1) An earthquake is caused by a sudden release of energy in the earth's crust that creates seismic waves. 2) There are different types of seismic waves including P waves, S waves, Love waves, and Rayleigh waves that move in different motions. 3) The epicenter of an earthquake can be located using data from at least 3 seismic stations to determine where the P and S waves intersect. 4) Major earthquakes can cause widespread destruction and loss of life depending on their magnitude and proximity to populated areas. 5) Common effects of earthquakes include damage to infrastructure, disruption of basic services, loss of life and property, and economic impacts.

1. DISASTERMANAGEMENT ON
“EARTHQUAKE”
A TRAGEDY TO LIFE AND PROPERTY

2. INTRODUCTION
Presented by:
Md. Ramjan
Admn no.:01h(m)/2016
M.Sc. Horticulture (vege sc.)
Earthquake is one of the worst natural hazards which often turn into disaster
causing widespread destruction and loss to human life.
The effects of earthquake vary upon the magnitude and intensity.
Earthquake occurs every where all over the world excepting few places

3. What is an earthquake?
The result of a sudden release of
energy in the earth’s crust that creates
seismic waves.

4. Seismic Waves
Elastic waves of energy that travel
through the Earth's layers, which
are result of earthquakes.

6. S (Secondary) waves
• These waves arrive second
• Move with a side-to side motion
P (Primary) waves
• These waves arrive first
• Move with a pushpull motion

7. Love waves
• Displacement is parallel to the
free surface
• Love wave is faster
• Causes horizontal shifting of the
earth surface
Rayleigh waves
• Displacement is perpendicular to
love wave displacement
• Rayleigh wave is slower
• Ground move in circular motion.

8. Locating an epicenter
At least 3 seismic stations need to
locate an epicenter
• The P and S waves help determine
where the epicenter is located
• Where all three circles meet is the
location of the epicenter

9. Locating an epicenter
The farther you are from
the epicenter, the
greater the S-P Interval
(the time between when
the P wave hits and the S
wave hits)

10. What is an epicenter anyway?
By definition: A point
on Earth’s surface that
is directly above the
focus of an
earthquake, where the
shaking is strongest and
most damage occurs

11. Focus ( Hypocentre)?
By definition: point
below Earth’s surface
where the rock breaks
along a fault and
energy is released

12. A fault is a region on Earth’s
surface that is broken into 2 pieces
• There can be three types of
movement
• In these diagrams, the
“hanging wall” is the side
that moves up or down
Fault

13. Normal fault - pulling apart
The block above fault move
downward

14. Reverse Fault
Here the hanging wall moves
up - follow the bronze colour layer

15. Strike-slip or lateral

16. CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKE
Surface causes:
Great explosions
 Landslides
Slips on steep coasts
 Dashing of sea waves
Avalanches
Engineering projects
cause minor tremors.
Volcanic causes:
 Volcanic
eruptions.
Displacements of
lava within or
beneath the earth
crust.
Tectonic cause:
 Most destructive
 Structural disturbance
in lithosphere
 Displacement of old
fault due to
accumulating stress

17. EARTHQUAKE CLASSIFICATION SCALES
Magnitude Description Mercalli intensity Average earthquake effects
Av freq. of occurrence
(estimated)
1.0–1.9 Micro I
Micro earthquakes, not felt, or
felt rarely.
Continual/several
million per year
2.0–2.9
Minor
I to II Felt slightly.
Over one million per
year
3.0–3.9 III to IV Shaking of indoor objects Over 100,000 per year
4.0–4.9 Light IV to VI
Objects may fall off shelves or be
knocked over.
10,000 to 15,000 per
year
5.0–5.9 Moderate VI to VIII
Damage depends on severity to
poorly constructed buildings.
1,000 to 1,500 per
year
6.0–6.9 Strong VII to X
Receive moderate to severe
damage.
100 to 150 per year
7.0–7.9 Major
VIII or greater
Damages to most buildings 10 to 20 per year
8.0–8.9
Great
Major damage to buildings One per year
9.0 and greater
Permanent changes in
topography.
One per 10 to 50 years
Ritcher Scale & Mercalli Intensity Scale

18. 10 EARTHQUAKE PRONE COUNTRIES
IN THE WORLD
Japan
Nepal
India
Ecuador
Philippines
Pakistan
El Salvador
Mexico
Turkey
Indonesia

19. Seismic zone
of India
The earthquake zoning map
of India divides India into 4
seismic zones.

20. Top 10 worst Earthquake in Indian history
Sr. No. Place Deaths Date & Year Magnitude Epicentre
1 Indian Ocean > 283,106 December 26, 2004 9.1–9.3 West coast of Sumatra,
Indonesia
2 Kashmir 130,000 October 8, 2005 7.6 Muzaffarabad,
Pakistan(Kashmir)
3 Bihar and Nepal > 30,000 January 15,1934 8.7 South of Mount Everest
4 Gujarat 20,000 January 26,2001 7.7 Kutch, Gujarat
5 Kangra, HP > 20,000 April 4, 1905 7.8 Himalayas
6 Latur, MH > 9,748 September 30, 1993 6.4 Killari, Latur
7 Assam 1,526 August 15, 1950 8.6 Rima, Tibet
8 Assam 1,500 June 12, 1897 8.1 Exact location not
known
9 Uttarkashi >1,000 October 20, 1991 6.8 Garhwal, Uttarakhand
10 Koynanagar, MH 180 December 11, 1967 6.5 Koyna
Chile : 1960 May 22, Magnitude 9.5

21. Earthquake prediction
 Unusual animal behaviour
 Water level in wells
 Large scale fluctuation on oil flow from oil wells
 Foreshocks or minor shocks before major earthquake
 Temperature change
 Uplifting of earth surface
 Change in seismic wave velocity

22. Effect of earthquake
 Loss of life and property
 Damage to infrastructure
 Chances of current short-circuit.

23. Effect of earthquake
See how the road is not continuous
 Damage to transport system i.e. Roads,
railways, highways, airports, marine.
 Communications such as telephone wires
are damaged.
 Water pipes, sewers are disrupted.

24.  Causes of flood- develop cracks in dams.
 Economic activities like agriculture,
industry, trade and transport are severely
affected

25. Earthquake safety rules
If you are in house:
◦ Don’t use lift
◦ Be prepared to move with your family.
If you are in shop, school or office:
◦ Run for and exit or take cover under desk/table.
◦ Move away from window glass.
◦ Do not go near electric point and cable.
◦ Keep away from weak portion of the building and false ceiling.

26. If you are outside:
◦ Avoid high buildings, walls, power lines etc..
◦ Don’t run through streets.
◦ If possible move on to an open area away from hazard including
trees.
If you are in vehicle:
◦ Stop in a safe open place.
◦ Remain inside vehicle.
◦ Close window. Doors and vents.
Earthquake safety rules

27. After an earthquake
o Keep calm, switch on the transistor radio and obey instructions.
o Keep away from beaches and low banks of river.
o Do not re-enter badly damaged buildings and damage structures.
o Turn off the water, gas and electricity.
o Do not turn on switches there may be gas leak or short circuit.
o If there is any fire, try to put it out or call fire brigade.

28. o Do not drink water from open containers without having examined it.
o If you aware of people have been buried, tell the rescue team.
o Avoid places where there are loose electric wires
o Do not walk around the streets to see what is happening.
o Keep the street clear so rescue vehicles can access the road easily.
After an earthquake

29. Khanna, B.K. (2011) Disasters - Strengthening Community Mitigation &
Preparedness. New Indian Publishing Agency, New Delhi
ftp://ftpdata.dnr.sc.gov/geology/Education/PDF/Earthquakes.pdf
http://rjfisher.lgusd.org/ourpages/auto/2014/5/19/53168284/Earthqua
ke%20notes%20PDF.pdf
http://www.stopdisastersgame.org/en/pdf/Earthquake_fact-sheet.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richter_magnitude_scale
https://owlcation.com/stem/Biggest-Earthquakes-in-India
Reference:

30. Thank you