SMART AND INTELLIGENT FLOOR FINISHES

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION- IV
(ARCH- 220)
SMART AND INTELLIGENT
FLOOR FINISHES
(MODULE-5)
Presented by-
ABHIJAY JAIN
GAYATRI SINGH
JUHI JASEEM
MADHULIKA
DHIMAN
ROHAN IYER
AMITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE &
PLANNING
AUUP,NOIDA

• A floor finish is a general term for a permanent covering of
a floor.
• It is expected to protect and extend the life of the floor while providing an attractive appearance and
slip resistant surface.
• A finish floor or floor covering is the ultimate top layer of all the flooring layers.
• A finish floor or floor covering is the layer that you walk on and it is the decorative layer.
What are floor finishes
• LAMINATE
• Tiles
• Natural stone
• Parquet
• Wood
• Seamless floor (epoxy)
• Carpet
• Laminate finish
• Linoleum
• PVC
• Vinyl
• Marble
CONVENTIONALLY USED FLOOR
FINISHES
• SANDSTONE

• The Smart/intelligent building involves “the use. of integrated technological building systems,
communications and controls to create a building. and its infrastructure which provides the owner,
operator and occupant with an environment.
Smart& Intelligent Building and Floor Finishes
• Smart Materials are materials that respond to changes in their environment and then
undergo a material property change.
• Intelligent building materials, also known as smart materials, active substances, and future
materials, are those that can respond to changes in their condition and respond to the
environment changes they are exposed to and surrounding, in a beneficial, beneficial and
controlled manner. Sustainable flooring is produced from sustainable materials (and by a
sustainable process) that reduces demands on ecosystems during its life-cycle.
• includes harvest, production, use and disposal. It is thought that sustainable flooring creates safer
and healthier buildings and guarantees a future for traditional producers of renewable
resources that many communities depend on.
• Several initiatives have led the charge to bring awareness of sustainable flooring as well as healthy
buildings (air quality). Below are examples of available, though sometimes less well-known, eco-
friendly flooring options.
• The Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America recommends those with allergies to dust or other
particulates choose flooring with smooth surfaces – such as hardwood, vinyl, linoleum tile or slate.

FACTORS OF CONSIDIRATION SMART AND INTELLIGENT FLOOR FINISHES
These are the factors that affect a flooring material's impact
on the environment:
• Ability to be renewed
• Ability to be recycled
• Responsible manufacture
• Transport distance
• Toxicity to environment
• Maintenance
• Life cycle

• SRI tiles Reflect Solar Heat and emit absorbed
radiation back into the atmosphere thus help keep
the interiors of building cooler
• Saves Electricity
• Saving Environment
• Anti Skid
• SRI Value > 90 Reduction in Global Warming
• Saving Ozone Layer,
• Reduce Conduction of Heat
• Green Pro Certified.
• The U. S. Green Building Council’s LEED 2.2 uses SRI
as a way to evaluate the surface’s capacity to
reflect solar heat. The roof of the building needs to
have a minimum SRI value of 78 to qualify for LEED
accreditation.
• A tile that keep the harsh rays of the sun off your
building and bounce them back into the
atmosphere
SRI tiles

CASE STUDY –
School building in Athens, Greece
• Infrared camera measurements show a 12°C reduction of
surface temperature in not critical hours in summer
• Calculation estimates a 40% cooling demand, reduced to
35% for the insulated configuration
• The peak demand is reduced by 20% in both
configurations.
• In free floating conditions the cool roof leads to an
average reduction of the air temperature of 1.8°C in the
reference room.

CASE STUDY –
Office/school building in Trapani, Italy
• Trapani is located in western side of
Sicily. The school consists of several blocks.
Envelope not insulated.
• The test was carried out on the 800 m2
office/ laboratory block. It is used also in
summer and suffers of severe overheating.
• Existing roofing material: mixed concrete
tiles, estimated SR 25% and IE 0.90
• Product: milk and vinegar organic
coating, SR 82%, IE 0.88. Two coats
applied.

THE INTELLIGENT FACTORY FLOOR- BY BOSCH
In the Factory of the Future, the floor, walls and ceiling are the
only things that are fixed. All machines and systems are
movable and modular, enabling a production line to be added
or extended, with autonomous guided vehicles (AGVs) handling
the flow of goods to the point of need.

RESPONSIVE TO CHANGE
The floor is constructed from 1m² panels, each with its own
control system. The grid controller (a higher-level control
system) in the production hall or in the cloud, evaluates
pending order requirements, and simulates the grouping of
devices and machines. Because each plate continuously
monitors the force imposed upon it, the floor can respond to
circumstances – so for instance, equipment in transit can be
stopped or moved if another object approaches.
With the simulation complete, production machines will move
independently to the areas assigned to them, and non-contact
energy transmission units will supply them with power. They’ll
be supplied with information wirelessly via the new 5G radio
connection standard. Production machines won’t even need to
shut down during transit, enabling maximum productivity.
The intelligent surface has two layers, so necessities such as
piping for water, compressed air and lubricants can take place
in the space in between.

BENEFITS
Whether intelligent floors are installed in stages or in one step, their
advantages are plain:
They make planning flexible, as well as production.
They can work with IoT-enabled devices, for instance to help workers locate
specific batches currently in production.
Machine status can be visualized via colors and/or size of the LED display.
Floor LEDs can also be used to indicate AGV routes for safety purposes.

LINOLEUM
Linoleum, smooth-surfaced floor
covering made from a mixture of
oxidized linseed oil, gums and resins,
and other substances, applied to a felt
or canvas backing.
• It is available in rolls of width
about 1.80 meters or 3.60
meters.
• Linoleum flooring is also
available in form of tiles of 12 by
12 inch.
• It is also available in the form of
click-lock planks.
• The thickness varies from 2mm
to 6mm.
Linoleum flooring should be laid
over an effective damp-proof area.`

APPLICATION:
Linoleum is perfect for use in bathrooms, kitchens, laundry rooms, entryways
and other high-traffic areas where beauty and durability must come together.

ADVANTAGES
•Linoleum flooring is environmentally
friendly and non-toxic.
•This type of flooring is a fantastic choice
for your home because it’s hypoallergenic.
It also contains antibacterial properties,
meaning that germs won’t spread and
multiply easily.
•Linoleum is extremely heat resistant,
making it safe in the possibility of a fire.
This can also be helpful during the
summer by keeping the floor cool to the
touch.
•This flooring material is extremely low-
maintenance. And it is also available in
different styles so it adds to the aesthetic.
DISADVANTAGES
• Since linoleum flooring expands and
contracts, it can be damaged when
installed in an area where there is a lot
of moisture such as steam from a
shower.
• Another con is that moisture in the
sub-floor under the linoleum flooring
can cause warping or loosening.
• An additional downside to linoleum
flooring is that it can dent or scratch
fairly easily, and can also be punctured
or nicked by sharp objects.

SUSTAINABLE FEATURE
Linoleum is made from dried and milled flax seeds mixed with other plant material
(pine resins, wood flour, ground cork) with a jute backing, all completely natural
materials which come from renewable sources and are 100% biodegradable. All by
products and waste is milled and used. Linoleum does not fade, as the pigments are
embedded in the structure. It is anti-static, repelling dirt, dust and other small
particles, making it hypoallergenic – for this reason it is often used by people with
respiratory issues (asthma, allergies). It is also fire-resistant and does not require
additional fire-retardants finish.

INSTALLATION PROCESS
STEP 1- Remove Old Flooring
This project assumes a clean and level floor. If an old tile floor needs to
be removed use a hammer and chisel, a square shovel or, to make quick
work of the removal, a hammer chisel. Clean all debris from the sub-
floor, damp mop and allow it to dry.
STEP 2- Level the Floor
Use floor leveling compound if necessary. Trowel smooth and allow it to
dry.
STEP 3- Acclimate Flooring
Set room temperature to a minimum of 68-degrees Fahrenheit and
acclimate the flooring to the room in which it will be installed for a
minimum of 24 hours before installation.
STEP 4- Mark Center Point
Measure the width of each opposing wall and divide by two to find the
center. Mark this as the center point on the wall. Pull a chalk line
between center points on facing walls and snap a chalk line on the floor.
This creates crossed chalk lines at the center of the room or hallway. Use
a carpenter’s square to confirm the lines are perpendicular or 90-degrees
to each other. If the lines are not perpendicular adjust one and re-snap
the line.

Elsi Smart Floor
A state-of-the-art intelligent flooring solution, the Elsi
Monitoring System is a one-of-a-kind proven way to
reduce falls and improve safety in care
environments. Ideal for those in senior care and
people with mobility issues, the Elsi system provides
security and reliability when you need it most.
Simply put, the Elsi Smart Floor is an integrated
system of sensors and connected hardware that
work together to track and monitor disabled or elderly
persons. The system can also be used to obtain
status checks on those in need of 24/7 supervision
due to other health-related reasons. Also, existing
patient monitoring systems already in place can be
integrated with the smart floor, combining to provide
total transparency into the location and status of any
given patient.

What makes the Elsi Smart Floor unique is
its suite of advanced technological features,
including:
•Pressure-sensitive flooring triggers electronic alarms to remote
devices. When caregivers are able to respond to falling incidents and
other critical situations, they can do so sooner thanks to immediate
alerts that are presented on the devices they’re already used to using.
•Spatial recognition sensors use artificial intelligence algorithms
to eliminate false alarms. Has the patient fallen down in the
bathroom, or is there simply a dog that has wandered in? The eLea
system – a component of the overall smart floor solution – can detect
the difference between a patient being on the floor and a dog being in
the room. Intelligent proximity technology makes this a reality.
•Room entry and exit alarms notify caregivers if something isn’t
right. If there’s no reason for a patient to be walking out onto the
terrace at 3 am in the morning, then a control should be in place to
alert a caregiver when this happens. With the Elsi Smart Floor, sensors
and control data work together to give monitoring staff a complete
picture of the whereabouts of the people they are responsible for
overseeing.

•Possible fall notification
•Out of bed notification
•Irregular activity notification
•Out of bed notification
•Bathroom visit notification
•Unusual activity alarm
•Room exit notification
•Room entered notification
•Intruder notification
Supporting Next-Level Care

APPLICATION
Elsi is a cutting edge technology with a wide
application. It provide smart solution for healthcare
monitoring and takes it to the next level by providing
smart motion monitoring, heart attack detection fall
detection and pulse monitoring.
FALL PREVENTION
Falls & security are front of mind for most aged care and
nursing home facilities. Often the challenge lies in how
carers can be everywhere at once and whilst
establishing a level of security for themselves and their
residents. The Elsi Smart Floor is a valuable piece of
technology for any facility looking to solve these
problems.

PRIVACY PROTECTION
For the residents of aged care facilities, there is absolutely
no infringement on their privacy, and therefore there are no
apologies to make or reasons to provide as to why unsightly
equipment is positioned throughout the living area. In fact,
most aged care residents are unaware that the system is in
place at all. It truly is that seamless
CASE STUDY
George is an aged care resident living in room 302. At 2:00 am on a Tuesday morning, a notification comes to the
carer desk that alerts them to George has fallen in his room near the front door. The carer team is made aware of
this through an alert that is automatically sent to their mobile devices by the Smart Floor technology platform.
The alert is classified as a fall due to the sharp spike in pressure that was captured by one of the Smart Tiles that
make up the overall smart floor.
Once the carers are made aware of the incident, they can mobilise faster and respond sooner to the fall,
resulting in quicker care provision and potentially saving a life. What’s more, there are data logs that can be
reviewed after-the-fact. These data logs can show the exact resident location throughout a given day, which can
be highly valuable when determining what is happening within resident rooms at all hours of the day.

Cork is a natural product that comes
from the bark of the evergreen oak. It is
most commonly available in tiles. These
are cut from blocks of granulated cork
that has been compressed with binders.
• Cork most commonly comes in tile
form and is usually sold in standard
12 by 12 inch or 12 by 24inch sizes.
• There are also cork planks that come
in standard 12 by 36-inch boards.
CORK

APPLICATION:
Cork flooring is a very trendy floor finish and can be used almost
everywhere in a resident and in a
commercial setting like cafés, libraires, boutiques etc.

DESIGN
Traditional cork flooring has a warm, natural look that works best
in spaces with an informal, casual decor. However, newer
manufacturing techniques have created cork floors that closely
resemble hardwood, marble, or even concrete. Today's cork
flooring can now be used almost anywhere, provided it is kept
well sealed. As with vinyl tiles, a skilled installer can create
almost limitless looks by using different colors to create custom
designs. Be aware that cork floors will eventually show wear
from small scratches and dings, and they are best suited for
spaces where this antique patina will be welcome.

Benefits of Cork Flooring
Cork represents a unique blend of hard and soft flooring.
It is a smooth, hygienic, easy-to-clean surface that's also
easy on your feet and ears.
• Softness: It has a yielding surface beneath the feet that
is very comfortable to stand on, even for long periods
of time.
• Quiet: Cork flooring is relatively quiet to walk on,
much quieter than hardwood or laminate flooring.
• Renewable: Cork flooring is primarily made with wood
products and is resource-efficient.
• Resilient: Cork’s ability to bounce back from
impressions means that most objects will not leave
dents in its surface.
• Non-slip: Even when wet cork can provide a good level
of traction for your feet.

Step 1: Plan new cork floor
Measure room and draw it to scale on graph paper. As you lay out your design,
avoid thin cuts of tile near walls by shifting the layout to one side or the other.
Draw your border or pattern as well and add up all the tile. Buy several extra
tiles of each color just in case you make some cutting errors (you can always cut
the extras into coasters).
Step 2: Cork flooring for basement: Prep the old floor
An installation is only as good as the surface below. Natural cork squares must
be glued to a flat, smooth surface. You can’t install them directly over plank
flooring, vinyl or linoleum. You’ll need to screw a plywood underlayment at least
1/4 in. thick over your existing flooring.
Although it’s not the installation that we show, cork can be glued to a flat,
smooth and moisture-free concrete floor. Check with your flooring supplier for
special tips on installing cork over concrete.
Fill and sand the subfloor

STEP 5- Dry Fit the Tile
Place the first tile in the center of the cross hair, aligning each point of
the tile on a chalk line. Dry fit several tiles, alternating the grain
patterns until certain the pattern is the style desired.
STEP 6 - Spread the Adhesive
Remove the dry fit tiles and spread a dollop of adhesive on the floor
using the 1/16" notched trowel. Spread adhesive only where the next
tile will be placed so that it does not dry before the next tiles is ready
to be laid. Continue outward until only tiles abutting the walls remain.
STEP 7 - Cut the Tiles to Fit
For partial tiles, measure from tiles already in place to the wall.
Transfer those marks onto a tile and cut it to fit using a carpenter's
square and utility knife to make a clean cut Spread adhesive and place
the cut edge against the wall
STEP 8 - Cover the Edge
Nail baseboard and shoe molding into place to cover the edge.
STEP 9 - Roll the Floor
Before the adhesive dries, roll over the tiles with a heavy roller
rentable at most home centers or tool rental businesses.

Step 3: Snap layout lines and spread adhesive
Figure out how many cork tiles you have time to lay and roll the
adhesive onto their backsides the night before (Photo 3). This will make
the job go a lot smoother the next morning. We easily laid the tile for
our 10 x 10-ft. room in one day, but if you’re a first timer, allow another
day. You can cut preglued tiles when they’re dry to the touch, but if you
have a lot of cutting to do (like we had for our border), then cut the
pieces first and then roll the cement onto the backsides.
Step 4: Lay the cork tiles
If this is your first time working with contact adhesive, you’re about to
find out how strong it is. Once you press a tile down, you won’t be able
to move it. Be careful and follow your layout lines precisely. You’ll find
that once you get a few tiles pressed into place, the next tiles will be
easier to position because you can butt them against existing tiles and
drop them into position.
Tap the tiles with a rubber mallet as you lay them and then roll the
completed floor with a heavy floor roller (rent) to bond the adhesive
uniformly.
Set the tiles

Step 5: Cut tiles with a simple jig
Build this simple jig to cut your cork. I’ve tried several methods for
cutting tile but found a simple homemade jig like this works best
(Photo 7). Cut a 3/4-in. plywood base jig just slightly taller (1/16 in.)
than your cork tile. Screw a 3/4-in. x 2-in. fence to each side, leaving
the fence just slightly higher than the thickness of the cork. Screw
another strip under the back side of the base as a cleat and then
clamp this piece to your workbench so the jig is rock solid. Next,
align your steel cutting guide square to the fences with a framing
square, drill a hole at each end and screw it into place.
To use the jig, align the cork tile with your mark and hold your utility
knife straight up and down and pull the knife across the tile several
times until it cuts through. A light touch is best. The fences keep the
tile from shifting as you cut, guaranteeing a nice, square cut.
Make clean straight cuts
Set the cut tiles

Step 6: Sand and finish the cork
Traditionally, this type of floor was finished with a paste wax and then
buffed to a sheen. You can still do this and you’ll be pleased with the
results. Today’s modern urethanes, however, will give you greater
protection against moisture and dirt.
I tested waterborne and oil-based polyurethanes and found that both
added depth and beauty to the cork. The ease of applying the waterborne
finish and the lack of noxious fumes make it a clear choice. You can apply
two to three coats easily in one day.
Apply the finish
Sand off high spots

REQUIRED TOOLS
•Chalk line
•Circular saw
•Drywall sander
•Hammer
•Nail set
•Paint roller
•Paint tray
•Putty knife
•Rubber mallet
•Screw gun
•Tape measure
•Utility knife

Rubber is made from natural or synthetic
rubber, fillers and pigments. It is available in
single colors with relief patterns or marbled.
It comes in sheet form or tiles cut from
sheets.
The sheet form is available with foam rubber
backing which provides a form of sound
insulation.
It has good wear properties, is resilient and
tough, warm and quiet underfoot. It can be
loose laid on concrete.
RUBBER FLOORING

APPLICATION:
Rubber flooring is widely used in commercial settings such as cafeterias, hospitals and gym weight rooms. It
is also used in a residential setting in exercise rooms,
kitchen, bathroom, bedroom, children's playrooms, below-grade basement and in workshops.
/sq.ft

•Rubber flooring is very durable. Therefore
it is so often used in athletic spaces like
gyms.
•Rubber is a very low maintenance flooring
option.
•Rubber is antimicrobial and hypoallergenic.
•Rubber is incredibly versatile, with a huge
range of styles, colors, textures, and more.
•Rubber flooring is very resistant to water
and stains.
•Rubber is resilient and soft, which is why it
is a favored flooring choice for gyms.
•Rubber is a safe flooring material because
it is very resistant to fire and burns, and it is
non-toxic when burned.
•Rubber has sound-dampening qualities,
which cause it to muffle loud noises or the
sound of people walking on it.
PROS
•The biggest drawback to rubber flooring for
many
people is that it can be quite expensive.
•Some people may not like the look of
rubber flooring.
While it can look trendy and stylish in more
modern
homes, it might clash with a more
traditionalist design
ethic.
•Rubber can have a characteristic odor that
some
people find unpleasant.
•While rubber is generally stain resistant
there are
some things, like certain detergents, that will
cause it
to stain.
CONS

STEP-1
Install the First Tile
Using a chalk line as a guide, install the first tile in the corner
of the room and then work outward in both directions.
STEP-2
Insert the Pins
Use the plastic connector pins to attach the squares
together. When the first square is in place, insert three pins
halfway into the pre-drilled holes.

STEP-3
Install the Remaining Tiles
Install the next tile by pushing the remaining half of the
connector pin into the receiving hole of the second square.
Continue to insert pins into the receiving holes and push the
next tile into place as tightly as possible.
STEP-4
Close any Gaps
Use a rubber mallet to hit the tile at an angle. This will close
any gaps. Any tile can be attached to any adjacent tile.
STEP-5
Trim the Tiles
Against the casing, trim the extra rubber away with a jamb
saw (Image 1). Use a framing square (Image 2) to cut straight
right angles for areas where a full tile won't fit.

Although rubber flooring is widely used
in commercial settings such as cafeterias,
hospitals and gym weight rooms, it's gaining
traction as a viable flooring for homes, too.
One big reason is style — rubber flooring is
available in a huge array of colors and
textures that make it an appealing designer's
choice.

1. Flat Concrete
Of all the potential surfaces for installing rubber, a flat concrete surface is probably the most ideal.
Rubber gym flooring installed over concrete that is flat, provides a consistent, long-lasting foundation, which creates great
long-term quality. Rubber floors for gyms requires a solid, level surface, and concrete is nearly perfect for this need.
Indoors, rubber is an excellent product, even for damp areas like jacuzzi or indoor pool decks.
While rolled rubber flooring is perfect for flat concrete slabs, it must be glued down if you are installing it over concrete
steps. When placed oversteps, it can shift and move underneath your foot, creating a potentially dangerous safety hazard.
Therefore, it's better to use an adhesive to keep the rubber flooring in place.
2. Ceramic Tile
Another surface that is good for rubber flooring is ceramic tile, but because of the fragile nature of these
materials, it may be necessary to include some sort of protection and subflooring. Even the best ceramic tiles
can be brittle when used for heavy foot traffic or if weights are dropped, so it's possible to damage the tile if you only use a
rubber flooring - especially a thinner version.If you install rubber floors over ceramic tile, you may notice some follow
through. You could also see grout lines through the rubber flooring, especially if the grout is significantly deep in between
the tiles.
Despite the challenges, ceramic tile remains a popular choice for flooring surfaces. It may require a subflooring or padding to
protect the tiles or prevent lines or creases, but our helpful staff can work with you to select the right flooring and
accessories to make your floor look fantastic, all while protecting the ceramic tile underneath.
USAGE

3. Outdoor Surfaces
Using rubber rolls over ''natural'' outdoor surfaces, such as grass, rock,
and dirt is not recommended. Because rubber rolls are not perforated,
they will keep water on top, so if it rains on a rubber roll, the water will
stay put, unless of course, there is a slope that allows for drainage.
Essentially you'll have water pooling and puddling on top, which can be
a nuisance.
6. Rooftops
We sometimes get questions about rooftop home gym flooring over
concrete and rubber membrane surfaces. Many people want to turn
their outdoor rooftop into a usable space. Assuming the structure has
enough strength and integrity for foot traffic, there are a few options,
but rubber flooring rolls are not generally not recommended.

Rubber flooring used to be made from a rubber tree, a 100% renewable resource.
Today styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), a general-purpose synthetic rubber,
produced from a copolymer of styrene and butadiene is used for "rubber flooring" It
is easy to install and maintain, is anti-static and provides effective sound insulation
and vibration reduction. Rubber flooring is also resistant to fading and cigarette
burns.
SUSTAINABLE FEATURE

PAVEGEN FLOORING
Pavegen helps provide those insights by using V3 to
captivate minds and unleash imaginations. Then we use
our app to delve deeper, using permission-based analytics
and psychographic behavioural drivers to build unique
pathways to connection, including rewards to inspire
better choices and gain insight about what motivates
people.
Pavegen’s many partners have included smart city
developments, retail destinations, sports stadia, and
educational institutions in Hong Kong, India, Korea,
Thailand, UAE, UK, and USA. Leading organisations like
Abu Dhabi International Airport, BNP Paribas, Ellandi,
Google, Siemens, Transport for London, and Urban
Renewal Authority, Hong Kong have used Pavegen to
relate to people in new ways and gain a deeper
understanding of their audiences

PRINCIPLES OF PAVEGEN
Pavegen has found a way to turn successive steps
into a steady electrical current thanks to a design
that combines piezoelectricity with a flywheel that
uses electromagnetic induction and inertia to
maximise electricity generation. Finally, the
triangular shape allows the same amount of
potential energy to be transferred no matter where
you step on the tile.

Like all cutting-edge technologies, kinetic tiles are
relatively expensive. Today, they cost £80 per square foot
which means that installing the tiles in the average
kitchen would come close to £6000.
Kinetic tiles also currently have a lifespan of just five
years, making it difficult to recoup the cost. Even if you
are repaving Trafalgar Square or the O2 Arena before a
U2 concert, you wouldn’t come close to breaking even
for the time being.
kinetic pound symbol
However, the cost per square foot is quickly coming
down. Nine years ago it was an eye-watering £1,700,
however in 2018 it has dropped to below £100.
COST

APPLICATION
A growing number of companies are interested in
energy-generating flooring.
Energy Floors is a Dutch company that did the
flooring for Club Watt in Rotterdam making it the
first sustainable dance floor in the world, saving the
club 30% on its electric bills.
One wonders how many kilowatts John Travolta
would have left on the dance floor if kinetic tiles
had been available in Saturday Night Fever.

SEAMLESS FLOORING or EPOXY
• Many different seamless flooring materials
are available. These are usually latex,
polyester, urethane or epoxy compounds
which are applied in liquid form to provide a
completely seamless floor covering.
• These are usually found in wet areas such
as laboratories or food processing plants.
Seamless floors are floors without seams,
ridges, or joints.
The most straightforward definition of epoxy flooring
suggests a flooring surface that comprises multiple
layers of epoxy that is applied to a floor with a depth of
at least two millimeters.

What is Epoxy
A primary aspect to epoxy coating is that it is chemically distinct from
regular floor paints. Resinous flooring consists of a two-part epoxy
system - a combination of polymer resins and hardeners, much like
epoxy glue. When properly mixed, the epoxy resin and hardener react
to one another resulting in a chemical bond with each compound and
with the floor itself. The chemical bond creates a stiff plastic material
that is durable, resistant to degradation, and bonds exceptionally well
to its substrate.

Advantages epoxy floor
• Epoxy floors are resistant to many chemicals such as
solvents and acids;
• The floors are decorative. Epoxy floors are available in
many different colors and designs. It is possible to create a
concrete look or to sprinkle the floor with flakes;
• Because of the fast application there is only a minimal
work interruption;
• Epoxy floors are very easy to maintain. After all, the floors
are seamless and liquid-tight and therefore easy to clean,
benefiting hygiene;
• Epoxy floors combine well with underfloor heating. Very
sustainable. The floor has no seams or edges, it completely
blends into the space.
• Robust. This makes epoxy floors suitable for heavy use and
mechanical loads, such as forklift traffic in warehouses,
workshops and production areas.

DISADVANTAGES EPOXY FLOOR
• Epoxy floors are hard and therefore there is contact noise
during walking. For that reason, flexible polyurethane floors
are usually used in office spaces and homes.
• Without underfloor heating an epoxy floor feels somewhat
cold, like tiled floors.
• If there are unevenness's or cracks in the substrate, ripples
can become visible in the floor. This only happens if the
epoxy floor can no longer bridge existing cracks. The floor
adheres to the substrate. It is therefore important to apply
epoxy floors only on a smooth surface. If the surface is not
even, you must first repair it.
• Without a finish the floor is sensitive to UV radiation.
Fortunately, the UV resistance with 1 or 2 coats of a finish coat
can easily be improved.

S.NO. BRAND TYPE THICKNESS PRICE APPLICATION
COST
1. DUBOND
PRODUCTS
INDIA
Epoxy
Flooring
2-6MM Rs. 75/- to Rs.
300/- per
Sq.Ft.
Rs. 75/- to Rs.
500/- per
Sq.Ft.
2. EPOX INDIA epoxy flooring 6 MM 35.00 INR per
Sq.feet starting
price
For jobs over
10,000 square
feet, team can
travel anywhere
Approx. Price: Rs 270 / Litre TO 350 /litre
EPOXY IN INDIA

Epoxy resins are produced in the company’s plant from
glycerine-based epichlorhydrin. This technology offers a
range of environmentally-friendly solutions that meet
customers’ needs for eco-alternatives to conventional
materials by reducing the overall environmental impact
of the final product.
SUSTAINABLE FEATURE

Step 1: Clean Concrete Surfaces
If necessary, use a flat-edged shovel or scraper to remove hardened
debris. Then, vacuum the garage floor. Prepare a cleaning/degreasing
solution according to manufacturer's instructions. Wearing rubber
gloves, use a stiff-bristle brush and the solution to scrub off any grease
or oil stains.
Step 2: Wet Flooring
Use a hose to wet the entire floor with water. Working in 5-foot-
square sections, use a power scrubber with a brush attachment and
the degreaser to clean the entire floor. Use the stiff-bristle brush to
scrub the corners and along the walls where the machine can't reach.
After the floor is clean, use a rubber squeegee to pull soapy water into
a central area. Remove the solution with a wet-dry vac. Check with
your county's environmental office to see if you are allowed to dispose
of the solution by flushing it down the toilet.

Step 3: Prepare Acid-Etching Mixture
Pour a gallon of water into a plastic sprinkler can. Wearing a vapor
respirator, pour 12 ounces of 32-percent muriatic acid into 15 cups of
water (for smaller or larger amounts, use 1 part acid to 10 parts water)
in the sprinkler can. Mix the solution for a few seconds with
a paint stirrer. Sprinkle the mixture evenly over a 10x10-foot area.
Step 4: Scrub and Etch
Power-scrub the 10x10-foot area for 10 minutes or use a long-handled
acid brush (to save on equipment rental). Repeat the
sprinkling/scrubbing process until the entire floor is acid etched. Rinse
three times to flush acid residue. Let the floor dry overnight.
Step 5: Mix Epoxy Coating
Following manufacturer's instructions, use a drill and stirring bit to mix
together the two epoxy solutions. To ensure complete blending, pour
the mixture into a second bucket and power-mix the paint again.
Step 6: Apply Along Perimeter
Using duct tape, tape the area directly beneath the garage door, then
brush a 4-inch strip of epoxy against the tape and along
the garage walls.

Step 7: Roll on Epoxy
Use a 9-inch-wide roller with a medium nap to paint the floor. Attach
the roller to a pole. Then, dip the roller into the bucket of epoxy so only
the bottom half of the roller is covered. (This loads the roller with the
right amount of epoxy.) Working in a 4-foot-square area,
apply epoxy to garage floor in a large "W" pattern. Backroll to fill in the
pattern and remove any roller marks. Make sure edges remain wet as
you move from section to section to prevent noticeable seams from
forming. Let the first coat dry per manufacturer's instructions.
Step 8: Apply a Second Coat
If you don't want a glossy floor (they are slippery when wet), add a non-
skid floor coating into the epoxy for the second coat. Stir with
the drill and stirring bit. Repeat Step 7. Want to add color flakes? Scatter
them lightly while the area is still wet—add more flakes until you create
your desired pattern.
Step 9: Finish
Mask off and paint the bottom 4 inches of garage or basement wall with
the epoxy mix used on the floor. This border creates a cohesive look that
also acts as a protective baseboard.

Oxide flooring (Kaaviyidal – red) is an age-old practice
of using oxide colors (primary colors) in various
combinations for flooring. This may be with lime, mud
or cement. While it has traditionally been used in many
parts of the country, the advent of industrialization and
mass-produced materials like marble and tiles caused it
to disappear from mainstream construction.
Red Oxide Flooring

PROS OF
RED OXIDE FLOORING
A cost effective and durable flooring option
Red oxide floors look elegant.
Easy to maintain. Regular sweeping and
mopping are enough to keep it in good
condition for years.
The cool red oxide floors are ideal for homes
located in warm or tropical locations.
The finished floors usually have a lustrous
finish that gets better with time.
CONS OF
RED OXIDE FLOORING
Laying oxide floors is an incredibly
tedious job and has to be done in one
continuous stretch, without taking a
break.
Only experienced masons can skillfully
lay red oxide floors. Exposure to
extreme weather will lead to cracks,
therefore it’s best suited for indoors.

RED OXIDE FOR THE TERRACE
This timeless flooring style looks amazing in
terraces, balconies and the porch. The
endless red flooring coupled with some
potted plants can transform the entire look
of your outdoor spaces.
S.NO. BRAND TYPE PRICE RANGE
1. LIVESPACE
Ganesh Brand
Flooring Red
Red oxide Rs. 80/- to Rs.
90/- per Sq.Ft.
Cost of red oxide flooring

For laying red oxide floors, the first step is to mix dry cement
and oxide. Next, slowly add water to get a slurry-like
consistency. For one part oxide, up to three parts of grey
cement will give a dark red hue.
Increasing the quantity of cement will result in a lighter
shade.
Laying red oxide floors is a labour-intensive process requiring
expert masons for a flawless finish.
Day 1: After application, the floor needs constant
moistening – sprinkling water every two hours does the
trick.
Day 2: Allow a thin water column to stand on the surface.
This helps in identifying white spots. Once it’s cured, it
should be allowed to dry for at least four days. Finally, apply
wax and wait for three days, until the floor absorbs it fully.

All the floors are manufactured without solvents, volatile organic
compounds or formaldehyde and meet the strictest standards for toxic
emissions. The floors with Titanium finish go even further in striving for
purity through our exclusive advanced technology, Pure Genius.
Pure Genius is a light-activated, air-purifying agent made of titanium
dioxide, which is integrated into Lauzon’s Titanium floor finish.
A built-in feature of all Lauzon’s Designer and Ambiance Collection
flooring series (except Homestead and Urban Loft series), as well as all
square edges and Herringbone floorings. It is also offered as an option
on the rest of the Ambiance Collection hardwood floors.
PURE GENIUS HARDWOOD

We typically spend 90% of our time indoors and 14 hours a day at home.
Therefore, the quality of the air in our home is something we should all
be concerned about. Poor indoor air quality can lead to a host of
ailments, including allergies and asthma.
Children are particularly susceptible to the effects of air quality on
health. To protect our children’s health, it is essential to reduce their
exposure to chemicals. Children exposed to a strong emission of VOCs
are 4 times more at risk of suffering from asthma than other children. It’s
alarming when you know that over the past 10 years, the number of
children with asthma increased by 160%.
To make sure that the indoor air you breathe is healthy, choose materials
and products that emit the lowest possible number of pollutants.
IMPORTANCE OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY

Pure Genius works constantly, without
any loss of performance over time for as
long as the finish lasts.
Pure Genius improves the indoor air
quality of the home without
compromising the quality and
appearance of your hardwood flooring.
It makes the air in your home up to 85%
purer.
PROLONGED EFFECTIVENESS

ACTIVATED BY LIGHT
Pure Genius works all on its own. Natural or artificial
light activates the titanium dioxide in Pure Genius,
setting the air-purifying agent in motion.
TRIGGERED BY THE MOVEMENT OF AIR
The air circulation generated by your movement
through a room or a fan is all that’s needed for the toxic
contaminants present in the air to enter in contact with
the active Pure Genius nanoparticles.
FLOORS THAT FILTER
The active nanoparticles in Pure Genius decompose
toxic contaminants in the air (formaldehyde and other
pollutants) and convert them into harmless water and
carbon dioxide molecules.
HOW DOES IT WORK?

Ideal for living areas, bedrooms,
hallways and dining rooms. While it’s
wise to avoid solid wood flooring in
kitchens, you can consider installing it
if waterproof mats are placed near the
sink or dishwasher.
APPLICATION

STEP 1
Measure the Room
Measure the width and length of the room and multiply for the square
footage. When ordering hardwood flooring, allow 10-15 percent extra
for irregular boards and any cutting mistake.
STEP 2
Check for a Squeaky Floor
Check the sub-floor. Minimum requirements are a 3/4" plywood sub-
floor. Make sure there are no squeaks in the floor. If there's a squeak,
screw a long drywall screw into the sub-floor and joist where the
squeak occurs. Remove shoe-molding from the room and sweep and
clean thoroughly.
STEP 3
Roll Out the Vapor Barrier Paper
Roll out strips of vapor barrier paper, allowing at least a 4" overlap and
staple securely to the sub-floor. Use 15 pound tar paper or felt. It is
relatively inexpensive (it's approximately $12 a roll at a home
improvement store). Mark with a pencil along the baseboards where
the joists are located.

STEP 4
Start Installation
Start the installation at the longest unobstructed wall. Remove the shoe
molding, and snap a chalk line 3/8" out from the baseboard (this allows for
expansion in the hot, humid weather and contraction in the colder, drier
weather of the hardwood flooring).
STEP 5
Place the boards
Place the Boards Begin by selecting a long board to start the first row. Pick
one that is straight. Align the edge of the board with the chalk line and drill
pilot holes down through the hardwood plank and into the sub-floor and
joist. Face-nail each board at the point of every joist and set the nail with a
nail-set. Face-nail the entire first row and remember to keep the board
lengths random. It is important to face-nail the first row because the
pneumatic nail can't get down in there. It will hit the wall and the force
would push the wood against the baseboard, which would lose the 3/8"
expansion and contraction.

STEP 6
Hand-Nail the Rolls
After the first few rows have been installed, drill pilot holes down into the
tongue of each board and hand-nail the rolls until there is enough clearance for
the pneumatic nail gun.
STEP 7
Staple the Boards
Using the pneumatic nail gun, place the gun lip over the edge of the board and
strike firmly with the mallet, driving the staple into the tongue of the hardwood
plank.
When installing up to a threshold, it is not critical to make cuts exact. Come back
later after the floor has been installed and use a circular saw to cut across for a
precise cut.
STEP 8
Cutting the Baseboard
When cutting along the baseboards, select a piece that will fit in there and leave
10 or 12 inches more and cut it off. Use the other piece on the beginning of the
next row. You don't always have to get it in there real close and throw out the
end piece. That will save some time and waste.

STEP 9
Fill in the Gaps
Be sensitive to the way the ends fit together. One end has a tongue and the other
end has a groove -- this is called end matched. Make sure to always cut the wall end
of the wood so that you do not cut off the groove that fits to the tongue. If that
happens, that would result in a pretty big gap. Find a piece and lay it alongside the
hole and flip it over. Make sure when you make the mark to cut off the wall side, not
the room side. When you make the mark, butt it up against the baseboard and then
mark at the end of that tongue.
STEP 10
Fit Last Board Into Place
If there's a narrow gap for the last board, take a measurement and rip (cut length-
wise) the last board to fit into place. Remember to leave a 3/8" gap at the end wall
for expansion and contraction space.
STEP 11
Fill Holes With Wood Putty
Replace shoe molding in the room and putty all of the nail holes that have been
face-nailed. Be sure to get wood putty that matches the floor. Fill the hole and wipe
off the excess.

A CLEVER PHOTOCATALYTIC FLOOR
Pure Genius is a real smart hardwood floor compared to
other photocatalytic technologies.
•Pure Genius is effective with visible light (natural and
artificial), while most photocatalytic technologies
available only react with natural sources (sun).
•The active components of Pure Genius are
concentrated directly on the air-flooring interface,
maximizing air contact and therefore amounting to a
more effective photocatalytic action. This is in
comparison to, for example, photocatalytic paints,
cement, asphalt or ceramics, in which the additive is
diluted within the whole body of the material and not on
the surface where it is actually working.
•Lauzon is the only manufacturer in the world to offer this
technology in hardwood flooring.
THE MULTIPLE BENEFITS
Pure Genius helps improve your health and those
who share your home in several ways while
bettering air quality:
•Perfect floor for families with kids
•The only air-purifier hardwood floor in the world
•Makes the air in your home up to 85% purer
•Reduces symptoms of respiratory (asthma &
allergies) and immunosuppressive disorders
•Actively suppresses potentially carcinogenic
emissions (formaldehyde, solvents, volatile organic
compounds and other air-borne pollutants)
•Decomposes up to 99.6% of bacteria, viruses and
mold
•Reduces stubborn odors (cooking, smoke, pets,
etc.)
•Disperses hardwood floor cleaners more easily,
giving cleaner floors

BAMBOO FLOORING
While the bamboo plant is a type of grass, not a tree, bamboo
flooring behaves much like wood flooring—it can even be
refinished in the same way. Bamboo is every bit as hard as most
hardwoods and is slightly more water-resistant.
Bamboo will be of most appeal to consumers interested in
using natural, renewable resources. Unlike trees, which
require at least 20 years to mature, a bamboo stalk can be
repeatedly harvested every five or six years. Most
commercial bamboo comes from plantation-like operations
that are farmed responsibly.
1. •Teragren Optimum
5.5 Moso.
•Cali Bamboo
Fossilized.
•Teragren.
Bamboo flooring Rs. 245/- to Rs.
620/- per Sq.Ft.

Stranded bamboo is made by shredding the bamboo stalks into small strands, which are
compressed into sheets using heat and resin binders, then cut into
planks to use as building materials. This form of flooring is available
both as tongue-and-groove planks that are nailed down, as well as
planks that float over the underlayment.
Horizontal bamboo
flooring
is manufactured by cutting the strands into thin strips which are
then glued together to form planks. This type of flooring has a
"grain," since the long stalk fibers are visible in the flooring. This
type of bamboo is not as hard or durable as stranded bamboo,
but it can have a very striking appearance. It, too, is available
both in nail-down planks and as floating floor planks.
Engineered
bamboo flooring
is made by bonding a thin layer of bamboo onto a plywood or
MDF core. This flooring is comparable to engineered hardwood
and is installed in the same way—usually with click-lock planks
that float over a foam underlayment.
There are several different types of bamboo flooring,
each with its own manufacturing process.

CONS OF
BAMBOO FLOORING
Renewable material
Easy maintenance
Can be refinished
Adds real estate value
This is a premium form
of bamboo flooring,
available in many colors.
Easily
Scratched
Humidity swings can
cause cracks
Toxins present in
adhesives
PROS OF
BAMBOO FLOORING

Nail Down a Batten Board
Nail the 1x4s down as a batten boards all the way down the
line. These boards provide a guide to lay the first board in
and a solid surface to nail to.
Lay Down Flooring
Lay the first floor board in and secure it with an 18-gauge
pin nailer driving the nail right into the shoulder of the
tongue The nail needs to go in at an angle so it isn't in the
way of the next board. If the flooring abuts a different kind
of wooden or tile flooring leave a one-inch gap between the
bamboo flooring and the other flooring. Use a transition
strip between the two flooring types to cover the gap.
Lay the Next Row of PlanksCut
a short piece of flooring (1') to start another row to stagger
the seams. Double check that the boards are running
straight, lay in the next course, line it up with the seam and
push it in and check to make sure the seams are straight.

Remove the Batten Board
Once a few rows are laid down remove the batten board and
insert a spline so that flooring can be installed with the tongue
points in the opposite direction. Make spline material twice the
width, but the same height, of tongues on the planks. Squeeze
a light amount of glue into the groove on the plank attached to
the floor and gently tap the spline in place. Place the row of
planks facing the opposite direction and lightly tap them in
place using a block to protect the planks.
Insert the Last Row
Insert the last row of planks having ripped them to the
required width to fit between the last full-width board and the
wall.
Use a pry bar to pull the planks into place. Nail the boards
down with finish nails through the face of the board near the
wall. Use molding on the wall to cover the nail heads.

Foam Tiles
Foam tiles are versatile and simple; they can be installed over
those unforgiving hard floors and will stay put with regular use.
Plus, interlocking panels allow quick DIY installation and removal.
While sharp objects like furniture edges and pet claws might
puncture the tile, the closed-cell foam will ensure odor and
water-resistance, as well as insulation. Foam tiles can be a quick
and simple temporary flooring for renters and rental properties.
1. •YAKURA
•Signatron
Foam tiles Rs. 50/- to Rs.
558/- per
Sq.Ft.

FOAM FLOORING ADVANTAGES
Soft: Stretching, yoga, Pilates, lounging and other low-
impact activities are much more comfortable on foam than
rubber
LIGHT : Because it isn’t as dense, foam flooring is
comparatively light and easy to handle, install or roll up
and move
SHOCK ABSORBENT : Your joints will appreciate the soft
landings foam offers, and if you take a tumble while
working out or a child trips, foam will soften the fall better
than rubber
Easily cleaned: Whether you’re sweating out crunches,
the kids are eating lunch or the puppy has an accident,
you’ll appreciate how easy foam is to clean with a damp
mop and gentle soap or disinfecting solution
Available in a good range of colors and styles: Foam
flooring choice is good, though rubber flooring is available
in even more options
Affordable: Most foam costs less per square foot than
rubber
FOAM FLOORING DISADVANTAGES
Impressionable: The legs of gym equipment and
furniture left on foam for any length of time
produce permanent indentations
Soft: Softness is an advantage if you fall, but that
quality is a disadvantage when comparing the
durability of foam to the durability of rubber
Weak: Go easy on foam, or you might puncture or
tear it with the feet or edges of heavy equipment

STEP1
Prep the Area
Floor tiles can be installed over most smooth dry and tight floors. Sweep
and clean the floor.
STEP 2
Select the Location
Select the location of the first row of tiles. Using a chalk line, mark the
floor to give a straight line across the center of the floor in both directions.
The first row to be installed will need to be adhered to the ground using
the sticky dots on the tiles.
STEP 3
install rows of tile on either side of first row
Install the Rows Once the first row is installed, checking the straightness as
you go, install the rows on either side of the first row. Be sure that the tiles
are fitting snuggly together.

STEP 4
Cut the Border Tiles
Mark the first tile with the utility knife by notching the edge on the top and bottom. Flip the tile over
and cut between the marks with the carpet knife using the carpenter's square.
STEP 5
Make a Marked Cut
To accommodate the door jamb or cased opening, make a marked cut. Cut tile at the mark and slide it
into place. Make another mark at the foot of the baseboard.
STEP 6
Place the Tiles
Peel the film from the adhesive dots and snug the tile into place. Continue cutting border tiles by
marking face up and cutting face down. Make several passes with the utility knife to complete the cut.

COMPOSITE DECKING
Composite decking has a long-lasting life with a
minimum of care and maintenance.
Composed of equal parts recycled wood fibers, glue
composite, and recycled plastic, composite deck tiles
are great as flooring for any outdoor deck, patio or
even a balcony.
Not every outdoor flooring option works or looks good
on a smaller upstairs balcony, but composite deck tiles
do.

COMPOSITE DECKING ADVANTAGES
Durability: Composite decking is designed for maximum
durability. It resists fading, staining, scratching and mold, and
won’t rot, crack or warp.
 Low-maintenance: With composite decking, you never
need to worry about sanding, staining or painting. Just an
occasional soap-and-water cleaning is all that’s needed to
maintain stability and beauty for decades.
Aesthetics: Featuring high-definition wood grain patterns
and rich, saturated colors, composite decking looks and feels
more natural than ever before.
 Sustainability: Composite decking provides the look and
feel of wood without the environmental impact. The deck
boards are made using recycled content, including reclaimed
industrial wood scraps and recycled plastic from common
items such as shopping bags and newspaper sleeves.
 Value: Although the initial cost of composite decking can
be higher, when you factor in the cost of ongoing
maintenance required with a wood deck, a composite deck
can end up paying for itself in well under 10 years.
COMPOSITE DECKING DISADVANTAGES
Price: Price is the most recognized disadvantage of
composite products. Composite products cost
between 50 to 100 per cent more than standard
treated lumber. This number can vary depending on
location, too.
You can't avoid treated lumber: All composite decks
are built on a treated lumber frame for optimum
durability and stability. Treated lumber is used for the
posts, beams, joists, and stair stringers. Decking
contractors rely on the strength of treated lumber to
create a stable framework for composite deck boards,
trim, and railing components.
Composite deck colors are permanent. colored to
avoid or reduce maintenance. This means that the
color, tint, and shade cannot be changed. In contrast,
standard wood decks can be re-painted, re-stained,
or refreshed.

•Measure the deck for the first decking plank.
•Cut the plank to length with a circular saw or power miter saw.
•If necessary, use a jigsaw to cut a hole in the plank for the downspout.
•Set the plank onto the deck, and use a putty knife to slip it under any existing metal flashing.
•Measure to ensure the first deck board is parallel with the outer edge of the deck.
•Fasten the deck board with composite decking screws along the edge closest to house; drive one screw into each joist.
•Install a hidden fastener into the edge of the deck plank, placing one at each joist.
•Use plastic tapping block and hammer to drive the sharpened spikes of the fasteners into the edge of the plank.
•Use drill/driver to drive one screw through each hidden fastener and into the joists.
•Cut the second decking plank to length and set it against the hidden fasteners in the first plank.
•Use the 2x4 tapping block and sledgehammer to drive the second plank into the sharpened spikes protruding from the
hidden fasteners in the first plank.
•Continue laying planks in this manner across the deck.
•At outer end of deck, notch the decking, as necessary, to fit around the railing posts.
•To install last plank, used end nippers to remove the spikes from one side of hidden fasteners.
•Install last plank with composite decking screws.
•Snap chalk line across deck boards.
•Screw a straight-edged board to deck to act as a saw guide.
•Guide a circular saw along the straight-edge board to trim deck boards to length.

SMART AND INTELLIGENT FLOOR FINISHES

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