2. PROCESS DESCRIPTION
• VINASSE IS THE PRINCIPAL BYPRODUCT GENERATED DURING THE DISTILLATION OF ETHYL
ALCOHOL .
• IT ALSO CONTAINS EVERY SUBSTANCE ADDED TO THE FERMENTER, PLUS YEAST METABOLITES
AND YEAST CELL CONTENTS (ALL BYPRODUCTS OF THE FERMENTATION PROCESS) .
• THE PRIMARY ORGANIC AND INORGANIC CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF VINASSE ARE
PROTEINS, ORGANIC ACIDS, AMINO ACIDS,
UNFERMENTED CARBOHYDRATES, VITAMINS, AND MINERALS
• HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF POTASSIUM, CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM, SULFUR, AND NITROGEN
ARE TYPICALLY FOUND AS COMPONENTS OF VINASSE .
• CONSIDERED AS ONE OF THE WORST POLLUTING AGENT,DUE TO ITS COLOUR AND HIGH
BOD AND COD CONTENT.
3.
4.
5. EVAPORATION IS THE REMOVAL OF SOLVENT AS VAPOR FROM A SOLUTION, SLURRY OR SUSPENSION OF
SOLID IN A LIQUID. (EVAPORATION IS THE PROCESS OF A SUBSTANCE IN A LIQUID STATE CHANGING TO
A GASEOUS )THE AIM IS TO CONCENTRATE A NON-VOLATILE SOLUTE, SUCH AS ORGANIC COMPOUNDS,
INORGANIC SALTS, ACIDS OR BASES FROM A SOLVENT.
HENCE THE VAPOR IS NOT THE DESIRED PRODUCT AND MAY OR MAY NOT BE RECOVERED ACCORDING
ITS VALUE
6. PURPOSES OF EVAPORATION
• CONCENTRATE LIQUID FOODS
• REDUCES WEIGHT (AND VOLUME)
ENERGY SAVINGS IN STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION
• REDUCES WATER ACTIVITY (PRESERVATION)
• CHANGES FLAVOR AND/OR COLOR (CARAMELIZED SYRUPS IN BAKING)
PRODUCTS: SALT, SUGAR, MILK, JUICES, TOMATO PASTE, HARD CANDIES,
PUREES
• PREPARE FOR THE NEXT UNIT OPERATION – DRYING, CRYSTALLISATION ETC.
• RECOVERY OF SOLVENT
7. INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
• FOOD INDUSTRY
• CORN INDUSTRY
• CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
• WASTE WATER TREATMENT
• PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15. Comparison face Phe Sht
Multiple duty Possible Impossible
Hold up volume Low High
Gaskets On each plate On flanged joints
modifications Easy by adding or removing plates impossible
Repair Easy to replace plates and gaskets Requires tube plugging
Detection of leakage Easy to detect Difficult to detect
Access for inspection On each side of plate Limited
Time reqd. for opening 15 min 60 to 90 min
Fouling 15 to 20 % of STHE
Sensitivity to vibrations Not sensitive sensitive
16. SINGLE STAGE EVAPORATORS
• IN THIS TYPE, EVAPORATOR THE VAPOR FROM THE BOILING LIQUID IS CONDENSED AND
DISCARDED.
• ARE USED WHEN
1-FEED AMOUNT IS LOW.
2- CHEAP SUPPLY OF STEAM IS AVAILABLE.
• DRAWBACKS
1-IT USES STEAM INEFFICIENTLY.
2-TO EVAPORATE 1 KG OF WATER WE NEED 1-1.3 KG OF STEAM.
17. MULTI-EFFECT EVAPORATORS
• SERIES OF EVAPORATORS BETWEEN THE STEAM SUPPLY AND CONDENSER IS CALLED
MULTIPLE EFFECT EVAPORATOR.
• THE VAPORS FROM ONE EFFECT SERVE AS THE HEATING MEDIUM FOR THE NEXT.
• TEMP OF VAPORS DECREASES AND PRESSURE ALSO DECREASES.
18. • FOUR TYPES OF FEEDING SYSTEMS: -
• FORWARD FEED
• BACKWARD FEED
• MIXED FEED
• PARALLEL FEED
19.
20.
21.
22.
23. Process flow diagram
Process flow diagram is the first flow diagram developed during the
design process.
The Process flow diagram will include the following:
1.Major mechanical equipment .
2. Operating pressures and temperatures of the facility components
3.Flow rates of process streams.
3.Direction of flow
5.Compisition of fluid streams.
24. THERMAL ANALYSIS OF MULTI EFFECT
EVAPORATOR
• FOR EACH EFFECT
– MASS BALANCE
– SOLIDS BALANCE
– ENERGY BALANCE
• OVER ALL MASS BALANCE
• USE Q = UA(ΔT) TO DETERMINE AREA REQUIRED
FOR HEAT TRANSFER
25. • OVER-ALL MATERIAL BALANCE:
• 𝑭 = 𝑷 + 𝑽
• SOLUTE BALANCE:
• 𝒙𝑭𝑭 = 𝒙𝑷𝑷
• ENTHALPY BALANCE:
• 𝒉𝑭𝑭 + 𝝀𝑺𝑺 = 𝒉𝑷𝑷 + 𝑯𝑽𝑽
• HEAT BALANCE:
• 𝒒𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒂𝒎 = 𝒒𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒐𝒓
• 𝒒𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒂𝒎 = 𝑺𝝀𝑺
• 𝒒𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒐𝒓 = 𝑭𝑪𝑷,𝑭 𝑻𝑰 − 𝑻𝑭 + 𝑽𝝀𝑽
Feed, F
xF
TF
hF
CP, F
Steam, S
TS
λS
TI
Product, P
xP
TP
hP
Vapor, V
TV
HV
P V
PI
Condensate
TS2
33. • WIDEGAP PLATE HEAT EXCHANGERS ARE SPECIALLY DESIGNED TO HANDLE
FIBROUS
LIQUIDS AND LIQUIDS THAT CONTAIN LARGE AMOUNTS OF SUSPENDED
SOLIDS. THE DESIGN COMBINES THE BENEFITS OF COMPACT, EFFICIENT
PLATE HEAT EXCHANGERS WITH A SPECIAL PLATE PATTERN AND PORT
DESIGN THAT HELP PREVENT FOULING
• SOLIDS & PARTICLES:
ROUND:
• > 1/8” DIA ------- NOT RECOMMENDED
<= 1/8” DIA. = WIDE GAP PHE
<= 1/16” DIA. = STANDARD PHE
• LONG STRINGY: NOT RECOMMENDED
34. DOUBLE-WALL PLATE
• DOUBLE-WALL GASKETED PLATE HEAT EXCHANGERS ARE IDEAL FOR USE WITH FLUIDS
THAT MUST NOT BE ALLOWED TO MIX. PAIRS OF IDENTICAL PLATES ARE LASER-WELDED
AROUND THE PORTS.
• PERFECT FOR USE IN PHARMACEUTICAL, FOOD OR
INDUSTRIES WHERE THE INTERMIXING OF FLUIDS
IS HAZARDOUS.
35. SEMI-WELDED PLATES
• SEMI-WELDED PLATES
• PLATES WELDED TOGETHER INTO A CASSETTE ALLOW AGGRESSIVE AND
DIFFICULT FLUIDS - THAT ARE NOT COMPATIBLE WITH GASKETS - TO
BE HANDLED IN A PLATE HEAT EXCHANGER. THIS WELDING ALSO EXPANDS
THE PRESSURE RANGE CAPABLE WITHIN THE HEAT EXCHANGER. PERFECT
FOR USE IN REFRIGERATION OR CHEMICAL APPLICATIONS WHERE
AGGRESSIVE FLUIDS MIGHT BE FOUND
41. GASKETS
• THEY LIMIT THE MAXIMUM OPERATING TEMPERATURE FOR A PLATE HEAT EXCHANGER.
MATERIAL SELECTION DEPENDS UPON
• CHEMICAL RESISTANCE.
• TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE.
• SEALING PROPERTIES.
• SHAPE OVER AN ACCEPTABLE PERIOD OF TIME
44. WHY USE SEPARATOR?
• TO REDUCING MATERIAL LOSSES IN ABSORBERS, EVAPORATORS, AND
DISTILLATION COLUMNS,
E.G., FOR REDUCING GLYCOL OR AMINE LOSSES IN NATURAL GAS TREATMENT.
• TO IMPROVE PRODUCT QUALITY IN DISTILLATION PLANTS BECAUSE
CONTAMINATION BY ENTRAINED DROPLETS IS ELIMINATED.
• TO AVOIDING CORROSION IN THE DOWNSTREAM PROCESS UNITS THROUGH
CORROSIVE LIQUID
DROPLETS.
• TO PROTECT COMPRESSORS AGAINST LIQUID DROPLETS.
• TO REDUCING DROPLET EMISSIONS.
• TO RELIEVE VACUUM PUMPS.
45. SELECTION CRITERIA FOR VAPOR-LIQUID SEPARATORS
THE CONFIGURATION OF A VAPOR/LIQUID SEPARATOR DEPENDS ON A NUMBER
OF FACTORS. BEFORE MAKING A VESSEL DESIGN ONE HAS TO DECIDE ON THE
CONFIGURATION OF THE VESSEL WITH RESPECT TO AMONG OTHERS:
• ORIENTATION
• TYPE OF FEED INLET
• TYPE OF INTERNALS
