benefit the wellbeing of earth itself it also
benefits consumers so they can have a wide range of products made from plastic recycling like the
utensils you eat with or any kitchen gadgets or even your dinner table at home. Recycling plastic
began in 1972 in Conshohocken, Pa. They had the first mill to accept residential plastics and began
their operations there. Then in the 1980s many U.S citizens began curbside collection programs in
which they recycled plastics and other materials that could be recycled. In 1984 is where recycling
really started to expand they had topped over 100 million pounds in recycled plastic for the first
time in US history and from their they continued to expand and the number in recycled plastic
increased and is still increasing
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16.
17. Recycling of Polyethylene Terephthalate Essay
Recycling of Polyethylene Terephthalate
In the United States, over 245 million tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) was produced by
consumers in 2005. This is approximately 4.5 pounds of trash per person per day.[3] This same year,
79 million tons of waste were recycled, a dramatic increase from 15 million tons in 1980.[3] Of the
total MSW in 2003,11.1% (26.7 million tons) was plastic. Although only 3.9% of plastics disposed
in 2003 were recycled, PET was recovered at a rate of 25%.[4]
There are six classifications of plastics, each assigned a number. Numbers 1 and 2 are commonly
recycled, 4 is recycled less, and the others are generally not recycled. The first is polyethylene
terephthalate (PET).[2] PET is commonly used in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Other plastics, marked with a 7, are made of mixtures of plastics and have no recycling potential.[2]
The plastic Grace and I chose was polyethylene terephthalate. It is used for water and soft drink
bottles, peanut butter jars, and other impact–resistant bottles as well as textiles.[1] PET is a semi–
crystalline, thermoplastic polyester.[6] Its mechanical properties include excellent tensile and impact
strength, chemical resistance, clarity, processability, color ability and thermal stability. PET is
mechanically processed by extrusion, injection molding, and blow molding.[1] The post consumer
PET recycling industry was initiated by the fact that it is non–degradable in nature, since its
molecules are too large to decompose.[1] There are four methods of processing PET: primary,
mechanical, chemical, and energy recovery.[6] Primary recycling is the most popular, inexpensive
method as it deals only with uncontaminated, clean waste PET. This ensures a quality product.
Mechanical recycling of PET consists of contamination removal and extrusion into the appropriate
shape for the desired use after recycling. In contamination removal, the PET bottles are sorted,
ground into flakes, and washed. PVC must be separated from bottles in order to keep the product as
pure as possible.[1] After grinding, flakes are washed with water and detergent or a solvent. Flakes
must be dried thoroughly in order to obtain a quality product. Finally, flakes are
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18.
19. A List Of Main Competitors Essay
A List of Main Competitors
Plastic Revolutions, Inc.(PRI) is headquartered in Reidsville, North Carolina and operates primarily
on the east coast. The company recycles various grades and forms of plastic scrap and post–
consumer plastic, but their focus is on High Density Polyethylene(HPDE). After a basic Google
search, we found a few local competitors including Reily Recovery Systems, Inc., located in Haw
River, North Carolina and New Life Plastic Recycling, Inc., located in Burlington, North Carolina
and various other companies along the east coast. To confirm which companies were main
competitors, we contacted Ed Handy, General Manager at Plastic Revolutions, Inc. He confirmed
that KW Plastics, headquartered in Troy, Alabama and Envision Plastics, also located in Reidsville,
North Carolina, were their main competitors (E. Handy, personal communication, October 14,
2016).
PRI's Strengths Compared to the Competition
Plastic Revolutions, Inc is "one of only two companies in the region that can process high molecular
weight HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) and produces extremely clean HDPE flakes and pellets
(PRI, Challenge Instructions)."
Plastic Revolutions is also one of the only domestic recycling firms to hold the ISO 9001
Registration. The ISO 9001 is a standard based on quality management principles including strong
customer focus, attention of top management, and a process of continual improvement ("ISO 9000
Quality Management," 2016). These principles ensure
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20.
21. The Pros And Cons Of Pollution
Pollution is a serious global issue that has been occurring for as long as humans have inhabited the
planet. There are many different varieties of pollution, as well as an abundance of materials, both
natural and synthetic, that the earth has been contaiminated with. Shifrin ( 2005), states: "To date,
wastes remain a fact of life and there are only three places to dispose of wastes–air, water, or land.
Waste management always involves tradeoffs." (p. 676). Even though Shifrin is correct in his
analysis, it does not excuse the amount of environmental poison that continues to exist today, nor the
amount of environmental problems that it has caused throughout history. The "tradeoffs" of
pollution have devastated entire communities, causing waves of sickness and death in their wake.
According to Shifrin (2005):" Water–borne contagious disease still caused devastating epidemics in
the early 1900s, compounded by growing, congested populations. Air pollution also grew to a high
priority by midcentury because its impact was so observable and immediate." (p. 676). Generally,
these diseases were spread through poor sanitary practices as well as the overwhelming volume of
pollution that was generated by so many indivduals with little knowledge about what the adverse
effects on the overall environment would be.
A substance that is ubiquitous in many countries is plastic. Kale, Deshmukh, Dudhare, and Patil
(2015) report: ".Plastic is defined as the polymer which become mobile on
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22.
23. Reusing Plastic Bottles Research
Introduction:
Enough plastic is thrown away each year to circle the earth four times and 50% of the plastic we
use, we only use once and is thrown away. There is initiate ways for plastic bottles to be reused in a
scientific way. We are investigating how the air pressure we can create in a bottle will affect how
high or low it travels. In the process we will be reusing plastic bottles. Will the product inside of the
bottle be significant to the explosion it will make? If a certain amount of alcohol is inserted in the
bottle will the rocket malfunction?
Materials:
Description and Properties
Plastic is a material composed of a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic compounds that
are malleable and be molded into solid objects. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although heavy and brittle, hardened clay and glass were used for storage. Some natural substances
were sticky and moldable. Rubber wasn't very useful for storage because it eventually lost its ability
to leap back into shape and became sticky when heated. The way plastics are manufactured has
evolved from the use of natural plastic materials to the use of chemically modified, natural materials
and finally to completely synthetic molecules. Early plastics were bio–derived materials, which are
organic polymers. In 1600 BC, Mesoamericans used natural rubber for balls, bands, and figurines. In
1839, Charles Goodyear discovered a process in which sulfur reacted with crude rubber when
heated and then cooled. The rubber became resilient upon cooling, it could stretch, but it snapped
back to its original shape. It also retained its flexibility when heated. We now know that the sulfur
forms chemical bonds between adjacent rubber polymer strands. The bonds cross–link the polymer
strands, allowing them to go back to normal when stretched. Goodyear had discovered the process
now known as vulcanization, which made rubber more
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24.
25. Winsome Manuacturing Company
Winsome Manufacturing Company
A company that produces plastic storage containers and sells them to the home consumer through
home sales events; Winsome provides low cost, tight–tolerance, precisely engineered products
closer to home here in the United States. WMC includes a fully automated production facility which
eradicates human involvement in the molding process. The potentials of our plastic manufacturing
company allow the customers to do business in the US instead of moving to other places.
Introduction:
In the past 25 years, the packaging industry has undergone a spectacular development. The
development of a wide range of polymers has brought about the form of plastic containers of all
descriptions, replacing the traditional ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This will provide us with a fallback position in the unlikely event of interruption of our primary
source.
Cost variation: Polyethylene resins are closely tied to the oil market and have been known to rise
and fall as a result of changes in price of crude. Winsome plastics consider we have planned
successfully for this possibility, both as a buyer and as a seller.
Economic Influences: The variety of the regional market of Winsome containers includes a wide
collection of separate industries that are not normally interdependent. In their order of importance,
Winsome ranks our target industries as follows: Agro–Chemical, Industrial Chemical, Food, Paint,
Ink, and Varnish, Soaps and Industrial Cleaners, Lube–Oil (potential)
Due to the diversification of company's target market, Winsome plastic's feels that risks inherent of
an economic decline are rounded by the scattering of our projected customer base. (Replay Plastics,
2011)
Points to discuss with the manager;
What detailed products or services will be provided?
The product will be a room–sized plastic storage unit suitable to the outside of the home; it is
comparable to a competitor 's product but will have
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26.
27. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Domestic Waste: Become A...
Executive Summary:
Waste has become a global problem. It has become very necessary to address this problem, so that
energy problems can be solved. 50 million tonnes of domestic waste is produced every year, and this
is a health hazard. Domestic waste is nothing but paper, kitchen waste, and plastic.
Plastic is the common term for a wide range of synthetic or semi–synthetic materials used for a huge
and growing range of applications. We can find plastic in most of the items that we use today, such
as our clothes, utensils, toys, bottles etc.
It is a known fact the plastic is a non–biodegradable item. Non–biodegradable means that it cannot
be decomposed by natural processes. As a result, plastic products persist and hence harm the
environment. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
into the atmosphere.
ADVANTAGES OF RECYCLING PLASTIC:
Protects Environment: The most important benefit of recycling is that it helps in protecting the
environment in a balanced manner. For example, by using recycled paper, we can reduce
deforestation to an extent. A number of other natural resources can be reused this way.
Reduces Energy Consumption: A large amount of energy is consumed by processing raw materials
at the time of manufacture. Recycling helps to minimize energy consumption, which is crucial for
massive production, such as mining or refining. This also makes the production process very cost–
effective for manufacturers.
Reduces Pollution: Industrial waste today is the main source of all types of pollution. Recycling of
plastic helps to cut down pollution levels considerably, as these materials are re–used.
Reduces Global Warming: Recycling helps to alleviate global warming and its ill effects. Recycling
ensure that the burning process is minimized and any waste is re–generated as a useful product with
minimal harmful impact on the
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28.
29. The Environmental Effects Of Plastic Shopping Bags
Originally patented in 1965, the single–use plastic shopping bag has since become ubiquitous in
America and around the world. Plastic bags were first introduced in grocery stores in 1977, and by
the early 2000s they constituted 80% of the market for shopping bags (Laskow). These bags caught
on because they were stronger, lighter, waterproof, and many people found them easier to carry than
paper. Most importantly though, they were cheaper, meaning retail stores had strong incentives to
make them available to customers and promote their use (Petru). In other words, plastic bags
became popular, and remain so today, because they are convenient. However, this convenience does
not take into account the environmental effects associated with their production, distribution, and
disposal. Once these aspects of their use are considered, it is clear that the convenience of plastic
shopping bags do not justify the harms to the ecosystem caused by their existence.
Plastic bags are usually made out of high–density polyethylene (HDPE), a strong, durable plastic
made from ethylene monomers (Clark). 134 million metric tons of ethylene are produced each year
as of 2014, with 28% of that production going towards the manufacture of HDPE (Lazonby,
"Ethene"). Ethylene is produced from oil and natural gas, and in the process has significant
environmental consequences. According to a 2013 study by Ghanta, Fahey, and Subramaniam
published in the journal Applied Petrochemical Research, "For ethylene produced from naphtha and
ethane [the two main sources of ethylene], the energy expended during the extraction and ocean–
based transportation of fossil fuel sources (crude oil and natural gas) contributes significantly to
adverse environmental impacts such as GHG [greenhouse gas] emissions, acidification, and eco–
toxicity." To make ethylene, fossil fuels must be extracted, transported, and processed (Lazonby,
"Ethene"). Then the ethylene must be processed to make HDPE (Lazonby, "Poly(Ethene)"). HDPE,
in the form of plastic pellets, is then transported to the plastic bag manufacturer. The manufacturing
process of Novolex, a maker of plastic packaging products that sells bags under the brand name
Hilex Poly ("Company Overview"), is described
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30.
31. How Does A High Density Polyethylene Brick Differ From A...
Abstract:
Every year millions of tons of plastic are dumped around the world. Every year hundreds of
thousands of people lose their homes due to fires or natural disasters. 1.6 billion people in the world
are homeless and have nowhere to call home but by using my idea of using/melting plastic (high–
density polyethylene) and comparing it to standard building materials that make houses , it will
enable hundreds of thousands of people to have a place that they call home and it will create jobs as
well.
Investigative question:
How does a high density polyethylene brick differ from a clay bricks in different tests for
construction?
Hypothesis:
The high density polyethylene brick is more resistant to the construction tests than a ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The hdpe brick was the better of the two bricks and is a possible substitute for construction in place
of a normal clay brick.
Discussion:
The experiment could have gone wrong by burning the plastic in the oven or making a different
shaped brick with different dimensions. My results are accurate because I have
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32.
33. Thermo Catalytic Degradation Of Waste Polythene Into...
Thermo catalytic Degradation of Waste Polythene into lubricants using Zeolite
Mr. Amol Vagad Department of Instrumentation Engineering,
MCT's Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology,
Mumbai, India amolvagad@gmail.com ABSTRACT: Waste polythene primarily in the form of used
polythene bags, comprises of most of the plastic pollution caused in India. Many processes have
been developed to combat this issue which includes pyrolysis and catalytic cracking. This paper
states an experiment that was carried out using catalytic cracking using Zeolite (ZSM–5). The
catalyst in presence of heat helped to break down the polymer molecules. The experiment gave a
product which consisted of 80% grease. The obtained product can be used for various industrial and
domestic applications where lubrication is required. The recyclable nature of the catalyst makes this
process efficient, affordable as well as environment friendly.
KEYWORDS: polythene, pyrolysis, catalytic cracking, Zeolite, grease.
I.INTRODUCTION
Pollution due to waste plastic has been a very largeissue in countries like India and China in the
Asian region. India generates 5.6 million tones of plastic waste annually. In this large plastic waste
there is a large share of the metro cities [4].
Table1.1: Plastic Consumption In India (ASSESSMENT OF PLASTIC WASTE AND ITS
MANAGEMENT AT AIRPORTS AND RAILWAY STATIONS IN DELHI, CBFC, 2009)
Indian capital New Delhi generates almost 690 tonnes of plastic everyday of which only 40
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34.
35. Case Study Of Wei Lee Polythene
Wei Lee Polythene started its humble beginning long year ago to establish a great name in providing
outstanding plastic products in the market and our company is well known in providing excellent
products that satisfies the customer's requirements. Our company has a wide range of plastic
products such as Clear LDPE Bags, Clear HDPE Bags, Clear, Zipper Bags, Clear Polypropylene
Bags, Amide & Silicon Oil Free Bags, Anti – Static Bags and Garbage & Grocery Bags. Wei Lee
Polythene makes sure that every details and design of our products are precise and no damage, we
guarantee that all of our products are tested and safe to use. We provide business in different
industries which are in needs of plastic products like supermarkets, commercial, industrial, ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These HDPE Plastic Bags which we provide are lightweight and easy to use for packing and storing
of objects. Our Clear HDPE Bags which is designed with a high tensile strength to ensure the
quality of the plastic and to guarantee that this HDPE Bags is not easy to worn out and break. We
offer this Transparent HDPE Bags that are safe to use, it doesn't contain any harmful substances that
can affect the health or contaminate any food and products. We offer varieties of Clear Zipper Bag
that are durable and usable in a wide range of applications and it is made from the finest plastic
material for the assurance of its quality. Our Zipper Bags will help you to store your valuable
materials without the necessity of providing bigger space and also provide well organize and clean
storage for your materials. This Clear Zipper Bag which Wei Lee Polythene offers are very
convenient to use, it is lightweight, handy and durable, and will surely secure anything and
everything that will be put on
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36.
37. The Pros And Cons Of Plastics In Sri Lanka
3
The consumption of plastic increase because there are many development project and population
rising. Plastic material growth is the innovation of newer areas that have development such as
increasing plastics applications in automobile, transportation, defense and aerospace, medical and
healthcare,electronic devices, construction and furniture.(Tandel 2015).
In Sri Lanka, manufacturing of plastic consumer products and packages and industrial polymers is a
growing industry that developed over 45 years. Currently there are about 400 companies in Sri
Lanka involved in plastic industry. In addition, significant amount of plastic enters to Sri Lanka as
imported plastic products and goods. Sri Lanka imports about 500,000 metric tons of virgin plastic
in every year according to Central Environmental Authority (CEA). Per capita consumption of
plastic is about 6 kg per annum in Sri Lanka. Furthermore, the waste composition data showed that
plastic waste in municipal solid waste stream is about 5 to 15% which often ended up in dumpsite
(Gunarathna 2010). etion coding system was developed to allow recyclers to efficiently ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Plastic pollution has directlyor indirectly caused injuries and deaths ,that scientists have
documented. These problems are because of various reasons which include poisoning due to
consumption of plastics, suffocation due to entanglement in plastic nets etc. The millions of tons of
plastic bottles, bags, and garbage in the world's oceans are breaking down and leaching toxins
posing a threat to marine life and humans. Some marine species, such as sea turtles, have been found
to contain large proportions of plastics in their stomach.. Income cases small bits of plastics are
accidently consumed by animals. by another will cause the plastics to travel up the food chain. This
may cause serious health hazards in a wide array of creature(Michelle Allsopp, Adam Walters,
David Santillo
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38.
39. The Benefits Of Physical Therapy
It is often thought that only medicine allows you to diagnose and treat diseases or problems whether
physical or mental. Physical therapy isn't classified as a medicine carrier. In physical therapy you
will see how experienced therapists will diagnose minor to mayor problems or injuries and give the
best treatment to regain certain movements and mobility. It is certainly an opportunity to help others
in need. It has its branches and specialties, different opportunities and experiences. Not only athletes
or fitness pros need these special treatment programs, but regular people of our society will benefit
of this great option. As a carrier, it should be taken into consideration for all the benefits you give to
others yet receive as experience and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These exercises involve constant and repetitive motion, such as "squatting" and "lifting", yet people
felt great. Why not physical therapy? You'll get the chance to fully help your clients or patients to
their full potential and you will feel great by the end of the day after helping someone. The fact that
you helped that poor kid with a broken leg enjoy playing soccer again after a few months, and
helped a friend's mother get her arm use back to drink some tea with her friends, won't just give you
a smile but a lasting satisfaction. The world needs people who succeed in life, but also helpers of
those who need it. Think of how would you feel if you sprain your ankle and think the world is over,
but there is a nice and experienced willing person to help you through it every step of the way. It
will take patience and dedication, yet the reward is forever satisfactory. Fitness and physical therapy
will go hand by hand. To think, we athletes will feel relieved after knowing that our therapist is
specialized in the fitness area. It is an option of anybody and everybody. If one enjoyed knowing
about physical therapy, one will surely enjoy practicing as a carrier. Helping people and feeling
satisfied as a job is
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40.
41. Synthetic Polymers Built Up From Multiple Chemical...
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Plastics are commonly used substances which play an important role in almost every aspect of our
lives. The widespread generation of plastics waste needs proper end–of–life management. The
highest amount of plastics is found in containers and packaging's (i.e. bottles, packaging, cups etc.),
but they also are found in durables (e.g. tires, building materials, furniture, etc.) and disposable
goods (e.g. medical devices). Diversity of plastics applications is related with their specific
properties, low density, easy processing, good mechanical properties, good chemical resistance,
excellent thermal and electrical insulating properties and low cost ( in comparison to other
materials) [1].
Polyesters are a class of synthetic polymers built up from multiple chemical repeating units linked
together by ester (CO–O) groups. Polyesters display a wide array of properties and practical
applications. Permanent–press fabrics, disposable soft–drink bottles, compact discs, rubber tires, and
enamel paints represent only a few of the products made from this group [2].
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) is the most commonly used thermoplastic polyester. It is often
called just "polyester" which often causes confusion, because polyester resins are thermosetting
materials. PET is a transparent polymer, with a good mechanical properties and good dimensional
stability under variable load. Moreover, PET has good gas barrier properties and good chemical
resistance [3].
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42.
43. The Effect Of Kaolin On The Mechanical Properties Of...
EFFECT OF KAOLIN ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYPROPYLENE/
POLYETHYLENE COMPOSITE
MATERIAL
Samir Nassaf Mustafa
ABSTRACT :– In this work, the mechanical and water absorption properties of polymer blend
polypropylene (PP) and low density polyethylene (LDPE) at constant ratio (50/50) composites as a
function of kaolin powder weight content in the grain size (100,120 µm) were investigated. Polymer
composite was fabricated by mixing polymer blend ( PPLDPE) with (0, 1, 3 ,5, 10, 14) wt.% of
kaolin powder to obtain desirable properties. The parameters such as tensile strength, tensile
modulus, elongation at break , yield stress, impact strength, shore D hardness and water absorption
test were carried out on the prepared samples. The results showed that the addition of kaolin powder
to the polymer leads to increase the tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, shore–D hardness and
impact strength and it decreases the % elongation at break,. Water absorption of the composites
behaves as function of time (days) has also been investigated, and it increases by increasing
immersion time for the same filler content, while the absorbed amount of water increases, by
increasing the wt% of kaolin at constant immersion time.
Keywords: mechanical properties. polypropylene, low density polyethylene, kaolin, blend, filler.
INTRODUCTION
Polypropylene was proved as one of the most interesting commodity thermoplastics in the last years.
Since polypropylene (PP), are widely used in many
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44.
45. Determination Of Polyethylene Lab Report
IR SPECTROSCOPY: DETERMINATION OF XYLENES USING AN INTERNAL STANDARD
Manal Alrashidi
04/18/2018
CHEM 790.1, sec.01– spring 2018
Chemistry and Biochemistry Department Queens College– CUNY
65–30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11365
Professor Edward G. look
Abstract In this laboratory session, I determined the concentration of p–xylene and m–xylene in two
unknown samples, using o–xylene as an internal standard. The analysis was done using Fourier
Transform Infrared spectrometry. The peak wavelengths of the three isomers were determined, and
standard curves were constructed from the ratio of the absorbance of the characteristic peaks. The
ratio of the concentrations was determined from the Least–Square fitting of the data.
Introduction
Para–xylene belongs to a family of aromatic hydrocarbons of industrial importance and can be
polymerized to obtain parylene or as a starting point to the synthesis of polyethylene terephthalate,
among other uses. The ability to measure and control its concentration in equilibrium with its o– and
m– isomers is therefore of great importance (Fig. 1).
For quantitative purposes internal standard method is of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Calibration curve has many disadvantages like we need a supply of high purity and know
concentration of the analyte material to be a reference, also the analyte and the standard will not be
subjected to same matrix and same interfering compounds and same conditions. Many variables
may interfere or change during the measurement of response of standard and response of analyte.
While if use an internal standard, the measurement will be done at the same run for both the analyte
and standard, thus we eliminate any potential variations between the different runs that would be
needed in calibration curve method. This results in accuracy and
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46.
47. A Brief Note On Polyethylene : How Does The Industry Work?...
Rsm437 Assignment 3
Q1: how does the industry work?
Polyethylene is a petrochemical product that has been widely used in the plastic manufacturing,
such as packaging, trash bins, and food containers. It is produced mainly from the polymerization
process of ethylene, which is an ingredient derived from cracking crude oil and natural gas. There
are three types of polyethylene: low–density polyethylene (LDPE); high density polyethylene
(HDPE); and low linear density polyethylene (LLDPE), and each of them has distinctive
commercial applications.
Polyethylene industry is considered as highly capital intensive since it requires large plant size to
sustain the enormous production capacity and so as to fulfill the huge demand of the industry.
Therefore, in order to be competitive and successful in this industry, the need for economies of scale
is vital, since it contributes to greater revenues and sales volume of the company with a great
proportion of saving in the costs. Also, the industry's profitability is highly correlated to the
company's operating rate, which also refers to the capacity utilization rate of the company. The
higher the percentage of the company's total capacity is being used, the higher profit margins are
accompanied by. However, notice that an excessive operating rate that over–utilizes the company's
available resources would lead to an oversupply of the production in the industry, which pulls down
polyethylene's market price and deteriorates the company's
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48.
49. Polyethylene Essay
advantages, such as light weight, high specific strength and stiffness, excellent energy absorption,
good heat and sound insulation and damping properties [1]. Besides, the polymeric foams are also
characterized by the rich variety of products, being liable to improve their physical and chemistry
properties and easiness of controlling the cellularstructures. It is much easier to obtain their products
with high performance. As one of the most popular foams, polypropylene (PP) foam has attracted
great interest from researchers during the recent decades. PP foam becomes a kind of important
product that is applied widely in vehicle, construction, aviation, packaging, industry and agriculture,
because ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The fractured surfaces of sample from impact test were selected for observation in SEM with the
accelerating voltage of 15 kV. Before examination, the non–conductive samples were sputter coated
with a thin layer of cold. 2.3.3 Characterization of cellular structure of samples With the SEM
picture of cell morphology, an Image Pro Plus software was applied to analyze and count the
diameter (d i) of each cell. Then, the average cell diameter (d ave) and the variance (D) of cells were
obtained according to equations (1) and (2), respectively. The D value represented the uniformity of
cells. The lower Dwas, the more homogenous the distribution of cell diameter became. Then, the
cell density (N), which was calculated by equation (3), was given as the most key parameter to
characterizing the foaming qualities. 0represented the apparent density of foamed and un–foamed
materials, respectively. 2.3.4 Determination of interfacial
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50.
51. Polyethylene Research Paper
Around 150 years ago, there was no such thing as plastic or any synthetic materials that were widely
used. The invention of plastic gave us the ability to produce materials that cannot be made from
natural substances alone. At first the benefit of creating synthetic materials was greatly overlooked
for many years, but over time the benefits became more evident. Polyethylene's first discovery was
actually made on accident. In 1899, Hans von Pechmann discovered polyethylene at the bottom of a
test tube in his laboratory (Sharp 18). He was convinced that this chemical was a waste product that
could be found after chemical reactions had taken place. Making this assumption, he disregarded the
chemical for what seemed to be practical reasons at the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In fact the 1950's and 1960's showed a time of great expansion for the uses of plastic materials. So
much so that in 1976, "plastic surpassed steel in becoming the most widely used material" (Greer
A.25.). With the major technological advancements that occurred around this time in the 1970's,
many technological products today now contain polyethylene or other plastic materials. Some
examples of current technological products that are composed of polyethylene include DVDs,
computer and video games and CDs (Bell 17). It has been proven that the use of polyethylene in
these products has also increased the audio and video capabilities of these products greatly (Bell 17).
CDs made in the last several decades are made from an "injection–molded [form of] polyethylene"
and this material makes the CD less likely to wear down over time (Bell 17). Our entertainment
would be of a much lower quality if polyethylene wasn't used in making CDs and we might have to
rely on other forms of
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52.
53. Total Hip Replacement
Total hip replacement or THR is a clinically effective procedure for the treatment of pain and
disability that arises due to the final stage arthritis of the hip. THR is prescribed for the patients who
do not respond to the options that are non surgical, self management, education of the patient,
physical therapy, acupuncture, and exercise. ( Pivec. et.al,2012). Numerous procedures , a range of
implant designs are available and it is the surgeon who has to decide upon as to which type of
fixation technique should be used and which bearing couple should be chosen, component fixation
method. Both cementless and cemented fixation are used currently for THR surgery. The implants of
total hip replacement consists of acetabular component, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1. Comparison of (a) stiffness, (b) strength and (c) fracture toughness for metals, technical ceramics,
composites and fibre reinforced plastics with respect to those of bone
[23–31]. CF: carbon fibre, GF: glass fibre, PA12: polyamide12, PC: polycarbonate, PE:
polyethylene, PEEK: poly ether ether ketone, PLGA: poly(l–lactic–co–glycolic acid), PLLA:poly(l–
lactic acid), PP: polypropylene, PSU: polysulfone, PTFE: polytetrafluoroethylene, PUR:
polyurethane.
References
Clarke IC, Good V, Williams P, Schroeder D, Anissian L, Stark A, et al.Ultra–low wear rates for
rigid–on–rigid bearings in total hip replacements.Proc Inst Mech Eng H. 2000;214(4):331–47
Lui DF, Bandorf N, Riordan P, Jaweesh O, DuruB, Bennett D. Preoperative comorbidity and
modesof failure in revision hip arthroplasty:a single–surgeon series in a tertiary referral centre.
Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2013;23(3):329–333.
Philpott A,Weston–Simons JS,Grammatopoulos G, et al. Predictive outcomes of revision total hip
replacement–a consecutive series of 1176 patients with aminimum 10–year follow–up.
Maturitas. 2014;77(2):185–190.
Pivec R, Johnson A J, Mears S C, Mont M A. Hip arthroplasty. Lancet 2012; 380 (9855):
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54.
55. Disadvantages Of Drinking Water Bottles
Littering is another problem with these bottles. When people get done using them they just throw
them on the ground, for example, if you go to a ball game and you see everyone drinking Gatorade,
soda, or water and then stay after and you will see all those bottles in the bleachers and on the field
from the players. You start to realize that know one really cares about the environment anyone.
Water bottles or just bottles in general are a big cause on the environment. Although many people do
not care, littering causes a lot of harm to the environment and not many people realize it. Even
though drinking bottle water is widely known as a good choice for your health it comes with great
conflicts. Many schools all around sell bottles of water out of vending machines, although this can
be a bad thing for the environment, but it also helps students from drinking sugary soda. Even
though there are benefits to drinking and using bottled water, there are also many drawbacks.
Bottled water can be healthy, but also just drinking from a water fountain can help yourself and the
environment. Not many people want to drink community fountains because of the germs and all the
people that use them. Even though water is a great need for humans, they normally want to go the
easy way; the bottled water way. Water fountains do have many causes of them, germs that it
collects, and some even lack filtration systems. Bottled water and other plastics can have many
effects, although people have
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56.
57. Dow Chemical Case Study Essay
Dow Chemical Case When Petroquímica Bahia Blanca S.A. (PBB) began the process of becoming
privatized by the Argentine government, Dow Chemicals saw the acquisition of this company as a
golden opportunity to become the leading polyethylene player in Latin America. Dow Chemical's
was already a major player in the chemicals (ethylene), plastics (polyethylene), and agricultural
products industries holding position as a low–cost producer. Breaking each segment of their
business down into these categories respectively, Dow Chemicals was able to generate annual
revenues of 20.2 billion making them the leader in market position worldwide for some chemical
product lines accounting for 7% of global capacity. Dow embraced a strategy ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The Polyethylene industry is driven by demand in innovation of new packaging, raising living
standards and growing populations in emerging markets. The demand in end user markets for
products that are produced for commercial use by Polyethylene. Polyethylene represented
approximately 15% of Dow's total sales and 35% of its operating profit. Dow was the worldwide
leader in production accounting for 7% of the global capacity for the production of ethylene and
polyethylene. Dow Chemical was looking for expansion opportunities in the South American
market. In 1995 the opportunity arose to become apart of the regions ever growing polyethylene
market with in Argentina. Argentina's economy opened up with the elimination of all duties,
Charges and other restrictions in the trade between the members of Mercosur, a trading bloc created
in 1991 which included Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. The petrochemical producers in
Argentina will now be competing with the much larger and advanced Brazilian petrochemical
producers. This caused a big disadvantage for Argentina's largest government controlled
polyethylene plant PBB(Petroquímica Bahia Blanca) complex whose technology and scale was no
longer in line with international standards. So the Argentine government decided to privatize the
plant.
Dow chemicals vice president for business development in Latin America, watch the rapid
transformation occurring in Argentina. He watched the improved standard of living in
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58.
59. Polyethylene Glycol Research Paper
The polymer that I choose is polyethylene glycol (PEG). Polyethylene glycol is produced because of
the interaction with ethylene oxide with water, ethylene glycol or ethylene glycol oligomers. Some
cons of using polyethylene glycol are hypersensitivity, unexpected change in pharmacokinetic
behavior, and toxic side products. PEG is also a laxative that can also be used to prepare the bowels
before surgery. PEG is also used to slow the clearing of protein from the blood. This makes
medicine last longer in the body. Polyethylene glycol has also been used to help the healing of the
spine inn dogs and PEG can also help with nerve damage. PEG is most commonly used with the
skin because it has maintains it shape well, it is also pliable so doctors can put it in place before
setting it with a green LED light.
Density is how compact an object is. Density is the mass of the object divided by the volume. The
higher the density the more weight and pressure the object can withstand. One example of this is
with bulletproof glass. Bulletproof glass has a very high density, which make it withstand the impact
of the bullet. Density is important to biomedical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The density of PEG 35000 is 1.2 grams per cm^3 at 20 degrees Celsius. The melting point of PEG
35000 is 60 degrees Celsius. The ultimate tensile strength was 1.6 mega Pascal. The modulus of
elasticity of PEG is 750 pN. This is very high which means that PEG is a very elastic material.
These are the properties of PEG. Now the density of PGA is 1.53 grams per cm^3. Which is higher
than PEG's. The melting point of PGA is anywhere from 225–230 degrees Celsius. This is much
higher than PEG's melting point. The ultimate tensile strength is 55Mpa, which is again much higher
than PEG's. Lastly the modulus of elasticity is 8.40 GPa. Based on the number PGA is a much better
polymer because it can withstand munch more than
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60.
61. Is Bottled Water Better Than Tap Water?
Is bottled water better than tap water? Have you ever had any concerns about bottled water? Do you
think that bottled water is better than tap water? Bottled water is water packed in plastic containers
and sold for human consumption (Health Canada, 2013). Currently, the amount of bottled water
consumed has increased considerably since many people feel it is safer drinking bottled water than
tap water (Parent and Wrong, 2014). According to The Statistics Portal the global sale of bottled
water took a leap from 161, 589 to 181, 608 liters from 2009 to 2011. In the United States, each
American citizen consumed around 32 gallons of bottled water in 2013, thus meaning an equivalent
growth of 15% over 2009 (Statistics & facts, 2014). In fact, due to good portability, bottled water
has been helpful in both simple and complex situations such as daily exercises and natural disasters.
Even though having those few considerable advantages, bottled water still have been less benefits;
especially due to the negative impact in the socio–economic, health and environmental fields.
In contemporary society, bottled water consumption has become more attractive and popular. While
in 2009 161,589 million liters of bottled water were sold, in 2011 approximately 181.61 million
liters were sold all over the world (Statistics & facts, 2014). In this context, attributing that
significant growth of bottled water to commercialization and successful marketing should not be
considered a disposable
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62.
63. Polyethylene: Manufacturing Cycle and Environmental...
Manufacturing Cycle and Environmental Impact
The most common form of polyethylene is petroleum based or olefins based; as before mentioned
polyethylene compounds have a wide commercial applicability and are made from non–renewable
resources (Harding, Dennis, von Blottnitz, Harrison, & S.T.L., 2007). Its manufacturing processes
are regarded as energy intensive and release significant amount of CO2 and heat into the atmosphere
(Broderick, 2008). Next a little more detailed description of polyethylene's production processes
will be presented, with a focus on the way the material inputs are extracted and synthesized.
First step to produce polyethylene is to obtain the ethane from the ground. Ethane can be obtained
either by extraction ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are several methods by which industry converts purified ethylene gas into polyethylene; a
commonly used one is by means of a fluidized reactor bed. Before ethylene is sent to the fluidized
bed, it needs to be first compressed and heated, then metallic catalyst particles are used to keep
polyethylene molecules stuck together (this is done when the ethylene enters the reactor). Lastly,
polyethylene comes out of the reactor as granular powder, which is later melted and extruded into
plastic products (University of Washington).
Associated quantification of the environmental impacts
When evaluating the environmental impact of polyethylene we need to take into consideration the
input materials, and the amount of energy and emissions/wastes generated by the production
processes. Although polyethylene presents fewer environmental hazards than other polymers, its
production requires both hydrocarbons and chlorine; chlorine makes plastic's impact on the
environment even greater that it would if only hydrocarbons were required (Frosch & Gallopoulos,
1989). The use of non–renewable resources, chlorine and the energy–intensive nature of the
production cycle itself together with the worldwide large–scale production of polyethylene and
derivates, approximately 80 million metric tons per year (Piringer & Baner, 2008), make the
environmental and human safety impact of polyethylene significant.
As
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64.
65. Different Properties Of Polymers That Each Reaction
Discussion The results demonstrated the various properties of polymers that each reaction produced.
For the nylon polymerization, a condensation reaction took place and produced a long, polymer
string. As described in Figure 1, the product was clear and several meters long, and the fibers held
together when stretched. However, when a portion of the nylon string was heated, fibers weakened.
The nylon turned a bright white, and, when the stirring rod was used to move the piece, the string
broke in half. Ultimately, the reaction presented the fact that polymers are sensitive to heat and
easily thermally decompose. In contrast, for the methyl acrylate polymerization, an addition reaction
occurred and produced a soft, white flat wad of polymer substance. The methyl acrylate polymer
had the consistency of chewed gum, but tore easily when stretched. Therefore, the reaction revealed
that the type of reaction (addition or condensation) plays a key role in determining a polymer's
properties.
Additionally, the cornstarch experiment also displayed a non–Newtonian fluid's features. While the
polymer was subjected to many tests, its unusual properties were observed. It acted like a liquid
when left alone, but it cracked when squeezed. In conclusion, the three experiments demonstrated
the polymer's wide spectrum of properties and a variety of its subgroups. As seen in Figure 3, the
percent yield exceeded one–hundred, indicating a source of error. When weighing, the methyl
acrylate
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66.
67. Soda Bottle Research Paper
The soda bottle is all to common today. It is made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a durable yet
a feather light product. PET is used in many diverse products, such as polyester fabric, cable wraps,
films, transformer insulation, generator parts, and packaging. It contributes to about 6.4 percent of
the packaging industry and 14 percent of plastic containers, including but not at all limited to the
common soft drink bottle. Making up for 43 percent of those sold, PET is the mostly used soda
drink container. Aluminum, comes in second with 34 percent, while glass, which used to be the sole
and only contender, is now only a petite percentage of the material used for bottling.
Plastics were first made in the 1800s from natural substances ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In this process, a polymer is formed while another molecule is released, or "falls out." The
condensation polymerization of bis 2–hydroxyethyl terephthalate is carried out in a vacuum at 530
degrees Fahrenheit (275 degrees Celsius) and results in chains of PET and ethylene glycol (see step
#1 above); the latter substance is continuously removed during polymerization and used to make
more PET. After the PET mixture reaches the required viscosity (thickness), it is cooled to avoid
degradation and discoloration. Later, it can be reheated for its various
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68.
69. School Of Pharmacy : Memo
TTUHSC School of Pharmacy
Memo
To: John Zoidberg
From: Tuong Nguyen
Date: December 4, 2015
Re: Information on Pradaxa Dr. Zoidberg,
Thank you for your request for information regarding Pradaxa (dabigatran etexilate). As you stated,
you have a patient named PF, who is planned to have hip arthroplasty in 2–4 weeks due to
degenerative joint disease that is unresponsive to either physical therapy or simple pain relievers.
Mr. PF is a 79 year–old male with hypertension and hyperlipidemia. His current medications include
naproxen 220 mg po bid, tramadol 50 mg po tid, and enalapril 10 mg po qd. In addition, Mr. PF has
the codeine allergy. Because of Mr. PF's severe fear of giving himself shots, your concern is whether
or not Mr. PF can have Pradaxa orally instead of enoxaparin 40mg subcutaneously for DVT
prophylaxis and still receives the similar efficacy and safety.
The dabigatran etexilate (DE) is a prodrug that directly competes for the active site of thrombin.1
This direct inhibition inactivates both fibrin–bound and free form of thrombin. Because of its rapid
onset and offset of action, there is no need for the initial parenteral anticoagulant treatment in
patients with acute thrombosis.1 On the other hand, the enoxaparin indirectly inhibits factor Xa.2 It
has a shorter duration of action (12h vs 24h) and a shorter half–life (4.5–7h vs 12–14h) in
comparison to DE. The DE and the enoxaparin have no interaction with diet and alcohol. There is no
routine monitoring required
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70.
71. The Use Of Ester Interchange Reactions During The...
PRODUCTION OF PET
We utilize the rapidity of ester–interchange reactions during the production process. The acid
(terephthalic acid) is converted to the dimethyl ester, which is further purified by distillation or
crystallization. This is then allowed to react with the glycol by ester interchange. The reaction
generally is a two–step reaction a. First, low MW polyester is made with excess of glycol to ensure
that the hydroxyl end groups are formed and then the temperature is raised and pressure is decreased
to facilitate condensation of these molecules by ester interchange simultaneously with the loss of
glycol. [7]
PET resins can be produced in two ways commercially. These two ways are by using one among
dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) or terephthalic acid (TPA) with Ethylene Glycol (EG). These
processes are generally known as the DMT Process and the TPA process. The intermediate bis–(2–
hydroxyethyl)–terephthalate monomer (BHET) is produced in both these processes. This is
accompanied by methanol when using DMT and water when using TPA. The BHET intermediate
formed is polymerized with heat and catalyst to produce PET resins. The older route is the DMT
process. [8]
Process using DMT [9]
It is a two–step process. The ratio of DMT to EG is generally 2:1. There is the possibility of using
either batch operation or continuous operations to produce PET using DMT. Some basic differences
between the batch operation and continuous operations:
In the continuous process the
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72.
73. Polyethylene Glycol 3353 Lab
Question of the day: What factors correlate to the time it takes for polyethylene glycol 3350 to
dissolve?
Hypothesis: Dissolve time has a direct negative correlation to temperature.
Experimental Method: Polyethylene glycol 3350(PEG) was placed in water in order to measure the
amount of time it took for the PEG to dissolve. The amount of both PEG and water were the same
for each trial, the only changing factor was the temperature of the water. Timing started the moment
PEG was placed into water, and the timer was stopped once PEG was dissolved.
Results:
Trial Temperature(C) Time(s) PEG(g) Water(mL)
1 23.0 135.70 5.001 100.0
2 30.0 138.05 5.003 100.0
3 40.0 59.14 5.000 100.0
4 50.0 34.58 5.000 100.0
5 60.0 32.88 5.002 100.0
Trial 2's data
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74.
75. Synthesis Of Polyethylene Lab Report
Introduction
In the modern world, it is near impossible to live in an environment where one is not exposed and
reliant upon the use of polymers. From credit cards to nappies; plastic bottles to prescription glasses,
the applications of polymers encompass an endless range of everyday necessities. However, the
significance of synthetic polymers was not universally recognised until its initial introduction as
polyethylene during World War II. During the combat, they served as a critical material for insulated
radar electronics (ACC, 2005).
The basic principles of polymers originate from organic chemistry. Organic chemistry is the field of
science associated with the structure, properties, and reactions of compounds that contain carbon.
The simplest organic compounds are hydrocarbons, consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms joined
together by molecular covalent bonds. Within this category is a subdivision of saturated
hydrocarbons with double covalent bonds, specifically identified as alkenes. The presence of a
double bond allows alkenes to react in ways similar to that of a monomer. A monomer is a small,
singular molecule which, through chemical means, may combine to form a larger molecule (See Fig
1). The resultant larger molecule is a polymer, comprised of long, repeated chains of identical ...
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Initially, Nafion is a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) that conducts ions and water through its
nanostructure, making it important for many energy–related industrial applications (Virginia Tech,
2011). Examples include organic batteries, fuel cells and reverse–osmosis water purification. It is
composed of molecules featuring the conductive nature of acids, in addition to the non–stick, tough
characteristics of Teflon. Furthermore, Nafion consists of ionic nanochannels which swiftly transmit
water throughout the
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76.
77. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Bottled Water Is Better...
Your whole life has been a lie. Commercials, parents, friends, and even some of your teachers have
told you that bottled water is better than tap. Well bottle your emotions and listen to what i have to
say. One can argue that bottled water is better than tap but their argument will not be as strong or
convincing as mine will be to do the opposite, to convince you that tap water is better than bottled
water. The discussion has been around for a while now and we all know that tap water is more
beneficial than bottled water. First off, tap water is more regulated and checked than bottled water is
making it safer than bottled water. Tap water is also nowhere near as expensive as bottled water is
and it's better for the environment too. Lastly, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 2013 the average cost for tap water was $2 per every thousand gallons. While bottled was $1.21
for every gallon alone. Here is another way to look at it, if you buy a $1 bottled water everyday for a
year, you end up spending $365 on water that most likely is from a tap source (Livingston). Why
spend $365 annually on bottled water when you can just use your own faucet or the nearest water
fountain? People spend so much money on bottled water that could be used for water charities
across the world to help people who don't have access to a clean water supply. This would call for
everyone who does have access to a clean tap water source, to use it and take the money that they
would rather spend on a bottle and put it towards a greater cause. By choosing to drink tap water
you save money daily, weekly, monthly, and annually so before you pay $2.14 for that bottle of
purified water remember you have the same, if not better, quality water at your house.
Another thing about tap water that is overlooked is how often we use it in our everyday lives. On
average, an American family uses 300 gallons of water everyday. Now there is no way one family
can drink 300 gallons of water in one day so how do they use that much? The answer is because tap
water has multiple uses other than just being drinking water. Everyday when you take a shower,
brush your teeth, flush the toilet, wash the dishes,
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