female reproductive system ( anatomy and histology)

1. SMS 1133
Dr. Mohanad R. Alwan

2.  FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM CONSISTS
OF :
1 Ovary
2 The Genital Tubes :
- Uterine Tubes (Tuba Fallopii)
- Uterus and Placenta
- Vagina
3 External Genitalia
4 Mammary Glands

4. OVARY
The ovary is an ovum-producing reproductive organ
Located in the lateral wall of the pelvis in a region
called the ovarian fossa. behind and below the uterine
tubes
Oval-shaped / almond-shaped
Premenopausal ovaries are each 4 cm long and weigh
5-8 g
Composed of cortex and medulla
The surface of ovaries is covered by a layer of
cuboidal epithelium called Germinal Epithelium

5. Ovaries
Each ovary is held in place by 3 ligaments:
 Broad ligament: suspends ovaries between the uterus & pelvic wall
 Ovarian ligament: attaches ovaries to the uterus
 Suspensory ligament: attaches ovaries to the pelvic wall

6. Female Reproductive System

7. Broad Ligament
• Double layer of peritoneum
• From the lateral edges of the
uterus to the lateral pelvic
walls.
• Continuous superiorly where
they cover the uterine tube.
(free upper edge of the broad
ligament)

8. Parts of Broad Ligament
• Mesovarium attaches the ovary to
the posterior layer of the broad
ligament.
• Mesosalpinx is located between the
uterine tube and the mesovarium.
• Mesometrium is the part of the
broad ligament that is located
inferior to the proper ligament of
the ovary.

9. Mesometrium

13. Arterial systemArterial system
 Ovarian artery: from
abdominal aorta (left may be
from kedney artery
 Uterine artery
 Vaginal artery
 Internal pudendal artery
from internal iliac artery

14. II. Ovaries
A. Medulla
1. CT
2. vascular
B. Cortex
1. follicles
2. germinal
epithelium
3. tunica albuginea

16. CORTEX
 Consists of three layers, are germinal epithelium,
tunica albuginea and the ovarian stroma
 The tunica albuginea is a dense connective tissue
layer
 The ovarian stroma consists of ovarian follicles,
corpus luteum, and corpus albicans
MEDULLA
 Located in central region of ovaries
 Contains fibroelastic connective tissue
 There are many blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and
smooth muscles in the medulla

17. OVARY
MEDULA
CORTEX

18. OVARIAN CORTEX
GERMINAL EPITELIUM
T. ALBUGINEA
STROMA

19. Ovarian Follicles
1. Primordial Follicle
2. Primary Follicle
3. Growing Follicle
4. Mature Graafian Follicle
5. Corpus Luteum
6. Corpus Albicans
7. Atretic Follicle

20. Primordial Follicle
 Primordial follicle is the earliest stage of
follicular development
 Appears in the prenatal
 Consists of oocyte surrounded by single layer
of squamous follicle cells
Primary Follicle
 Appears in baby after he was born
 Consists of oocyte surrounded by single layer
of squamous follicle cells
 Histological appearance is like primordial
follicle

21. PRIMARY FOLLICLE

22. GROWING FOLLICLE
 Formed in puberty, stimulated by Follicle Stimulating
Hormone (FSH)
 The oocyte become larger, together with squamous
follicle cells form acidophilic refractil membrane called
Zona Pellucida
 In this stage, there are Theca fooliculi layer consists
of Theca interna layer and Theca externa layer
 Theca interna contains cells produced esterogen
 The Glassy membran lies between granulosa cells
and theca folliculi layer.
 Secondary oocyte of mature Graafian follicle will be
expelled from ovary in ovulation

23. GROWING FOLLICLE
CALL-EXNER BODIES

24. ZONA PELLUCIDA

25. GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE
1
2
3
1. ANTHRUM FOLLICULI
2. CUMULUS OOPHORUS
3. MEMBRANA GRANULOSA

26. CORPUS LUTEUM
 Formed from wall of anthrum after ovulation
 Consists of 2 types of cells :
1. Granulosa lutein cells
 Derived from granulosa cells
 Produce progesteron
2. Theca lutein cells
 Derived from the cells of theca interna layer
 Located in periphery of corpus luteum

27. CORPUS LUTEUM

28. CORPUS LUTEUM
1
2
1.GRANULOSA LUTEIN CELLS
2. THECA LUTEIN CELLS

29. CORPUS ALBICANS
 Derived from degeneration of corpus luteum when
fertilization doesn’t occurred
 Lutein cells undergo apoptosis, remain a pale fibrous
scar called CORPUS ALBICANS
 It can be formed from follicular atretics and from
corpus luteum graviditas when placenta completely
formed
 Formed just before menstruation

30. CORPUS ALBICANS

31. Female Reproductive System

32. Uterine Tubes ( Fallopian Tubes )
 The uterine tubes transport oocyte from the ovary
to the uterus
 Divided into 4 segments :
1. Infundibulum
2. Ampulla
3. Isthmus
4. Intramural part

33. Female Reproductive System
• At ovulation, a current
draws the oocyte into the
fallopian tube.
– Finger-like projections
called fimbriae
• Infundibulum:
– funnel-like structure
• Narrows into the ampulla
• Constricts further into
isthmus as it enters uterus

35. Infundibulum
 A funnel-shaped segment of the tubes adjacent to the
ovary
 The segment opens to the peritoneal cavity
 Folded mucosa is like fingers called FIMBRIAE at
free side of the segment
 The fimbriae catch the ovum from the ovary
Ampulla
 The longest segment of the tube, is approximately
two thirds of the total length
 The segment has thin wall and large diameter
 Has branched mucosal folds
 Site of fertilization

36. Isthmus
 The narrow segment
 The segment has the thickest wall of the other
segments
Intramural Part
 Lies within the uterine wall and opens into the cavity
of the uterus

37. MICROSCOPIC APPERANCE OF UTERINE TUBES
 The wall of uterine tubes is consists of three
layers :
1. The mucosa  inner layer of the wall, forms
longitudinal folds that project into lumen throughout
its lumen.
2. The folds are most numerous and complex in the
ampulla; Consists of two types of cells, are Ciliated cells
and non-ciliated (peg cells)
3. The muscularis is arranged by two layers of
smooth muscles
4. The serosa is composed of loose connective tissue
with mesothelium in outer surface

38. UTERINE TUBES
AMPULA OF UTERINE TUBES ISTHMUS

39. UTERUS
Consists of 5 parts :
1. Fundus
2. Corpus
3. Isthmus
4. Cervix
5. Portio vaginalis

40. Uterus
• 7-8 cm long, 5-7 cm wide, 2-3 cm thick
• projects superior-anteriorly over urinary
bladder
• two major parts
– body (superior 2/3s) & fundus
– cervix (inferior 1/3) has internal os, external os,
anterior lip, & posterior lip
– lined with columnar, mucus-secreting epithelium

41. CORPUS
 Histological appearance of corpus is similar to
fundus
 They consist of three layers:
1. Serosa ( Perimetrium ): The outer layer, arranged
by thin layer of connective tissue that covered by
mesothelium.
2. Myometrium ( muscularis layer ): Arranged by
smooth muscles that enlarge in pregnancy
3. Endometrium: Histological appearance of
endometrium depend on menstrual cycle

42. Endometrium
 Consists of two layers ; epithel and lamina
propria
 Epithel :
 A layer of silindrical epithelium ciliated in some
definite sites
 This epithel continues to lamina propria and forms
uterine glands that have branches in the basal site
 Lamina Propria :
 Just beneath the epithelium, consists of reticular
fibers
 There are two types of arteries in lamina propria.
 Straight arteries in the basal site, and spiral
arteries ( coiled arteries) in the upper site

43. CYCLE CHANGES OF ENDOMETRIUM
 Depend on menstrual cycle, endometrium divided
into 4 phases :
1. Proliferative phase :
 The other name of this phase is estrogenic or
reparative phase
 In this phase, the epithelium and the lamina propria
are reconstituted
 The uterine glands proliferate rapidly
 Coiled arteries are reformed

44. PROLIFERATIVE PHASE
1
2
1. ENDOMETRIUM
2. MYOMETRIUM

45. 2. SECRETORY PHASE
 The other name is luteal or progestational phase
 The uterine glands become hypertrophi
 Endometrium becomes edematous and may
eventually reach a thickness of 5 to 6 mm
 The glands make saw-shaped appearance
 The coiled arteries are numerous and extend to the
surface of the endometrium
 The stromal cells enlarge and transform into decidual
cells
 In this phase endometrium becomes the thickest
stage so it can divided into two layers

46.  These layers are :
1. Functional layer  the thick part, will be
sloughed off in menstruation and in partus.
Divided into :
 Compact layer : nearly to the surface, a thin
layer with straight glands
 Spongious layer : beneath the compact layer, a
thick layer with spiral glands
1. Basal layer : the deeper layer attached to
myometrium. This layer is retained during
menstruation

47. SECRETORY PHASE

48. PROLIFERATION PHASE SECRETORY PHASE

49. 3. Ischemic Phase ( premenstrual phase )
 Contraction of coiled arteri wall cause the
stratum functionale become ischemic.
 Infiltration of leucocytes in stroma .
3. Menstrual Phase :
Endometrium is sloughed off and constitute
the vaginal discharge.
Vaginal discharge contains :
a. blood
b. epithelial cells and sloughing stroma
c. secret of the glands

50. MENSTRUAL PHASE

51. CERVIX UTERI
Consists of three layers :
 MUCOSA :
 A layer of silindrical epithelium extend to the lamina
propria and have branches called CERVIX GLANDS
 The lamina propria consists of connective tissue and it
lacks coiled arteries so that it can’t be changed by
menstrual cycle

52. SUPRAVAGINALSUPRAVAGINAL
PARTPART
VAGINALVAGINAL
PARTPART
Frontal section
VAGIN
A
UTERUS (CERVIX)

53. UTERUS (CERVIX) –
SUPRAVAGINALSUPRAVAGINAL
PARTPART
Frontal section
2 cm laterally
related to
ureter and
uterine
arteries
Supravaginal part

54. UTERUS (CERVIX) – vaginal part
Frontal section
External os
Fornix
VAGINAL PART
VAGINA
Internal os

55.  MUSCULARIS :
 Consists of smooth muscle with
irreguler arrangement
 The outer is arranged longitudinaly
extending to vagina
 ADVENTITIA :
Consists of fibroelastic connective tissue

56. CERVIX UTERI
CERVIX GLANDS 1. OVULA NABOTH

57. The portion of the cervix that projects to the vagina
Covered by stratified squamous epithelium
This part is not changed during menstrual cycle
PORTIO VAGINALIS

59.  A fibromuscular tube covered by mucosa
 Consists of theree layers :
1. MUCOSA
Has numerous mocosal folds called RUGAE
Consists of :
 Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
 The lamina propria that has numerous elastic fibers,
bood vessels and nerves

60. 2. Muscularis Layer
 Consists of two layers of smooth muscles
3. Adventitial Layer
 Consists of thin connective tissue with numerous
blood vessels and autonomic ganglion

61. VAGINA

63. Genitalia Externa ( Vulva )
 Consists of these structures :
1. Clitoris
2. Labia minora
3. Labia majora
4. Vestibular glands

64. Clitoris
 The erectile structure that is homolougous to
the penis
 Covered by non-keratinized stratified
squamous epithelium
 The lamina propria forms propria papil that
has numerous blood vessels and sensory
nerve endings (MEISSNER’S CORPUSCLES
and PACINIAN CORPUSCLES)

65. A. EPITHELIUM
B. LAMINA PROPRIA
C. ERECTILE TISSUE

66. Labia Minora
 Folds of skin that border the vestibule
 Covered by non-keratinized stratified
squamous epithelium with melanin
pigment in the deep cells of the
epithelium
 Large sebaceous glands in the stroma
(lamina propria)
 The glands doesn’t connect to hair
follicles

67. SEBACEOUS GLANDS

68. Labia Minora

69. Labia Majora
 Folds of skin, covers the labia minora
 The inner surface is covered by non-
keratinized stratified squamous
epithelium
 The outer surface is covered by
keratinized stratified squamous
epithelium with pubic hair

70. Vestibular Glands
 Consists of :
1. Minor vestibular glands
 The small mocous glands are present primarily
near the clitoris and around external urethral
orifice
1. Major vestibular glands (Bartholin’s glands)
 The large mucous glands in the lateral wall of
the vestibule
 Secrete lubricating mucous

72.  Modification of sweat glands in
subcutan
 They are rudimentary in male
 Composed of 15 – 20 lobes separated
by interlobular tissue (connective
tissue)
 Each lobes has excretory ducts that
assemble in the apex of the nipple

73. Histological Appearance
1. INACTIVE MAMMARY GLANDS
 Composed of numerous intralobular ducts
 Consists of dense connective tissue and thick
adipose tissue
1. ACTIVE MAMMARY GLANDS
 The alveoli begin to develop
 Amount of the adipose and the connective tissue
is decrease
 The alveoli enlarge forming SACCULI that secret
milk in the late pregnancy

74. INNACTIVE
MAMMARY GLAND
ACTIVE MAMMARY
GLAND

75. THE KEYS OF SUCCESS ARE
PERSEVERANCE AND DO THE
WORK HARDLY
Gooooooooooooooooooooooood
Luck In Exam