SlideShare a Scribd company logo

Arabic linux guide

•
•
M
Mohamed Elnabarawi

The document provides an overview of using CCIS computer systems under different operating systems like Windows NT, Linux, and Unix. It discusses connecting to these systems using PPP or a local area network. It also covers using file managers and editors, sending files remotely, checking email, writing programs, and using the X Window system graphical interface. The guide aims to help users operate effectively under various operating systems.

EducationTechnology
1 of 41
Download to read offline
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ : ﺟﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻬﺘﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺇﺷﺮﺍﻑ : ﺩ. ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ :ﺍﻳﻠﻮﻝ 0002‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻹﺻﺪﺍﺭ : 3 *‬ ‫* ﻟﻘﺪ ﺑﺬﻝ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ. ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺣﺎﻝ، ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﻗﺪ ﺃﺿﻴﻔﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﻓﺈﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻺﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ :‬ ‫/‪http://www.ccis.ksu.edu.sa/cc/ccisguide‬‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
‫ﻓﻬﺮﺱ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫1 – ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﲢﺖ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ :‬ ‫‪Windows NT‬‬ ‫1-1 ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﲢﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪PPP‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﺎﺗﻔﻲ‬ ‫‪Linux‬‬ ‫1-2 ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﲢﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪PPP‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﺎﺗﻔﻲ‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪PPP‬‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ‬ ‫59 ™‪Windows‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪LAN‬‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ ‪ Linux/Unix‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ‪ PPP‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫) ‪( FTP‬‬ ‫ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪Linux/Unix‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻟﻚ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪Linux/Unix‬‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮ ‪ Password‬ﲢﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪Linux/Unix‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ ‪ Editing‬ﻭﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﲢﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪Linux/Unix‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﺿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﲢﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺇﻳﻘﺎﻑ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪Linux/Unix‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﲢﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺮﻭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪Linux/Unix‬‬ ‫2 – ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﳐﺘﺼﺮ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫3- ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫3-1 ﻋﺮﺽ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫3-2 ﻋﺮﺽ ﳏﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ‬ ‫3-3 ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Linux‬‬ ‫3-4 ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫3-5 ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪Wildcard‬‬ ‫3-6 ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫3-7 ﺣﺬﻑ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫3-8 ﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ‫2‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
‫4- ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ‬ ‫‪E-Mail‬‬ ‫4-1 ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ ﺍﻵﱄ‬ ‫”‪“Pine‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫"‪“Plain mail‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫‪LAN‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ ﺍﻵﱄ ﺧﻼﻝ ‪ PPP‬ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪Linux/Unix‬‬ ‫5- ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﲢﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫‪Emacs‬‬ ‫5-1 ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻨﻘﺢ‬ ‫‪Emacs‬‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻟﻸﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫5-2 ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻟﻐﺔ‬ ‫‪Pascal‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻟﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ‬ ‫‪X-Window‬‬ ‫6- ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬﺓ‬ ‫‪X-Window‬‬ ‫6-1 ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬﺓ‬ ‫‪Linux‬‬ ‫7- ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﻭﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ‪ DOS‬ﲢﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫”‪“mtools‬‬ ‫7-1 ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫8- ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫™‪NT™ and Macintosh‬‬ ‫8-1 ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫‪Linux‬‬ ‫8-2 ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫8-3 ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﱰﻝ ‪ PPP‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺩﻡ‬ ‫‪Homepage‬‬ ‫8-4 ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫1 – ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﲢﺖ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ :‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﰲ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ‪ CCIS‬ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ . ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ. ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ :‬ ‫3‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
‫ﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻻ ﺗﻐﻠﻖ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺋﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ، ﻭﻻ ﺗﻔﺘﺢ ﺃﻱ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻣﻐﻠﻖ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻞ. ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻼ ﺗﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﰲ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺌﻮﻟﲔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﻭﻛﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ ، ﻭﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻟﺘﻌﻮﺩ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻊ‬ ‫‪ON‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺋﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﳚﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﻭﺝ ﻭﻏﻠﻖ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻚ ﺣﱴ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺗﻚ ﻟﻠﻀﻴﺎﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺚ ‪‬ﺎ ، ﻣﻊ ﺗﺮﻙ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻏﻠﻖ.‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﳓﻮ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﰲ ﻃﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺺ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Windows NT‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﲢﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫1-1‬ ‫ﰲ ﻣﺒﲎ 4 ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﲢﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ‪ Windows NT‬ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫58/ﺃﺃ ، 48/ﺃﺃ ، 321/ﺃﺃ ، 811/ﺃﺃ . ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻓﺈﻧﻚ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺭﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ) ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﻄﻼﺏ ( ﺃﻭ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺧﺎﺹ ﲟﻘﺮﺭ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﳏﺪﺩ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱄ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮ.‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮ : ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻚ ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫‪ CTRL+ALT+Del‬ﻣﻌﺎ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ . ﻭﻟﻼﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺄﺭﺓ ) ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻷﻳﺴﺮ ( ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪“Close all programs and Log as a‬‬ ‫”‪ “Start‬ﰒ ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ”‪ “Shut Down‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﺮ‬ ‫”‪different user‬‬ ‫‪Linux‬‬ ‫1-2 ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﲢﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ‪ DOS, Windows™, System™ 7.x‬ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺃﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ‪ Linux/UNIX‬ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﲝﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺣﻴﺚ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻌﲏ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺏ ﺻﻐﲑﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻪ ﻛﺒﲑﺍ. ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ S‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪. s‬ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺔ ‪ List‬ﳍﺎ ﻣﻌﲎ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬ ‫‪.list‬‬ ‫4‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ ‪ ، Linux‬ﻭﺃﺣﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺬﻫﺐ ﺇﱄ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﻬﺰ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ ‪ Linux‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﺓ ﺭﻗﻢ 621/ﺃﺃ ﻣﺒﲎ 4 . ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻨﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻣﱰﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ) ‪ PPP ( Point to Point Protocol‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫‪ . MODEM‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ.‬ ‫‪PPP‬‬ ‫• ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﺎﺗﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻵﱄ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﺎﺗﻔﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ ‪ Linux‬ﻭﻳﻮﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ 23 ﺧﻂ ﺗﻠﻔﻮﻥ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺭﻗﻤﲔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ. ﻭﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﺎﺗﻔﻲ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ، ﻭﳝﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪ TCP/IP‬ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ ) FTP‬ﺹ 9 ( ﺃﻭ ‪) TELNET‬ﺹ 8 ( ﺃﻭ ‪) Web browsers‬ﺹ 24(. ﺍﱁ.‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ‪ MODEM‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ) ﻳﻔﻀﻞ‬ ‫‪ 33,660 BPS‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ( ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺧﻂ ﺗﻠﻔﻮﻥ ﻭﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ‪ client PPP‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺄﰐ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫59 ‪Microsoft™ Windows‬‬ ‫‪PPP‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﺎﺗﻔﻲ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺟﻬﺎﺯﻙ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ، ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻭﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :‬ ‫‪ automatic‬ﺃﻭ.‪server-assigned‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫‪IP‬‬ ‫ﺻﻒ ﺣﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫1.‬ ‫ﺻﻒ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﳋﺎﺩﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ )‪ DNS (Domain Name Server‬ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ 3.01.01.01 ﻭﺍﳋﺎﺩﻡ‬ ‫2.‬ ‫2.01.01.01‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫‪ccis.ksu.edu.sa‬‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺧﻞ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳋﺎﺩﻡ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ‫3.‬ ‫‪MTU (Maximum Transmission‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﻀﻞ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺣﻘﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬ ‫4.‬ ‫‪receive‬‬ ‫)‪ Unit‬ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ 065 ﻭ 4201 . ﻛﻤﺎ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻀﻊ ﺣﻘﻞ ﻧﺎﻓﺬﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪ window‬ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ 8402 ﻭ 2918. )ﺭﲟﺎ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱄ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻋﺪﺓ ﳏﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺑﻘﻴﻢ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺣﱴ‬ ‫ﲢﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ (.‬ ‫0940864‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫0090864‬ ‫ﺿﻊ ﺭﻗﻢ ﻫﺎﺗﻒ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ‬ ‫5.‬ ‫5‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
‫‪PPP‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ 89 ™‪ Windows‬ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱄ : ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺧﻂ ﺍﳍﺎﺗﻒ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ‪ Start‬ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺮ ‪ Settings‬ﰒ ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ‪ .Control Panel‬ﺿﻊ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺄﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ Programs Add/Remove‬ﻭﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﺮﺗﲔ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻷﻳﺴﺮ ﻟﻠﻔﺄﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪Details‬‬ ‫ﲢﺖ ‪ Windows Setup‬ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ‪ Communications‬ﻭﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﺄﺭﺓ ﻣﺮﺗﲔ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪OK‬‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﻗﺪ ﻓﺤﺺ ‪ Dial-Up Networking‬ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﺍﺿﻐﻂ‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪TCP/IP‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ : ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﺪ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ‪ Control Panel‬ﻭﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﺮﺗﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ Network‬ﰒ ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫•‬ ‫...‪ . Add‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ‪ Adapter‬ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫...‪Add‬‬ ‫• ﲢﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﲔ ‪ Manufacturers‬ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ‪ Microsoft‬ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺮ ‪ Dial-Up‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ‬ ‫‪ Network Adapters‬ﰒ ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ‪ OK‬ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ‪ Protocol‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ‪ Network components‬ﰒ ﺍﺿﻐﻂ‬ ‫‪OK‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﲢﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﲔ ‪ Manufacturers‬ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ‪ Microsoft‬ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺮ ‪ TCP/IP‬ﻛﱪﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﺔ ‪ Network Protocol‬ﰒ ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ‪OK‬‬ ‫‪Yes‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﻳﺴﺄﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ، ﺍﺧﺘﺮ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ: ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺃﻳﻘﻮﻧﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ‪:PPP‬‬ ‫‪ Accessories‬ﰒ ‪Dial-up‬‬ ‫ﰒ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ‪Programs‬‬ ‫1. ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬﺓ ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ "ﺍﺑﺪﺃ ‪ "Start‬ﰒ‬ ‫‪Networking‬‬ ‫2. ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﺮﺗﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ Make new connection‬ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫3. ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﺳﻢ ﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻭﻟﻴﻜﻦ ﻣﺜﻼ ” ‪ “CCIS Net‬ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﰒ‬ ‫ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫...‪Configure‬‬ ‫4. ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ General section‬ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ‪ COM port‬ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﻮﺩﻡ ﰲ ﺟﻬﺎﺯﻙ.‬ ‫‪unchecked‬‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ 00675 ﻭﺗﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ’‪ ‘Only connect at this speed‬ﻏﲑ ﻣﻔﺤﻮﺻﺔ‬ ‫6‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
‫ﰒ‬ ‫:1 ‪Data-bits 8, parity none, stop bits‬‬ ‫5. ﻭﰲ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ‪ connection section‬ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ﺍﻵﰐ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ‪ OK‬ﰒ ‪.Next‬‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺮ‬ ‫0940864‬ ‫6. ﺍﺩﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ 1 ﻟﻜﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﰒ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ )‪ 4680900 (16+ numbers‬ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪Finish‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰒ ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ‪ Next‬ﰒ ﺇ‪‬ﺎﺀ‬ ‫6. ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺃﻳﻘﻮﻧﺔ ‪ CCIS Net‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ.‬ ‫‪CCIS Net PPP‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ : ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫"‬ ‫‪Properties‬‬ ‫ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﺮﺗﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻷﳝﻦ ﻟﻠﻔﺄﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺮ "ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬ ‫•‬ ‫’‪‘PPP: Windows95, Windows NT 3.5, Internet‬‬ ‫ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ...‪ Server Type‬ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺮ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﻛﺘﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻟﻠﺨﺎﺩﻡ‬ ‫’‪‘Require encrypted password‬‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺮﻙ ﻳﺪﻭﻥ ﻓﺤﺺ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ’‪ ‘Log on to network‬ﻭ‬ ‫•‬ ‫’‪‘Enable software compression‬‬ ‫ﻭﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﻓﺤﺺ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫‪Allowed Network Protocols‬‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ‪ TCP/IP‬ﻣﻦ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ‪ TCP/IP‬ﰒ :‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪‘Specify Name‬‬‫ﺍﻓﺤﺺ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ’‪ ‘Server Assigned IP address‬ﻭﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳋﺎﺩﻡ‬ ‫•‬ ‫’‪ Server addresses‬ﺿﻊ ﻧﻮﻉ ‪ DNS‬ﺍﻷﻭﱄ 3.01.01.01 ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ 2.01.01.01‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺤﺺ ﻛﻼ ﻣﻦ ’‪ ‘Use IP Header compression‬ﻭ ‪‘Use default Gateway on remote‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫’‪network‬‬ ‫‪Dial-up Networking‬‬ ‫ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ‪ OK‬ﻭﻛﺮﺭﻫﺎ ﺣﱴ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪CCIS Net‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺴﺔ : ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﺮﺗﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﻘﻮﻧﺔ ‪ CCIS Net‬ﰒ ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ‪ Connect‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺷﺊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺍﻡ ﻓﺈﻧﻚ ﲡﺪ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺳﺘﻌﺎﻭﺩ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﻗﻤﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﺠﻠﺘﻪ ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ، ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﺿﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ OK‬ﰒ ﺳﺘﻌﺎﻭﺩ ﺍﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ . ﻭﳚﺐ ﺍﻥ ﲢﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻝ ’‪‘Connected‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﺘﺢ ﺇ‪‬ﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ’‪ ‘Disconnect‬ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﻨﻬﻲ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ.‬ ‫) ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺘﻜﺮﺭ (‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ : ‪‬ﻨﺌــــﺔ‬ ‫7‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
‫ﺃﻧﺖ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻜﻤﻠﺖ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﰲ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ Linux‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﺍﻧﺖ .‬ ‫‪LAN‬‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ ‪ Linux‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ‪ PPP‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻗﺪ ﲤﺖ ﺑﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ ‪ Linux/Unix‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫‪ .TELNET‬ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ 05 ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ ‪ Linux‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺣﺪﺍﻫﺎ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ : ”‪ “Linux101.ccis.ksu.edu.sa‬ﺇﱃ”‪ “linux150.ccis.ksu.edu.sa‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﲢﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ 59 ‪ Windows‬ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ Start‬ﰒ ‪ Run‬ﻭﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ :‬ ‫‪telnet linux110.ccis.ksu.edu.sa‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺠﻴﺐ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎﻝ :‬ ‫...011.621.4.09 ‪Trying‬‬ ‫.‪Connected to linux110.ccis.ksu.edu.sa‬‬ ‫.']^' ‪Escape character is‬‬ ‫)0‪Linux 4.1.0 (linux110.ccis.ksu.edu.sa) (ttyp‬‬ ‫_ :‪Linux110 login‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ :‬ ‫ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺡ ، ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈ‪‬ﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺠﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ‪ time-out error‬ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﻀﻞ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﻞ ﳚﺐ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺁﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺷﻌﺮﺕ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻄﺊ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺷﻌﺮﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻔﻀﻞ ﺃﻥ ﲣﺮﺝ ﻭﲢﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻟﺘﺨﻔﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺧﻄﺄ ) ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻧﻚ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ( ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻚ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﻋﻘﺐ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ‪: logging in‬‬ ‫001‪setenv TERM vt‬‬ ‫001‪export term=vt‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫8‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
‫:‬ ‫) ‪( FTP‬‬ ‫ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱄ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ‪ PPP‬ﺃﻭ ‪ LAN‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ) ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ( ﻣﻦ ﻭﺇﱃ ﺟﻬﺎﺯﻙ ﻭﺇﱃ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻚ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ Linux/Unix‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ‪ FTP‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻟـ ‪ . file transfer protocol‬ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻚ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ ‪ . FTP client program‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺄﰐ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬﺓ 59 :‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺮ "ﺍﺑﺪﺃ ‪ “Start‬ﰒ "ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ‪"Run‬‬ ‫§‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺑﲔ‬ ‫§‬ ‫‪ linux101.ccis.ksu.edu.sa‬ﻭ‬ ‫‪linux150.ccis.ksu.edu.sa‬‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺧﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻚ ﻭﺭﻗﻤﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻱ‬ ‫§‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ‪ ASC‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﲢﻮﻳﻠﻪ ﺭﻣﺰﻱ ‪ ASCII‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ‪ BIN‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ.‬ ‫§‬ ‫‪GET‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ‪ PUT‬ﰒ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ '‪ 'PUT filename‬ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﰲ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻚ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫§‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﰲ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻚ '‪'GET filename‬‬ ‫‪FTP‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ "؟" ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﺍﻣﺮ‬ ‫§‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ :‬ ‫‪ftp‬‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺧﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫‪ftp> open linux120.ccis.ksu.edu.sa‬‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫‪.Connected to linux120.ccis.ksu.edu.sa‬‬ ‫‪.220 linux120 FTP server (Version wu-2.4(1) Tue Dec 5 20:51:15 CST 1995) ready‬‬ ‫_ )):‪User (linux120.ccis.ksu.edu.sa:(none‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪ FTP‬ﻭﺍﲰﻪ ”‪ “WS_FTP‬ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬﺓ ™‪Windows‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻟﻚ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ ‪: Linux‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﳒﺎﺣﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻓﺈﻧﻚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪﺍ ﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻚ ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ :‬ ‫)0‪Linux 4.1.0 (linux110.ccis.ksu.edu.sa) (ttyp‬‬ ‫_ :‪linux110 login‬ﺍﺩﺧﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻚ ---‬ ‫9‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
‫:‪After typing the user name or number, you will be prompted to enter your password‬‬ ‫_ :‪Password‬ﺍﺩﺧﻞ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮ ---‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮ ﻻ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺪﻋﻮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫:‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺜﲔ . ﻭﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺃﻣﺎﻣﻚ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫011‪Last login: Thu Oct 3 14:05:13 from linux‬‬ ‫.0.0.2 ‪Linux‬‬ ‫.‪ You have new mail‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﺮﻳﺪ ﺁﱄ ﻟﻚ‬ ‫_ >~:011‪linux‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺧﻄﺄ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻟﻚ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺷﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺑﺎﻵﰐ ﻭﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﻚ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻱ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ :‬ ‫‪login incorrect‬‬ ‫_ :‪linux110 login‬‬ ‫‪Linux‬‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮ ‪ Password‬ﲢﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻚ ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮ. ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮ ﻫﻮ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺗﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺒﺚ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻱ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻚ . ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﲣﺘﺎﺭ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺳﺮ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺣﻔﻈﻬﺎ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻜﺘﺒﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻱ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ ، ﻭﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﲣﻤﻴﻨﻬﺎ.‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮ ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ”‪ “passwd‬ﰒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ >‪ <RETURN‬ﺃﻭ >‪ <Enter‬ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺄﻟﻚ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻨﻚ ) ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺳﺮ ﺍﺿﻐﻂ‬ ‫>‪ .( <Enter‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﻚ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ 6 ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﻭﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻭﺭﻣﻮﺯ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ. ﻭﻃﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﻚ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻚ ﲢﻔﻈﻬﺎ. ﻭﻻ ﺗﻨﺴﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ UNIX‬ﻳﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ.‬ ‫01‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
‫‪Linux‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ ‪ Editing‬ﻭﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﲢﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﺗﻠﻐﻲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺭﻣﺰ ﻛﺘﺒﺘﻪ‬ ‫>‪<CTRL h‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪ Backspace‬ﺃﻭ ‪delete‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻤﺎﻥ ‪ Up‬ﻭ ‪ Down‬ﻳﺴﻤﺤﺎﻥ ﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻟﻚ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻭﺍﻣﺮ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻝ ‪ Tab‬ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ . ﲟﻌﲎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺘﺒﺖ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻠﻒ ﺳﺒﻖ ﲣﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻭﺿﻐﻄﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻝ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ.‬ ‫‪Linux/Unix‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﺿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﲢﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺣﲔ > ‪ <Ctrl‬ﻣﻊ ﺣﺮﻑ ‪ s‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺡ ‪ Scroll Lock‬ﳜﱪ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﻳﻘﺎﻑ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻳﻮﻗﻒ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺎ ، ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺣﲔ‬ ‫> ‪ <Ctrl‬ﻣﻊ ﺣﺮﻑ ‪ q‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺡ ‪ Scroll Lock‬ﻣﺮﺓ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻳﻠﻐﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻳﻘﺎﻑ .‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﺔ ‪‬ﺎ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ Linux‬ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ) ﺃﻱ ﰲ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ( ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻨﻚ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ : .‪shift+Page up‬‬ ‫ﺇﻳﻘﺎﻑ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺃ. ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻒ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻹ‪‬ﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺧﻄﺄ ﻣﺎ ، ﻓﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺣﲔ >‪ <CTRL C‬ﻣﻌﺎ.‬ ‫‪<CTRL‬‬ ‫ﺏ. ﻗﺪ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺇﻳﻘﺎﻑ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺎ ﻓﺈﻧﻚ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺣﲔ‬ ‫>‪ Z‬ﻣﻌﺎ. ﻭﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻒ . ﻭﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺍﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ‪ jobs‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ:‬ ‫‪linux120:~> jobs‬‬ ‫)‪[1] - Suspended (tty output‬‬ ‫‪emacs test.c‬‬ ‫)‪[2] + Suspended (tty output‬‬ ‫‪emacs prog.pas‬‬ ‫_ >~:021‪linux‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻒ ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ )%( ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻔﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻮﻓﺔ. ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪emacs test.c‬‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺘﺐ 1% .‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ، ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﺕ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻒ ﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻛﺘﺐ % ‪ kill‬ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻮﻓﺔ .‬ ‫11‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
‫‪Linux‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﲢﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﲢﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ Linux‬ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ‪ Linux‬ﻓﻘﻂ . ﻭﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﻭﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﻣﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ ﻭﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ ‪ Linux‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﺯﻱ ‪ Virtual Consoles‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ. ﻭﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ ، ﺍﻓﺘﺢ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺷﺮﺣﻪ ﰒ ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺣﲔ>2‪ <ALT+F‬ﲡﺪ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﲝﺴﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮ. ﻭﻟﻠﻌﻮﺩﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﺿﻐﻂ .>1‪. <ALT+F‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﰲ ﺗﻨﺼﻴﺐ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ‪ Linux‬ﺑﺄﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﺯﻱ ﻫﻲ >1‪ <ALT+F‬ﺇﱃ‬ ‫>4‪ .<ALT+F‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺣﺎﻝ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﺣﱴ 21 ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﳎﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﻪ ‪ Fi‬ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ i‬ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ 1 ﺇﱃ‬ ‫21. ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪﺓ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ.‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ : ﺗﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻏﻠﻖ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻓﺘﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻻ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺍﳋﺮﻭﺝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﺎ ﺍﳋﺮﻭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ.‬ ‫ﺇ‪‬ﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ :‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻐﻠﻖ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻚ ﻭﲣﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ‪ logout‬ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ‪ exit‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻟﻚ :‬ ‫.‪There are suspended jobs‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ‪ exit‬ﻣﺮﺓ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ.‬ ‫…‪kill‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﻭﺇ‪‬ﺎﺋﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫ـ ﻧﺒﺬﺓ ﺗﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪:Linux‬‬ ‫2‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺪ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ Linux‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ ﳌﺎ ﻳﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺩﻋﻢ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ . ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺃﻭﻻ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﻼﺩﻳﺔ ﻛﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﱪﺍﻣﺞ‬ ‫‪ multitasking‬ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ‪ . Mini-computers & Mainframe‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﰎ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ++‪ C‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﺳﻬﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﳑﺎ ﺳﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﱪﳎﲔ ﰲ ﺷﱴ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻩ ﻭﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻊ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ، ﺑﺪﺀﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫21‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﳊﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ . Cray Y-MP‬ﻭﻳﻌﺰﻯ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻹﺻﺪﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ. ﻭﻳﻌﺪ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ Linux‬ﺃﺣﺪ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪ Unix‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ‪ Linus Torvalds‬ﲟﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﱪﳎﲔ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻫﻠﺴﻨﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻔﻨﻠﻨﺪﺍ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ. ﻛﻤﺎ ﺷﺎﺭﻙ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﱪﳎﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﱴ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ.‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ :‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﳎﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ Linux‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﻢ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﱪﻳﺪ ﺍﻵﱄ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ :( ‪ )khaled@ccis.ksu.edu.sa‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﺕ ﺗﻨﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺣﺎﺳﺒﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ .‬ ‫– ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ :‬ ‫3‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ Linux‬ﺑﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲣﺰﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﺎﰿ ﰲ‬ ‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺴﻘﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ. ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ. ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ :‬ ‫• ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺗﺎﺭﳜﻲ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﻌﲔ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺮﻳﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺣﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺏ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻭﻟﺘﻜﻦ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺳﻜﺎﻝ ﻣﺜﻼ.‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﻭﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﳕﻂ ﳏﺪﺩ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ Linux‬ﺇﺫ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﻋﺪﺩﺍ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ 652 ﺭﻣﺰ. ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ) ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻠﺔ "/" ( .‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﻧﺄﰐ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺛﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ، ﻭﺃﺧﲑﺍ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﱪﺍﻣﺞ.‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ ﺃﺩﻟﺔ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮﻱ.‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺒﻌﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﲣﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ. ﻭﻗﺪ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻭﺭﲟﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻓﺮﻋﻲ. ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﲰﻪ ‪ programs‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫31‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
‫‪program1.pas‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ‪ . … program1.pas , program2.c , info.dat‬ﻭﺃﺭﺩﻧﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﺭﻩ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ:‬ ‫‪programs/program1.pas‬‬ ‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ، ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺩﻋﺎﻧﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ.‬ ‫‪ programs‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﺒﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺷﺮﻧﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺃﺩﻟﺔ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ . ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ، ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻓﺮﻋﻲ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﲰﻪ ‪ data‬ﻭﺑﻪ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﻭﻟﻴﻜﻦ ﺃﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﲰﻪ ‪ courses.data‬ﻭﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻋﺎﺅﻩ. ﻋﻨﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ :‬ ‫‪programs/data/courses.dat‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﳛﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﰒ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻲ ﰒ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮﻱ.‬ ‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ‪ programs‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻷﺏ ﻟﻠﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻲ ‪. data‬‬ ‫3 ـ 1 ﻋﺮﺽ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺮ ‪:ls‬‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ‪ ls‬ﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺄﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻲ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ :‬ ‫‪linux110:~> ls‬‬ ‫*‪a.out‬‬ ‫‪dummy.txt homebanr.gif sample.txt wchat02.tar‬‬ ‫‪backg.gif file.pas index.html test.pas xxx‬‬ ‫‪dummy‬‬ ‫‪file.pas~ mbox‬‬ ‫~‪test.pas‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻷﲜﺪﻳﺔ.‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﺕ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﺿﻒ ﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ "1– " ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ :‬ ‫‪linux110:~> ls -l‬‬ ‫761 ‪total‬‬ ‫‪-rwxr-xr-x 1 15s100 users‬‬ ‫*‪34095 Oct 8 01:18 a.out‬‬ ‫‪-rw-rw-r-- 1 15s100 users‬‬ ‫‪31688 Oct 10 14:37 backg.gif‬‬ ‫‪-rw-r--r-- 1 15s100 users‬‬ ‫‪0 Oct 8 00:50 dummy‬‬ ‫‪-rw-r--r-- 1 15s100 users‬‬ ‫‪0 Oct 8 00:49 dummy.txt‬‬ ‫‪-rw-r--r-- 1 15s100 users‬‬ ‫‪225 Oct 8 01:18 file.pas‬‬ ‫‪-rw-r--r-- 1 15s100 users‬‬ ‫~‪266 Oct 8 01:02 file.pas‬‬ ‫‪-rw-rw-r-- 1 15s100 users‬‬ ‫‪10737 Oct 10 14:17 homebanr.gif‬‬ ‫‪-rw-rw-r-- 1 15s100 users‬‬ ‫‪242 Sep 29 11:32 index.html‬‬ ‫‪-rw------- 1 15s100 users‬‬ ‫‪652 Oct 14 01:31 mbox‬‬ ‫‪-rw-r--r-- 1 15s100 users‬‬ ‫‪2 Oct 8 00:50 sample.txt‬‬ ‫‪-rw-r--r-- 1 15s100 users‬‬ ‫‪280 Oct 4 00:08 test.pas‬‬ ‫‪-rw-r--r-- 1 15s100 users‬‬ ‫~‪278 Oct 4 00:06 test.pas‬‬ ‫‪-rw-rw-r-- 1 15s100 users‬‬ ‫‪81920 Oct 10 14:03 wchat02.tar‬‬ ‫41‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
‫001‪-rw-r--r-- 1 15s‬‬ ‫‪users‬‬ ‫‪75 Oct 8 01:02 xxx‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ‬ ‫3 ـ 2 ﻋﺮﺽ ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ‪: cat‬‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ‪ cat‬ﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ :‬ ‫‪cat sample.txt‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ‪ cat‬ﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﻠﻒ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ . ﻓﻠﻨﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﻣﺜﻼ ﺃﻧﻚ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻒ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺮﺣﻴﺐ ، ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ‪ cat‬ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻋﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ > ﰒ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺮﻳﺪﻩ ﳍﺬﺍ‬ ‫‪ctrl+d‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ : ‪ cat > hello.txt‬ﺣﻴﻨﺌﺬ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﺴﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﺿﻐﻂ‬ ‫) ﻭﺃﻧﺖ ﰲ ﺳﻄﺮ ﺧﺎﻝ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺳﻄﺮ ﻛﺘﺒﺘﻪ ( ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ .‬ ‫‪linux120:~> cat > hello.txt‬‬ ‫!‪Hello World‬‬ ‫?‪How is everybody‬‬ ‫]‪[ctrl+d‬‬ ‫_ >~:021‪linux‬‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺮﻯ ﺍﻵﻥ ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻧﺸﺄﻧﺎﻩ :‬ ‫‪linux120:~> cat hello.txt‬‬ ‫!‪Hello World‬‬ ‫?‪How is everybody‬‬ ‫_ >~:021‪linux‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻭﲤﻸ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻦ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﻻ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ. ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﺕ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ‪ more‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫‪more sample.txt‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻷﻣﺮ ‪ more‬ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﺃﻭﻻ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺑﻞ ﳚﺐ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ‪ space bar‬ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ . ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ ﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫.‬ ‫‪q‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺗﻨﻬﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻔﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻔﺤﻚ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪more‬‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﺃﻧﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺎ ﻟﻸﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﺮﺽ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻟﻸﻣﺮ ‪. more‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺮﻑ‬ ‫51‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
‫3 – 3 ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ :‬ ‫: ‪cp‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻧﺴﺦ ﻣﻠﻒ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﲢﺖ ﻣﺴﻤﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ :‬ ‫2‪cp file1 file‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ :‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ‬ ‫‪cp‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫1‪file‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫2‪file‬‬ ‫‪rm‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮ ﺍﳊﺬﻑ :‬ ‫‪rm‬‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ ‪‬ﺎ ﻹﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﰲ ﺃﻗﺮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ :‬ ‫3‪rm file‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻨﻢ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻰ 3‪. file‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ:‬ ‫ﺭﲟﺎ ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﻚ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺍﳊﺬﻑ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻈﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :‬ ‫_ )‪Remove file3? (y/n‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﺃﺩﺧﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ‪ y‬ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ‪ n‬ﻹﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫:‬ ‫‪mv‬‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻼ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ 2‪ file‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ‪ mv‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ :‬ ‫1‪file‬‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﻭﻟﻴﻜﻦ‬ ‫2‪mv file1 file‬‬ ‫‪Linux‬‬ ‫3 – 4 ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫‪man‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻋﺎﺀ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ‪ Linux‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪ - manual‬ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻋﺎ ﲟﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻋﻨﻪ . ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮ ‪ passwd‬ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ :‬ ‫61‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
‫‪man passwd‬‬ ‫ﻭﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻟﻼﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻋﻨﻪ . ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﳍﺎ ﻭﻫﻮ ‪ ، Pass Word‬ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﺃﻃﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺄﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ :‬ ‫‪man -k pass word‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻟﻚ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ‪ passwd‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺮ :‬ ‫‪man passwd‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺒﻴﻪ :‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﻜﺘﻔﻴﺎ ﲟﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺃﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻓﺈﻧﻚ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﲰﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ :‬ ‫‪http://www.ccis.ksu.edu.sa/cgi-bin/man2html‬‬ ‫3 – 5 ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ :‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ Linux‬ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ‪. Home Directory‬‬ ‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﺑﺮﺍﳎﻪ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ . ﻭﻟﻠﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ ، ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺃﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ. ﻭﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺸﺄﻫﺎ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ .‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ‪ . mkdir‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﺕ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻌﻚ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ :‬ ‫‪mkdir projects‬‬ ‫‪pwd‬‬ ‫ﻭﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ :‬ ‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ‪ pwd‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ‪ Print Working Directory‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻃﺒﻊ ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺎﱄ. ﺃﻱ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻟﻚ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ.‬ ‫ﻭﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ‪ cd‬ﻓﻠﻜﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ‪ projects‬ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ :‬ ‫‪linux120:~> cd projects‬‬ ‫_ >‪linux120:~/projects‬‬ ‫71‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ :‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺳﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ.‬ ‫.. ‪cd‬‬ ‫ﻭﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫.. ‪linux120:~/projects> cd‬‬ ‫_ >~:021‪linux‬‬ ‫‪cd‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫‪linux120:somewhere> cd‬‬ ‫_ >~:021‪linux‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ :‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ""~ " ﺇﱃ‬ ‫"~ ‪"cd‬‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ ﺇﱄ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻣﺮ ‪ cp ,mv, rm‬ﻟﻠﺤﺬﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ :‬ ‫‪linux120:~> mv myfile projects/myfile‬‬ ‫‪linux120:~> cp test.pas ../test2.pas‬‬ ‫‪linux120:~> rm projects/myfile‬‬ ‫_ >~:021‪linux‬‬ ‫‪projects‬‬‫ﻳﻌﱪ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ‪ myfile‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﲢﺖ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ‪ ، myfile‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﱪ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺴﺦ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ‪ test.pas‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﲣﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﲢﺖ ﻣﺴﻤﻰ ‪ . test2.pas‬ﻭﺃﺧﲑﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ‬ ‫‪ myfile‬ﻣﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ‪. projects‬‬ ‫3 – 6 ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ "*" ، "?"‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﳓﻮ 02 ﻣﻠﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﰲ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﻧﺴﺨﻬﻢ ﲨﻴﻌﺎ ﰲ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻤﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻨﺴﺦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻠﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ . ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫81‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺦ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻘﻞ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺧﻄﻮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ "*" ، "?" .‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼ :‬ ‫‪linux120:~> mkdir tmp‬‬ ‫‪linux120:~> cp * tmp‬‬ ‫_ >~:021‪linux‬‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻓﺮﻋﻲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﲰﻪ ‪ ، tmp‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﺴﺦ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﺇﱄ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ‪ ، tmp‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ . ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﺒﲑ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ، ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﳏﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ . ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ :‬ ‫1‪book1, book2, book_idea, book-chapter‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻱ ﻭﺃﺭﺩﻧﺎ ﻧﺴﺦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺎﳊﺮﻭﻑ‬ ‫‪ book‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻲ ‪ tmp‬ﻧﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ :‬ ‫‪cp book* tmp‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ "?" ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻤﺔ ، ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﺃﻱ ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ﺗﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ "?" ﺗﻔﺤﺺ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺭﻣﺰ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ . ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺘﺒﻨﺎ ﻣﺜﻼ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ :‬ ‫‪cp book? tmp‬‬ ‫2‪book1, book‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ "?" ﺗﻔﺤﺺ ﺭﻣﺰ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ‪ book‬ﻭﻋﻠﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﻨﺴﺦ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﲔ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻣﺮ ‪ mv, rm, cd‬ﻣﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ "*" ، "?"‬ ‫3 – 7 ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ :‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺃﻱ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ) ﳚﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺎﺏ ﺃﻭﻻ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺣﺬﻑ ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﺣﺬﻑ ﲨﻴﻊ ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺗﻪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ * ‪ rm‬ﳊﺬﻑ ﲨﻴﻊ ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﰒ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ( ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ . ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ‪ tmp‬ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ :‬ ‫‪rmdir tmp‬‬ ‫3 – 8 ﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ :‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ‪ lpr‬ﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ) ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻞ ( ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﺕ ﻣﺜﻼ ﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ‬ ‫‪ program.txt‬ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ :‬ ‫91‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
‫‪lpr program.txt‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ :‬ ‫‪lpr -Pprintername program.txt‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﻌﲏ ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪ printername‬ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ.‬ ‫ﻭﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﲔ ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻵﱄ .‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﻌﺮﺽ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﻙ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ :‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻄﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪lpq‬‬ ‫ﻟﻄﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫‪lpq –Pprintername‬‬ ‫4 – ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ :‬ ‫:)‪(E-Mail‬‬ ‫4 – 1 ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ ﺍﻵﱄ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪LAN‬‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ ﺍﻵﱄ ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﻠﻮﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﰲ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻪ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﻳﺪﻱ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻟﺰﻣﻼﺋﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ . ﻭﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ ﺍﻵﱄ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﺘﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻳﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻭﻳﺘﻮﱃ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﳍﺎ. ﻭﳛﺘﻔﻆ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻞ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪﺍ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻭﺻﻮﳍﺎ ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻨﻪ ﺍﻻﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ.‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻚ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻧﻚ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪﻱ ﻫﻮ :‬ ‫‪loginname@linuxserver2.ccis.ksu.edu.sa‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ loginname‬ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ. ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ 101‪ 16s‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻧﻚ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ :‬ ‫‪16s101@linuxserver2.ccis.ksu.edu.sa‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻚ ﻷﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﱪﻳﺪ ﺍﻵﱄ. ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ،‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﻨﺎﻗﺶ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ :‬ ‫4-1-1 ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ '‪: 'Pine‬‬ ‫02‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ '‪ 'Pine‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫‪ ، Unix/Linux‬ﻭﻳﻌﺰﻯ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻟﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ.ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺃﻛﺘﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ‪ .pine‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻓﺈﻧﻚ ﺗﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺴﺄﻟﻚ ﻋﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ. ﻭﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺭﺍﻏﺒﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ. ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻟﻚ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺷﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :‬ ‫ﻭﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻣﻴﻞ ﻓﺈﻧﻚ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ ) ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺭﻗﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻱ ( ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺿﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺯﻣﻴﻠﻚ ﻫﻮ 101‪ 16s‬ﻭﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﱃ '‪'Compose Message‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ '‪ 'C‬ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻟﻚ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﺐ ﺗﻌﺒﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ :‬ ‫‪To: 16s101@linuxserver2.ccis.ksu.edu.sa‬‬ ‫‪Attachment: prog1.pas‬‬ ‫‪Subject: just saying hello‬‬ ‫:‪CC‬‬ ‫:‪Message Text‬‬ ‫...‪Hello there‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ‪ To‬ﺍﺩﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪﻱ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﳌﺮﺳﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﺎﺩﻡ‬ ‫)ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ( ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ "@" . ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﻓﻼ ﺩﺍﻋﻲ ﻟﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ.‬ ‫12‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ '‪ 'Attachment‬ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ) ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻣﻠﻒ (.‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ '‪ 'Subject‬ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺳﻄﺮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ. ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻧﺴﺦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳑﻜﻦ ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻨﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ’‪. ‘CC‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺧﲑﺍ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ '‪. 'Message Text‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ :‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ) ﺍﳋﺎﺩﻡ ( ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻓﻴﻜﺘﻔﻲ ﺑﺈﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻘﻞ ':‪ 'To‬ﻭﲡﺎﻫﻞ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ @‬ ‫’‪‘Y‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪﺍ ﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺣﲔ ‪ CTRL+X‬ﻭﺃﻛﺪ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺭﺍﻏﺒﺎ ﰲ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﳍﺎ ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ‪ CTRL+C‬ﻹﻟﻐﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﰒ ﺃﻛﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ’‪. ‘N‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺳﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻚ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻚ ﲢﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﺃ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻚ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻟﻚ ﺑﺮﻳﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ. ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﺮﻏﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺮﻳﺪﻙ ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫’‪ ‘mail‬ﰒ ﺍﺧﺘﺮ '‪ 'Folder Index‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻓﺘﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻓﺘﺤﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻻﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ.‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻚ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ ’‪ ‘Pine‬ﺑﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﻼﺋﻚ ﰲ ﻣﻠﻒ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻋﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﲟﺠﺮﺩ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻴﻞ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺓ .‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻠﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ ’‪ ‘Pine‬ﻭﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻪ ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ‬ ‫’?‘ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ. ﻭﻟﻠﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ‬ ‫’‪ ‘M‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ’‪ ‘Q‬ﻟﻠﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ ﺍﻵﱄ ﻭﺃﻛﺪ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻚ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ’‪. ‘Y‬‬ ‫4-1-2 ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ’‪: ‘mail‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ’‪ ‘mail‬ﻟﻠﱪﻳﺪ ﺍﻵﱄ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺃﺩﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ’‪ ‘Pine‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﺎﺯﺍﻝ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ’‪ . ‘Unix‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﺃﻧﺖ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻟﺘﺴﺘﻜﻤﻞ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪﻱ. ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻓﺮﺿﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻚ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺎ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ 101‪ 16s‬ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ :‬ ‫‪linux110:~> mail 16s101@linuxserver2.ccis.ksu.edu.sa‬‬ ‫22‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ :‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ) ﺍﳋﺎﺩﻡ ( ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻓﻴﻜﺘﻔﻲ ﺑﺈﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻘﻞ ':‪ 'To‬ﻭﲡﺎﻫﻞ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ @‬ ‫101‪linux110:~> mail 16s‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﻚ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ’‪ ‘subject‬ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺳﻄﺮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻗﻞ . ﻭﻳﻠﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ ﻧﺺ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ . ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺫﻫﺐ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﺳﻄﺮ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻣﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ "." ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﲏ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺮﻭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ :‬ ‫‪linux110:~> mail 16s101@linuxserver2.ccis.ksu.edu.sa‬‬ ‫.‪Subject: Midterm I date‬‬ ‫,‪Hello Ahmad‬‬ ‫01 ‪Midterm I, will be held this upcoming Tuesday, at around‬‬ ‫‪AM to 12 PM, room‬‬ ‫.‪no. 13/B/3. Please, meet me in the college at around 9:30 AM‬‬ ‫,‪See you later‬‬ ‫‪Mohammad‬‬ ‫.‬ ‫‪EOT‬‬ ‫_ >~:011‪linux‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻏﲑﺕ ﺭﺃﻳﻚ ﻭﺃﺭﺩﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﻭﺝ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﺿﻐﻂ >‪ <CTRL c‬ﻣﺮﺗﲔ ﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺍﳋﺮﻭﺝ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ :‬ ‫‪linux110:~> mail 16s101@linuxserver2.ccis.ksu.edu.sa‬‬ ‫.‪Subject: Midterm I date‬‬ ‫,‪Hello Ahmad‬‬ ‫..‪Ummm, er‬‬ ‫]‪[ctrl+c‬‬ ‫)‪(Interrupt -- one more to kill letter‬‬ ‫]‪[ctrl+c‬‬ ‫32‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
Arabic linux guide
Arabic linux guide
Arabic linux guide
Arabic linux guide
Arabic linux guide
Arabic linux guide
Arabic linux guide
Arabic linux guide
Arabic linux guide
Arabic linux guide
Arabic linux guide
Arabic linux guide
Arabic linux guide
Arabic linux guide
Arabic linux guide
Arabic linux guide
Arabic linux guide
Arabic linux guide

Recommended

01 Metasploit kung fu introduction
01 Metasploit kung fu introduction01 Metasploit kung fu introduction
01 Metasploit kung fu introductionMostafa Abdel-sallam
 
tybsc it sem 5 Linux administration notes of unit 1,2,3,4,5,6 version 3
tybsc it sem 5 Linux administration notes of unit 1,2,3,4,5,6 version 3tybsc it sem 5 Linux administration notes of unit 1,2,3,4,5,6 version 3
tybsc it sem 5 Linux administration notes of unit 1,2,3,4,5,6 version 3WE-IT TUTORIALS
 
FUSE and beyond: bridging filesystems slides by Emmanuel Dreyfus
FUSE and beyond: bridging filesystems slides by Emmanuel DreyfusFUSE and beyond: bridging filesystems slides by Emmanuel Dreyfus
FUSE and beyond: bridging filesystems slides by Emmanuel Dreyfuseurobsdcon
 
wrt54g
wrt54gwrt54g
wrt54gguest17f5d2
 
06threadsimp
06threadsimp06threadsimp
06threadsimpZhiwen Guo
 
01intro
01intro01intro
01introZhiwen Guo
 
غيوم: مرصد المشاريع العربية مفتوحة المصدر
غيوم: مرصد المشاريع العربية مفتوحة المصدرغيوم: مرصد المشاريع العربية مفتوحة المصدر
غيوم: مرصد المشاريع العربية مفتوحة المصدرlinuxscout
 
Linux intro
Linux introLinux intro
Linux introlinuxscout
 

Recommended

01 Metasploit kung fu introduction
01 Metasploit kung fu introduction01 Metasploit kung fu introduction
01 Metasploit kung fu introductionMostafa Abdel-sallam
 
tybsc it sem 5 Linux administration notes of unit 1,2,3,4,5,6 version 3
tybsc it sem 5 Linux administration notes of unit 1,2,3,4,5,6 version 3tybsc it sem 5 Linux administration notes of unit 1,2,3,4,5,6 version 3
tybsc it sem 5 Linux administration notes of unit 1,2,3,4,5,6 version 3WE-IT TUTORIALS
 
FUSE and beyond: bridging filesystems slides by Emmanuel Dreyfus
FUSE and beyond: bridging filesystems slides by Emmanuel DreyfusFUSE and beyond: bridging filesystems slides by Emmanuel Dreyfus
FUSE and beyond: bridging filesystems slides by Emmanuel Dreyfuseurobsdcon
 
wrt54g
wrt54gwrt54g
wrt54gguest17f5d2
 
06threadsimp
06threadsimp06threadsimp
06threadsimpZhiwen Guo
 
01intro
01intro01intro
01introZhiwen Guo
 
غيوم: مرصد المشاريع العربية مفتوحة المصدر
غيوم: مرصد المشاريع العربية مفتوحة المصدرغيوم: مرصد المشاريع العربية مفتوحة المصدر
غيوم: مرصد المشاريع العربية مفتوحة المصدرlinuxscout
 
Linux intro
Linux introLinux intro
Linux introlinuxscout
 
06041209 4879
06041209 487906041209 4879
06041209 4879mohamed saleh
 
الهارديسك
الهارديسكالهارديسك
الهارديسكasmaa saso
 
البايوس Bios
البايوس Biosالبايوس Bios
البايوس Biosasmaa saso
 
بنيه القرص الصلب وتنصيب ليونكس
بنيه القرص الصلب وتنصيب ليونكسبنيه القرص الصلب وتنصيب ليونكس
بنيه القرص الصلب وتنصيب ليونكسjihad-kh
 
Linux presentation
Linux presentationLinux presentation
Linux presentationHome
 
I wanna be a hacker / لو سمحت إزاي أبقى هاكر
I wanna be a hacker / لو سمحت إزاي أبقى هاكرI wanna be a hacker / لو سمحت إزاي أبقى هاكر
I wanna be a hacker / لو سمحت إزاي أبقى هاكرAbd4llA
 
Solaris vs Linux
Solaris vs LinuxSolaris vs Linux
Solaris vs LinuxGrigale LTD
 
What Linux can learn from Solaris performance and vice-versa
What Linux can learn from Solaris performance and vice-versaWhat Linux can learn from Solaris performance and vice-versa
What Linux can learn from Solaris performance and vice-versaBrendan Gregg
 
اف تي بي
اف تي بياف تي بي
اف تي بيnansyrigan
 
Linux for beginners
Linux for beginnersLinux for beginners
Linux for beginnersNitesh Nayal
 
Unix operating system
Unix operating systemUnix operating system
Unix operating systemABhay Panchal
 
Unix and Linux Common Boot Disk Disaster Recovery Tools by Dusan Baljevic
Unix and Linux Common Boot Disk Disaster Recovery Tools by Dusan BaljevicUnix and Linux Common Boot Disk Disaster Recovery Tools by Dusan Baljevic
Unix and Linux Common Boot Disk Disaster Recovery Tools by Dusan BaljevicCircling Cycle
 
Iptables presentation
Iptables presentationIptables presentation
Iptables presentationEmin Abdul Azeez
 
unixoperatingsystem-130327073532-phpapp01.pdf
unixoperatingsystem-130327073532-phpapp01.pdfunixoperatingsystem-130327073532-phpapp01.pdf
unixoperatingsystem-130327073532-phpapp01.pdfIxtiyorTeshaboyev
 
Managing software assets
Managing software assetsManaging software assets
Managing software assetsProf. Othman Alsalloum
 
Topic 2.1 network communication using osi model
Topic 2.1 network communication using osi modelTopic 2.1 network communication using osi model
Topic 2.1 network communication using osi modelDoLce MiEra
 
Bab 1 fundamental of os
Bab 1 fundamental of osBab 1 fundamental of os
Bab 1 fundamental of osLenorita Leban
 
operating system
operating systemoperating system
operating systemIbbad shah
 
Linux@assignment ppt
Linux@assignment pptLinux@assignment ppt
Linux@assignment pptRama .
 
Share File easily between computers using sftp
Share File easily between computers using sftpShare File easily between computers using sftp
Share File easily between computers using sftpTushar B Kute
 
UNIX/Linux training
UNIX/Linux trainingUNIX/Linux training
UNIX/Linux trainingMichael Olafusi
 
Mpls conference 2016-data center virtualisation-11-march
Mpls conference 2016-data center virtualisation-11-marchMpls conference 2016-data center virtualisation-11-march
Mpls conference 2016-data center virtualisation-11-marchAricent
 

More Related Content

Viewers also liked

الهارديسك
الهارديسكالهارديسك
الهارديسكasmaa saso
 
البايوس Bios
البايوس Biosالبايوس Bios
البايوس Biosasmaa saso
 
بنيه القرص الصلب وتنصيب ليونكس
بنيه القرص الصلب وتنصيب ليونكسبنيه القرص الصلب وتنصيب ليونكس
بنيه القرص الصلب وتنصيب ليونكسjihad-kh
 
Linux presentation
Linux presentationLinux presentation
Linux presentationHome
 
I wanna be a hacker / لو سمحت إزاي أبقى هاكر
I wanna be a hacker / لو سمحت إزاي أبقى هاكرI wanna be a hacker / لو سمحت إزاي أبقى هاكر
I wanna be a hacker / لو سمحت إزاي أبقى هاكرAbd4llA
 
Solaris vs Linux
Solaris vs LinuxSolaris vs Linux
Solaris vs LinuxGrigale LTD
 
What Linux can learn from Solaris performance and vice-versa
What Linux can learn from Solaris performance and vice-versaWhat Linux can learn from Solaris performance and vice-versa
What Linux can learn from Solaris performance and vice-versaBrendan Gregg
 
اف تي بي
اف تي بياف تي بي
اف تي بيnansyrigan
 

Viewers also liked (9)

06041209 4879
06041209 487906041209 4879
06041209 4879
 
الهارديسك
الهارديسكالهارديسك
الهارديسك
 
البايوس Bios
البايوس Biosالبايوس Bios
البايوس Bios
 
بنيه القرص الصلب وتنصيب ليونكس
بنيه القرص الصلب وتنصيب ليونكسبنيه القرص الصلب وتنصيب ليونكس
بنيه القرص الصلب وتنصيب ليونكس
 
Linux presentation
Linux presentationLinux presentation
Linux presentation
 
I wanna be a hacker / لو سمحت إزاي أبقى هاكر
I wanna be a hacker / لو سمحت إزاي أبقى هاكرI wanna be a hacker / لو سمحت إزاي أبقى هاكر
I wanna be a hacker / لو سمحت إزاي أبقى هاكر
 
Solaris vs Linux
Solaris vs LinuxSolaris vs Linux
Solaris vs Linux
 
What Linux can learn from Solaris performance and vice-versa
What Linux can learn from Solaris performance and vice-versaWhat Linux can learn from Solaris performance and vice-versa
What Linux can learn from Solaris performance and vice-versa
 
اف تي بي
اف تي بياف تي بي
اف تي بي
 

Similar to Arabic linux guide

Linux for beginners
Linux for beginnersLinux for beginners
Linux for beginnersNitesh Nayal
 
Unix operating system
Unix operating systemUnix operating system
Unix operating systemABhay Panchal
 
Unix and Linux Common Boot Disk Disaster Recovery Tools by Dusan Baljevic
Unix and Linux Common Boot Disk Disaster Recovery Tools by Dusan BaljevicUnix and Linux Common Boot Disk Disaster Recovery Tools by Dusan Baljevic
Unix and Linux Common Boot Disk Disaster Recovery Tools by Dusan BaljevicCircling Cycle
 
unixoperatingsystem-130327073532-phpapp01.pdf
unixoperatingsystem-130327073532-phpapp01.pdfunixoperatingsystem-130327073532-phpapp01.pdf
unixoperatingsystem-130327073532-phpapp01.pdfIxtiyorTeshaboyev
 
Topic 2.1 network communication using osi model
Topic 2.1 network communication using osi modelTopic 2.1 network communication using osi model
Topic 2.1 network communication using osi modelDoLce MiEra
 
Bab 1 fundamental of os
Bab 1 fundamental of osBab 1 fundamental of os
Bab 1 fundamental of osLenorita Leban
 
operating system
operating systemoperating system
operating systemIbbad shah
 
Linux@assignment ppt
Linux@assignment pptLinux@assignment ppt
Linux@assignment pptRama .
 
Share File easily between computers using sftp
Share File easily between computers using sftpShare File easily between computers using sftp
Share File easily between computers using sftpTushar B Kute
 
Mpls conference 2016-data center virtualisation-11-march
Mpls conference 2016-data center virtualisation-11-marchMpls conference 2016-data center virtualisation-11-march
Mpls conference 2016-data center virtualisation-11-marchAricent
 
Metasploit @ 2010 Utah Open Source Conference
Metasploit @ 2010 Utah Open Source ConferenceMetasploit @ 2010 Utah Open Source Conference
Metasploit @ 2010 Utah Open Source ConferenceJason Wood
 
uheredia resume
uheredia resumeuheredia resume
uheredia resumeUlises H.
 
Monitoring a SUSE Linux Enterprise Environment with System Center Operations ...
Monitoring a SUSE Linux Enterprise Environment with System Center Operations ...Monitoring a SUSE Linux Enterprise Environment with System Center Operations ...
Monitoring a SUSE Linux Enterprise Environment with System Center Operations ...Novell
 
Linuxtraining 130710022121-phpapp01
Linuxtraining 130710022121-phpapp01Linuxtraining 130710022121-phpapp01
Linuxtraining 130710022121-phpapp01Chander Pandey
 

Similar to Arabic linux guide (20)

Linux for beginners
Linux for beginnersLinux for beginners
Linux for beginners
 
Unix operating system
Unix operating systemUnix operating system
Unix operating system
 
Unix and Linux Common Boot Disk Disaster Recovery Tools by Dusan Baljevic
Unix and Linux Common Boot Disk Disaster Recovery Tools by Dusan BaljevicUnix and Linux Common Boot Disk Disaster Recovery Tools by Dusan Baljevic
Unix and Linux Common Boot Disk Disaster Recovery Tools by Dusan Baljevic
 
Iptables presentation
Iptables presentationIptables presentation
Iptables presentation
 
unixoperatingsystem-130327073532-phpapp01.pdf
unixoperatingsystem-130327073532-phpapp01.pdfunixoperatingsystem-130327073532-phpapp01.pdf
unixoperatingsystem-130327073532-phpapp01.pdf
 
Managing software assets
Managing software assetsManaging software assets
Managing software assets
 
Topic 2.1 network communication using osi model
Topic 2.1 network communication using osi modelTopic 2.1 network communication using osi model
Topic 2.1 network communication using osi model
 
Bab 1 fundamental of os
Bab 1 fundamental of osBab 1 fundamental of os
Bab 1 fundamental of os
 
operating system
operating systemoperating system
operating system
 
Linux@assignment ppt
Linux@assignment pptLinux@assignment ppt
Linux@assignment ppt
 
Share File easily between computers using sftp
Share File easily between computers using sftpShare File easily between computers using sftp
Share File easily between computers using sftp
 
UNIX/Linux training
UNIX/Linux trainingUNIX/Linux training
UNIX/Linux training
 
Mpls conference 2016-data center virtualisation-11-march
Mpls conference 2016-data center virtualisation-11-marchMpls conference 2016-data center virtualisation-11-march
Mpls conference 2016-data center virtualisation-11-march
 
Metasploit @ 2010 Utah Open Source Conference
Metasploit @ 2010 Utah Open Source ConferenceMetasploit @ 2010 Utah Open Source Conference
Metasploit @ 2010 Utah Open Source Conference
 
운영체제론 Ch20
운영체제론 Ch20운영체제론 Ch20
운영체제론 Ch20
 
Wissbi osdc pdf
Wissbi osdc pdfWissbi osdc pdf
Wissbi osdc pdf
 
uheredia resume
uheredia resumeuheredia resume
uheredia resume
 
Binary system
Binary systemBinary system
Binary system
 
Monitoring a SUSE Linux Enterprise Environment with System Center Operations ...
Monitoring a SUSE Linux Enterprise Environment with System Center Operations ...Monitoring a SUSE Linux Enterprise Environment with System Center Operations ...
Monitoring a SUSE Linux Enterprise Environment with System Center Operations ...
 
Linuxtraining 130710022121-phpapp01
Linuxtraining 130710022121-phpapp01Linuxtraining 130710022121-phpapp01
Linuxtraining 130710022121-phpapp01
 

Recently uploaded

1029 - Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf
1029 - Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf1029 - Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf
1029 - Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdfQucHHunhnh
 
Web & Social Media Analytics Previous Year Question Paper.pdf
Web & Social Media Analytics Previous Year Question Paper.pdfWeb & Social Media Analytics Previous Year Question Paper.pdf
Web & Social Media Analytics Previous Year Question Paper.pdfJayanti Pande
 
SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptx
SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptxSOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptx
SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptxiammrhaywood
 
Hybridoma Technology ( Production , Purification , and Application )
Hybridoma Technology ( Production , Purification , and Application ) Hybridoma Technology ( Production , Purification , and Application )
Hybridoma Technology ( Production , Purification , and Application ) Sakshi Ghasle
 
Call Girls in Dwarka Mor Delhi Contact Us 9654467111
Call Girls in Dwarka Mor Delhi Contact Us 9654467111Call Girls in Dwarka Mor Delhi Contact Us 9654467111
Call Girls in Dwarka Mor Delhi Contact Us 9654467111Sapana Sha
 
The Most Excellent Way | 1 Corinthians 13
The Most Excellent Way | 1 Corinthians 13The Most Excellent Way | 1 Corinthians 13
The Most Excellent Way | 1 Corinthians 13Steve Thomason
 
Industrial Policy - 1948, 1956, 1973, 1977, 1980, 1991
Industrial Policy - 1948, 1956, 1973, 1977, 1980, 1991Industrial Policy - 1948, 1956, 1973, 1977, 1980, 1991
Industrial Policy - 1948, 1956, 1973, 1977, 1980, 1991RKavithamani
 
Separation of Lanthanides/ Lanthanides and Actinides
Separation of Lanthanides/ Lanthanides and ActinidesSeparation of Lanthanides/ Lanthanides and Actinides
Separation of Lanthanides/ Lanthanides and ActinidesFatimaKhan178732
 
Q4-W6-Restating Informational Text Grade 3
Q4-W6-Restating Informational Text Grade 3Q4-W6-Restating Informational Text Grade 3
Q4-W6-Restating Informational Text Grade 3JemimahLaneBuaron
 
Introduction to ArtificiaI Intelligence in Higher Education
Introduction to ArtificiaI Intelligence in Higher EducationIntroduction to ArtificiaI Intelligence in Higher Education
Introduction to ArtificiaI Intelligence in Higher Educationpboyjonauth
 
Contemporary philippine arts from the regions_PPT_Module_12 [Autosaved] (1).pptx
Contemporary philippine arts from the regions_PPT_Module_12 [Autosaved] (1).pptxContemporary philippine arts from the regions_PPT_Module_12 [Autosaved] (1).pptx
Contemporary philippine arts from the regions_PPT_Module_12 [Autosaved] (1).pptxRoyAbrique
 
Presentation by Andreas Schleicher Tackling the School Absenteeism Crisis 30 ...
Presentation by Andreas Schleicher Tackling the School Absenteeism Crisis 30 ...Presentation by Andreas Schleicher Tackling the School Absenteeism Crisis 30 ...
Presentation by Andreas Schleicher Tackling the School Absenteeism Crisis 30 ...EduSkills OECD
 
Mastering the Unannounced Regulatory Inspection
Mastering the Unannounced Regulatory InspectionMastering the Unannounced Regulatory Inspection
Mastering the Unannounced Regulatory InspectionSafetyChain Software
 
Interactive Powerpoint_How to Master effective communication
Interactive Powerpoint_How to Master effective communicationInteractive Powerpoint_How to Master effective communication
Interactive Powerpoint_How to Master effective communicationnomboosow
 
Grant Readiness 101 TechSoup and Remy Consulting
Grant Readiness 101 TechSoup and Remy ConsultingGrant Readiness 101 TechSoup and Remy Consulting
Grant Readiness 101 TechSoup and Remy ConsultingTechSoup
 
1029-Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa khoi 6.pdf
1029-Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa khoi 6.pdf1029-Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa khoi 6.pdf
1029-Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa khoi 6.pdfQucHHunhnh
 
Organic Name Reactions for the students and aspirants of Chemistry12th.pptx
Organic Name Reactions for the students and aspirants of Chemistry12th.pptxOrganic Name Reactions for the students and aspirants of Chemistry12th.pptx
Organic Name Reactions for the students and aspirants of Chemistry12th.pptxVS Mahajan Coaching Centre
 

Recently uploaded (20)

1029 - Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf
1029 - Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf1029 - Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf
1029 - Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf
 
Web & Social Media Analytics Previous Year Question Paper.pdf
Web & Social Media Analytics Previous Year Question Paper.pdfWeb & Social Media Analytics Previous Year Question Paper.pdf
Web & Social Media Analytics Previous Year Question Paper.pdf
 
SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptx
SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptxSOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptx
SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptx
 
Hybridoma Technology ( Production , Purification , and Application )
Hybridoma Technology ( Production , Purification , and Application ) Hybridoma Technology ( Production , Purification , and Application )
Hybridoma Technology ( Production , Purification , and Application )
 
Call Girls in Dwarka Mor Delhi Contact Us 9654467111
Call Girls in Dwarka Mor Delhi Contact Us 9654467111Call Girls in Dwarka Mor Delhi Contact Us 9654467111
Call Girls in Dwarka Mor Delhi Contact Us 9654467111
 
Mattingly "AI & Prompt Design: Structured Data, Assistants, & RAG"
Mattingly "AI & Prompt Design: Structured Data, Assistants, & RAG"Mattingly "AI & Prompt Design: Structured Data, Assistants, & RAG"
Mattingly "AI & Prompt Design: Structured Data, Assistants, & RAG"
 
The Most Excellent Way | 1 Corinthians 13
The Most Excellent Way | 1 Corinthians 13The Most Excellent Way | 1 Corinthians 13
The Most Excellent Way | 1 Corinthians 13
 
Industrial Policy - 1948, 1956, 1973, 1977, 1980, 1991
Industrial Policy - 1948, 1956, 1973, 1977, 1980, 1991Industrial Policy - 1948, 1956, 1973, 1977, 1980, 1991
Industrial Policy - 1948, 1956, 1973, 1977, 1980, 1991
 
Separation of Lanthanides/ Lanthanides and Actinides
Separation of Lanthanides/ Lanthanides and ActinidesSeparation of Lanthanides/ Lanthanides and Actinides
Separation of Lanthanides/ Lanthanides and Actinides
 
INDIA QUIZ 2024 RLAC DELHI UNIVERSITY.pptx
INDIA QUIZ 2024 RLAC DELHI UNIVERSITY.pptxINDIA QUIZ 2024 RLAC DELHI UNIVERSITY.pptx
INDIA QUIZ 2024 RLAC DELHI UNIVERSITY.pptx
 
Q4-W6-Restating Informational Text Grade 3
Q4-W6-Restating Informational Text Grade 3Q4-W6-Restating Informational Text Grade 3
Q4-W6-Restating Informational Text Grade 3
 
Introduction to ArtificiaI Intelligence in Higher Education
Introduction to ArtificiaI Intelligence in Higher EducationIntroduction to ArtificiaI Intelligence in Higher Education
Introduction to ArtificiaI Intelligence in Higher Education
 
Mattingly "AI & Prompt Design: The Basics of Prompt Design"
Mattingly "AI & Prompt Design: The Basics of Prompt Design"Mattingly "AI & Prompt Design: The Basics of Prompt Design"
Mattingly "AI & Prompt Design: The Basics of Prompt Design"
 
Contemporary philippine arts from the regions_PPT_Module_12 [Autosaved] (1).pptx
Contemporary philippine arts from the regions_PPT_Module_12 [Autosaved] (1).pptxContemporary philippine arts from the regions_PPT_Module_12 [Autosaved] (1).pptx
Contemporary philippine arts from the regions_PPT_Module_12 [Autosaved] (1).pptx
 
Presentation by Andreas Schleicher Tackling the School Absenteeism Crisis 30 ...
Presentation by Andreas Schleicher Tackling the School Absenteeism Crisis 30 ...Presentation by Andreas Schleicher Tackling the School Absenteeism Crisis 30 ...
Presentation by Andreas Schleicher Tackling the School Absenteeism Crisis 30 ...
 
Mastering the Unannounced Regulatory Inspection
Mastering the Unannounced Regulatory InspectionMastering the Unannounced Regulatory Inspection
Mastering the Unannounced Regulatory Inspection
 
Interactive Powerpoint_How to Master effective communication
Interactive Powerpoint_How to Master effective communicationInteractive Powerpoint_How to Master effective communication
Interactive Powerpoint_How to Master effective communication
 
Grant Readiness 101 TechSoup and Remy Consulting
Grant Readiness 101 TechSoup and Remy ConsultingGrant Readiness 101 TechSoup and Remy Consulting
Grant Readiness 101 TechSoup and Remy Consulting
 
1029-Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa khoi 6.pdf
1029-Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa khoi 6.pdf1029-Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa khoi 6.pdf
1029-Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa khoi 6.pdf
 
Organic Name Reactions for the students and aspirants of Chemistry12th.pptx
Organic Name Reactions for the students and aspirants of Chemistry12th.pptxOrganic Name Reactions for the students and aspirants of Chemistry12th.pptx
Organic Name Reactions for the students and aspirants of Chemistry12th.pptx
 

Arabic linux guide

  • 1. ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ : ﺟﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻬﺘﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺇﺷﺮﺍﻑ : ﺩ. ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ :ﺍﻳﻠﻮﻝ 0002‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻹﺻﺪﺍﺭ : 3 *‬ ‫* ﻟﻘﺪ ﺑﺬﻝ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ. ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺣﺎﻝ، ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﻗﺪ ﺃﺿﻴﻔﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﻓﺈﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻺﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ :‬ ‫/‪http://www.ccis.ksu.edu.sa/cc/ccisguide‬‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
  • 2. ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺱ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫1 – ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﲢﺖ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ :‬ ‫‪Windows NT‬‬ ‫1-1 ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﲢﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪PPP‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﺎﺗﻔﻲ‬ ‫‪Linux‬‬ ‫1-2 ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﲢﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪PPP‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﺎﺗﻔﻲ‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪PPP‬‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ‬ ‫59 ™‪Windows‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪LAN‬‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ ‪ Linux/Unix‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ‪ PPP‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫) ‪( FTP‬‬ ‫ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪Linux/Unix‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻟﻚ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪Linux/Unix‬‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮ ‪ Password‬ﲢﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪Linux/Unix‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ ‪ Editing‬ﻭﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﲢﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪Linux/Unix‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﺿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﲢﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺇﻳﻘﺎﻑ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪Linux/Unix‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﲢﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺮﻭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪Linux/Unix‬‬ ‫2 – ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﳐﺘﺼﺮ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫3- ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫3-1 ﻋﺮﺽ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫3-2 ﻋﺮﺽ ﳏﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ‬ ‫3-3 ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Linux‬‬ ‫3-4 ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫3-5 ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪Wildcard‬‬ ‫3-6 ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫3-7 ﺣﺬﻑ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫3-8 ﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ‫2‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
  • 3. ‫4- ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ‬ ‫‪E-Mail‬‬ ‫4-1 ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ ﺍﻵﱄ‬ ‫”‪“Pine‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫"‪“Plain mail‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫‪LAN‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ ﺍﻵﱄ ﺧﻼﻝ ‪ PPP‬ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪Linux/Unix‬‬ ‫5- ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﲢﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫‪Emacs‬‬ ‫5-1 ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻨﻘﺢ‬ ‫‪Emacs‬‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻟﻸﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫5-2 ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻟﻐﺔ‬ ‫‪Pascal‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻟﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ‬ ‫‪X-Window‬‬ ‫6- ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬﺓ‬ ‫‪X-Window‬‬ ‫6-1 ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬﺓ‬ ‫‪Linux‬‬ ‫7- ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﻭﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ‪ DOS‬ﲢﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫”‪“mtools‬‬ ‫7-1 ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫8- ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫™‪NT™ and Macintosh‬‬ ‫8-1 ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫‪Linux‬‬ ‫8-2 ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫8-3 ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﱰﻝ ‪ PPP‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺩﻡ‬ ‫‪Homepage‬‬ ‫8-4 ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫1 – ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﲢﺖ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ :‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﰲ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ‪ CCIS‬ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ . ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ. ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ :‬ ‫3‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
  • 4. ‫ﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻻ ﺗﻐﻠﻖ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺋﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ، ﻭﻻ ﺗﻔﺘﺢ ﺃﻱ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻣﻐﻠﻖ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻞ. ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻼ ﺗﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﰲ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺌﻮﻟﲔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﻭﻛﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ ، ﻭﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻟﺘﻌﻮﺩ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻊ‬ ‫‪ON‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺋﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﳚﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﻭﺝ ﻭﻏﻠﻖ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻚ ﺣﱴ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺗﻚ ﻟﻠﻀﻴﺎﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺚ ‪‬ﺎ ، ﻣﻊ ﺗﺮﻙ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻏﻠﻖ.‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﳓﻮ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﰲ ﻃﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺺ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Windows NT‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﲢﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫1-1‬ ‫ﰲ ﻣﺒﲎ 4 ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﲢﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ‪ Windows NT‬ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫58/ﺃﺃ ، 48/ﺃﺃ ، 321/ﺃﺃ ، 811/ﺃﺃ . ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻓﺈﻧﻚ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺭﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ) ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﻄﻼﺏ ( ﺃﻭ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺧﺎﺹ ﲟﻘﺮﺭ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﳏﺪﺩ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱄ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮ.‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮ : ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻚ ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫‪ CTRL+ALT+Del‬ﻣﻌﺎ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ . ﻭﻟﻼﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺄﺭﺓ ) ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻷﻳﺴﺮ ( ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪“Close all programs and Log as a‬‬ ‫”‪ “Start‬ﰒ ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ”‪ “Shut Down‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﺮ‬ ‫”‪different user‬‬ ‫‪Linux‬‬ ‫1-2 ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﲢﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ‪ DOS, Windows™, System™ 7.x‬ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺃﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ‪ Linux/UNIX‬ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﲝﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺣﻴﺚ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻌﲏ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺏ ﺻﻐﲑﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻪ ﻛﺒﲑﺍ. ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ S‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪. s‬ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺔ ‪ List‬ﳍﺎ ﻣﻌﲎ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬ ‫‪.list‬‬ ‫4‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
  • 5. ‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ ‪ ، Linux‬ﻭﺃﺣﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺬﻫﺐ ﺇﱄ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﻬﺰ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ ‪ Linux‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﺓ ﺭﻗﻢ 621/ﺃﺃ ﻣﺒﲎ 4 . ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻨﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻣﱰﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ) ‪ PPP ( Point to Point Protocol‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫‪ . MODEM‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ.‬ ‫‪PPP‬‬ ‫• ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﺎﺗﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻵﱄ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﺎﺗﻔﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ ‪ Linux‬ﻭﻳﻮﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ 23 ﺧﻂ ﺗﻠﻔﻮﻥ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺭﻗﻤﲔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ. ﻭﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﺎﺗﻔﻲ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ، ﻭﳝﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪ TCP/IP‬ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ ) FTP‬ﺹ 9 ( ﺃﻭ ‪) TELNET‬ﺹ 8 ( ﺃﻭ ‪) Web browsers‬ﺹ 24(. ﺍﱁ.‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ‪ MODEM‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ) ﻳﻔﻀﻞ‬ ‫‪ 33,660 BPS‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ( ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺧﻂ ﺗﻠﻔﻮﻥ ﻭﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ‪ client PPP‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺄﰐ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫59 ‪Microsoft™ Windows‬‬ ‫‪PPP‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﺎﺗﻔﻲ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺟﻬﺎﺯﻙ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ، ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻭﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :‬ ‫‪ automatic‬ﺃﻭ.‪server-assigned‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫‪IP‬‬ ‫ﺻﻒ ﺣﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫1.‬ ‫ﺻﻒ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﳋﺎﺩﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ )‪ DNS (Domain Name Server‬ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ 3.01.01.01 ﻭﺍﳋﺎﺩﻡ‬ ‫2.‬ ‫2.01.01.01‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫‪ccis.ksu.edu.sa‬‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺧﻞ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳋﺎﺩﻡ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ‫3.‬ ‫‪MTU (Maximum Transmission‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﻀﻞ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺣﻘﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬ ‫4.‬ ‫‪receive‬‬ ‫)‪ Unit‬ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ 065 ﻭ 4201 . ﻛﻤﺎ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻀﻊ ﺣﻘﻞ ﻧﺎﻓﺬﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪ window‬ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ 8402 ﻭ 2918. )ﺭﲟﺎ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱄ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻋﺪﺓ ﳏﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺑﻘﻴﻢ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺣﱴ‬ ‫ﲢﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ (.‬ ‫0940864‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫0090864‬ ‫ﺿﻊ ﺭﻗﻢ ﻫﺎﺗﻒ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ‬ ‫5.‬ ‫5‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
  • 6. ‫‪PPP‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ 89 ™‪ Windows‬ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱄ : ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺧﻂ ﺍﳍﺎﺗﻒ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ‪ Start‬ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺮ ‪ Settings‬ﰒ ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ‪ .Control Panel‬ﺿﻊ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺄﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ Programs Add/Remove‬ﻭﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﺮﺗﲔ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻷﻳﺴﺮ ﻟﻠﻔﺄﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪Details‬‬ ‫ﲢﺖ ‪ Windows Setup‬ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ‪ Communications‬ﻭﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﺄﺭﺓ ﻣﺮﺗﲔ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪OK‬‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﻗﺪ ﻓﺤﺺ ‪ Dial-Up Networking‬ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﺍﺿﻐﻂ‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪TCP/IP‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ : ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﺪ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ‪ Control Panel‬ﻭﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﺮﺗﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ Network‬ﰒ ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫•‬ ‫...‪ . Add‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ‪ Adapter‬ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫...‪Add‬‬ ‫• ﲢﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﲔ ‪ Manufacturers‬ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ‪ Microsoft‬ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺮ ‪ Dial-Up‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ‬ ‫‪ Network Adapters‬ﰒ ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ‪ OK‬ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ‪ Protocol‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ‪ Network components‬ﰒ ﺍﺿﻐﻂ‬ ‫‪OK‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﲢﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﲔ ‪ Manufacturers‬ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ‪ Microsoft‬ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺮ ‪ TCP/IP‬ﻛﱪﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﺔ ‪ Network Protocol‬ﰒ ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ‪OK‬‬ ‫‪Yes‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﻳﺴﺄﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ، ﺍﺧﺘﺮ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ: ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺃﻳﻘﻮﻧﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ‪:PPP‬‬ ‫‪ Accessories‬ﰒ ‪Dial-up‬‬ ‫ﰒ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ‪Programs‬‬ ‫1. ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬﺓ ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ "ﺍﺑﺪﺃ ‪ "Start‬ﰒ‬ ‫‪Networking‬‬ ‫2. ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﺮﺗﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ Make new connection‬ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫3. ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﺳﻢ ﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻭﻟﻴﻜﻦ ﻣﺜﻼ ” ‪ “CCIS Net‬ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﰒ‬ ‫ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫...‪Configure‬‬ ‫4. ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ General section‬ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ‪ COM port‬ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﻮﺩﻡ ﰲ ﺟﻬﺎﺯﻙ.‬ ‫‪unchecked‬‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ 00675 ﻭﺗﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ’‪ ‘Only connect at this speed‬ﻏﲑ ﻣﻔﺤﻮﺻﺔ‬ ‫6‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
  • 7. ‫ﰒ‬ ‫:1 ‪Data-bits 8, parity none, stop bits‬‬ ‫5. ﻭﰲ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ‪ connection section‬ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ﺍﻵﰐ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ‪ OK‬ﰒ ‪.Next‬‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺮ‬ ‫0940864‬ ‫6. ﺍﺩﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ 1 ﻟﻜﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﰒ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ )‪ 4680900 (16+ numbers‬ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪Finish‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰒ ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ‪ Next‬ﰒ ﺇ‪‬ﺎﺀ‬ ‫6. ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺃﻳﻘﻮﻧﺔ ‪ CCIS Net‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ.‬ ‫‪CCIS Net PPP‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ : ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫"‬ ‫‪Properties‬‬ ‫ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﺮﺗﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻷﳝﻦ ﻟﻠﻔﺄﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺮ "ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬ ‫•‬ ‫’‪‘PPP: Windows95, Windows NT 3.5, Internet‬‬ ‫ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ...‪ Server Type‬ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺮ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﻛﺘﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻟﻠﺨﺎﺩﻡ‬ ‫’‪‘Require encrypted password‬‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺮﻙ ﻳﺪﻭﻥ ﻓﺤﺺ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ’‪ ‘Log on to network‬ﻭ‬ ‫•‬ ‫’‪‘Enable software compression‬‬ ‫ﻭﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﻓﺤﺺ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫‪Allowed Network Protocols‬‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ‪ TCP/IP‬ﻣﻦ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ‪ TCP/IP‬ﰒ :‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪‘Specify Name‬‬‫ﺍﻓﺤﺺ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ’‪ ‘Server Assigned IP address‬ﻭﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳋﺎﺩﻡ‬ ‫•‬ ‫’‪ Server addresses‬ﺿﻊ ﻧﻮﻉ ‪ DNS‬ﺍﻷﻭﱄ 3.01.01.01 ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ 2.01.01.01‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺤﺺ ﻛﻼ ﻣﻦ ’‪ ‘Use IP Header compression‬ﻭ ‪‘Use default Gateway on remote‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫’‪network‬‬ ‫‪Dial-up Networking‬‬ ‫ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ‪ OK‬ﻭﻛﺮﺭﻫﺎ ﺣﱴ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪CCIS Net‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺴﺔ : ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﺮﺗﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﻘﻮﻧﺔ ‪ CCIS Net‬ﰒ ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ‪ Connect‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺷﺊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺍﻡ ﻓﺈﻧﻚ ﲡﺪ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺳﺘﻌﺎﻭﺩ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﻗﻤﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﺠﻠﺘﻪ ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ، ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﺿﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ OK‬ﰒ ﺳﺘﻌﺎﻭﺩ ﺍﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ . ﻭﳚﺐ ﺍﻥ ﲢﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻝ ’‪‘Connected‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﺘﺢ ﺇ‪‬ﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ’‪ ‘Disconnect‬ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﻨﻬﻲ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ.‬ ‫) ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺘﻜﺮﺭ (‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ : ‪‬ﻨﺌــــﺔ‬ ‫7‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
  • 8. ‫ﺃﻧﺖ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻜﻤﻠﺖ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﰲ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ Linux‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﺍﻧﺖ .‬ ‫‪LAN‬‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ ‪ Linux‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ‪ PPP‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻗﺪ ﲤﺖ ﺑﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ ‪ Linux/Unix‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫‪ .TELNET‬ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ 05 ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ ‪ Linux‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺣﺪﺍﻫﺎ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ : ”‪ “Linux101.ccis.ksu.edu.sa‬ﺇﱃ”‪ “linux150.ccis.ksu.edu.sa‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﲢﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ 59 ‪ Windows‬ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ Start‬ﰒ ‪ Run‬ﻭﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ :‬ ‫‪telnet linux110.ccis.ksu.edu.sa‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺠﻴﺐ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎﻝ :‬ ‫...011.621.4.09 ‪Trying‬‬ ‫.‪Connected to linux110.ccis.ksu.edu.sa‬‬ ‫.']^' ‪Escape character is‬‬ ‫)0‪Linux 4.1.0 (linux110.ccis.ksu.edu.sa) (ttyp‬‬ ‫_ :‪Linux110 login‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ :‬ ‫ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺡ ، ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈ‪‬ﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺠﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ‪ time-out error‬ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﻀﻞ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﻞ ﳚﺐ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺁﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺷﻌﺮﺕ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻄﺊ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺷﻌﺮﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻔﻀﻞ ﺃﻥ ﲣﺮﺝ ﻭﲢﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻟﺘﺨﻔﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺧﻄﺄ ) ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻧﻚ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ( ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻚ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﻋﻘﺐ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ‪: logging in‬‬ ‫001‪setenv TERM vt‬‬ ‫001‪export term=vt‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫8‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
  • 9. ‫:‬ ‫) ‪( FTP‬‬ ‫ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱄ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ‪ PPP‬ﺃﻭ ‪ LAN‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ) ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ( ﻣﻦ ﻭﺇﱃ ﺟﻬﺎﺯﻙ ﻭﺇﱃ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻚ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ Linux/Unix‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ‪ FTP‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻟـ ‪ . file transfer protocol‬ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻚ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ ‪ . FTP client program‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺄﰐ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬﺓ 59 :‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺮ "ﺍﺑﺪﺃ ‪ “Start‬ﰒ "ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ‪"Run‬‬ ‫§‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺑﲔ‬ ‫§‬ ‫‪ linux101.ccis.ksu.edu.sa‬ﻭ‬ ‫‪linux150.ccis.ksu.edu.sa‬‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺧﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻚ ﻭﺭﻗﻤﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻱ‬ ‫§‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ‪ ASC‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﲢﻮﻳﻠﻪ ﺭﻣﺰﻱ ‪ ASCII‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ‪ BIN‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ.‬ ‫§‬ ‫‪GET‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ‪ PUT‬ﰒ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ '‪ 'PUT filename‬ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﰲ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻚ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫§‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﰲ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻚ '‪'GET filename‬‬ ‫‪FTP‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ "؟" ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﺍﻣﺮ‬ ‫§‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ :‬ ‫‪ftp‬‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺧﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫‪ftp> open linux120.ccis.ksu.edu.sa‬‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫‪.Connected to linux120.ccis.ksu.edu.sa‬‬ ‫‪.220 linux120 FTP server (Version wu-2.4(1) Tue Dec 5 20:51:15 CST 1995) ready‬‬ ‫_ )):‪User (linux120.ccis.ksu.edu.sa:(none‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪ FTP‬ﻭﺍﲰﻪ ”‪ “WS_FTP‬ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬﺓ ™‪Windows‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻟﻚ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ ‪: Linux‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﳒﺎﺣﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻓﺈﻧﻚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪﺍ ﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻚ ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ :‬ ‫)0‪Linux 4.1.0 (linux110.ccis.ksu.edu.sa) (ttyp‬‬ ‫_ :‪linux110 login‬ﺍﺩﺧﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻚ ---‬ ‫9‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
  • 10. ‫:‪After typing the user name or number, you will be prompted to enter your password‬‬ ‫_ :‪Password‬ﺍﺩﺧﻞ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮ ---‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮ ﻻ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺪﻋﻮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫:‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺜﲔ . ﻭﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺃﻣﺎﻣﻚ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫011‪Last login: Thu Oct 3 14:05:13 from linux‬‬ ‫.0.0.2 ‪Linux‬‬ ‫.‪ You have new mail‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﺮﻳﺪ ﺁﱄ ﻟﻚ‬ ‫_ >~:011‪linux‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺧﻄﺄ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻟﻚ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺷﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺑﺎﻵﰐ ﻭﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﻚ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻱ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ :‬ ‫‪login incorrect‬‬ ‫_ :‪linux110 login‬‬ ‫‪Linux‬‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮ ‪ Password‬ﲢﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻚ ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮ. ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮ ﻫﻮ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺗﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺒﺚ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻱ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻚ . ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﲣﺘﺎﺭ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺳﺮ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺣﻔﻈﻬﺎ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻜﺘﺒﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻱ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ ، ﻭﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﲣﻤﻴﻨﻬﺎ.‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮ ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ”‪ “passwd‬ﰒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ >‪ <RETURN‬ﺃﻭ >‪ <Enter‬ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺄﻟﻚ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻨﻚ ) ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺳﺮ ﺍﺿﻐﻂ‬ ‫>‪ .( <Enter‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﻚ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ 6 ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﻭﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻭﺭﻣﻮﺯ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ. ﻭﻃﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﻚ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻚ ﲢﻔﻈﻬﺎ. ﻭﻻ ﺗﻨﺴﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ UNIX‬ﻳﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ.‬ ‫01‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
  • 11. ‫‪Linux‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ ‪ Editing‬ﻭﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﲢﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﺗﻠﻐﻲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺭﻣﺰ ﻛﺘﺒﺘﻪ‬ ‫>‪<CTRL h‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪ Backspace‬ﺃﻭ ‪delete‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻤﺎﻥ ‪ Up‬ﻭ ‪ Down‬ﻳﺴﻤﺤﺎﻥ ﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻟﻚ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻭﺍﻣﺮ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻝ ‪ Tab‬ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ . ﲟﻌﲎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺘﺒﺖ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻠﻒ ﺳﺒﻖ ﲣﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻭﺿﻐﻄﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻝ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ.‬ ‫‪Linux/Unix‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﺿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﲢﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺣﲔ > ‪ <Ctrl‬ﻣﻊ ﺣﺮﻑ ‪ s‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺡ ‪ Scroll Lock‬ﳜﱪ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﻳﻘﺎﻑ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻳﻮﻗﻒ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺎ ، ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺣﲔ‬ ‫> ‪ <Ctrl‬ﻣﻊ ﺣﺮﻑ ‪ q‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺡ ‪ Scroll Lock‬ﻣﺮﺓ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻳﻠﻐﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻳﻘﺎﻑ .‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﺔ ‪‬ﺎ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ Linux‬ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ) ﺃﻱ ﰲ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ( ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻨﻚ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ : .‪shift+Page up‬‬ ‫ﺇﻳﻘﺎﻑ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺃ. ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻒ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻹ‪‬ﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺧﻄﺄ ﻣﺎ ، ﻓﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺣﲔ >‪ <CTRL C‬ﻣﻌﺎ.‬ ‫‪<CTRL‬‬ ‫ﺏ. ﻗﺪ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺇﻳﻘﺎﻑ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺎ ﻓﺈﻧﻚ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺣﲔ‬ ‫>‪ Z‬ﻣﻌﺎ. ﻭﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻒ . ﻭﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺍﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ‪ jobs‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ:‬ ‫‪linux120:~> jobs‬‬ ‫)‪[1] - Suspended (tty output‬‬ ‫‪emacs test.c‬‬ ‫)‪[2] + Suspended (tty output‬‬ ‫‪emacs prog.pas‬‬ ‫_ >~:021‪linux‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻒ ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ )%( ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻔﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻮﻓﺔ. ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪emacs test.c‬‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺘﺐ 1% .‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ، ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﺕ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻒ ﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻛﺘﺐ % ‪ kill‬ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻮﻓﺔ .‬ ‫11‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
  • 12. ‫‪Linux‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﲢﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﲢﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ Linux‬ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ‪ Linux‬ﻓﻘﻂ . ﻭﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﻭﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﻣﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ ﻭﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ ‪ Linux‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﺯﻱ ‪ Virtual Consoles‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ. ﻭﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ ، ﺍﻓﺘﺢ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺷﺮﺣﻪ ﰒ ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺣﲔ>2‪ <ALT+F‬ﲡﺪ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﲝﺴﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮ. ﻭﻟﻠﻌﻮﺩﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﺿﻐﻂ .>1‪. <ALT+F‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﰲ ﺗﻨﺼﻴﺐ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ‪ Linux‬ﺑﺄﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﺯﻱ ﻫﻲ >1‪ <ALT+F‬ﺇﱃ‬ ‫>4‪ .<ALT+F‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺣﺎﻝ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﺣﱴ 21 ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﳎﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﻪ ‪ Fi‬ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ i‬ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ 1 ﺇﱃ‬ ‫21. ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪﺓ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ.‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ : ﺗﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻏﻠﻖ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻓﺘﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻻ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺍﳋﺮﻭﺝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﺎ ﺍﳋﺮﻭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ.‬ ‫ﺇ‪‬ﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ :‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻐﻠﻖ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻚ ﻭﲣﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ‪ logout‬ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ‪ exit‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻟﻚ :‬ ‫.‪There are suspended jobs‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ‪ exit‬ﻣﺮﺓ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ.‬ ‫…‪kill‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﻭﺇ‪‬ﺎﺋﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫ـ ﻧﺒﺬﺓ ﺗﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪:Linux‬‬ ‫2‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺪ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ Linux‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ ﳌﺎ ﻳﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺩﻋﻢ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ . ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺃﻭﻻ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﻼﺩﻳﺔ ﻛﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﱪﺍﻣﺞ‬ ‫‪ multitasking‬ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ‪ . Mini-computers & Mainframe‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﰎ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ++‪ C‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﺳﻬﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﳑﺎ ﺳﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﱪﳎﲔ ﰲ ﺷﱴ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻩ ﻭﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻊ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ، ﺑﺪﺀﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫21‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
  • 13. ‫ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﳊﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ . Cray Y-MP‬ﻭﻳﻌﺰﻯ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻹﺻﺪﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ. ﻭﻳﻌﺪ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ Linux‬ﺃﺣﺪ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪ Unix‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ‪ Linus Torvalds‬ﲟﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﱪﳎﲔ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻫﻠﺴﻨﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻔﻨﻠﻨﺪﺍ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ. ﻛﻤﺎ ﺷﺎﺭﻙ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﱪﳎﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﱴ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ.‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ :‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﳎﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ Linux‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﻢ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﱪﻳﺪ ﺍﻵﱄ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ :( ‪ )khaled@ccis.ksu.edu.sa‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﺕ ﺗﻨﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺣﺎﺳﺒﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ .‬ ‫– ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ :‬ ‫3‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ Linux‬ﺑﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲣﺰﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﺎﰿ ﰲ‬ ‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺴﻘﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ. ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ. ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ :‬ ‫• ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺗﺎﺭﳜﻲ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﻌﲔ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺮﻳﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺣﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺏ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻭﻟﺘﻜﻦ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺳﻜﺎﻝ ﻣﺜﻼ.‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﻭﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﳕﻂ ﳏﺪﺩ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ Linux‬ﺇﺫ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﻋﺪﺩﺍ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ 652 ﺭﻣﺰ. ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ) ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻠﺔ "/" ( .‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﻧﺄﰐ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺛﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ، ﻭﺃﺧﲑﺍ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﱪﺍﻣﺞ.‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ ﺃﺩﻟﺔ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮﻱ.‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺒﻌﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﲣﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ. ﻭﻗﺪ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻭﺭﲟﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻓﺮﻋﻲ. ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﲰﻪ ‪ programs‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫31‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
  • 14. ‫‪program1.pas‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ‪ . … program1.pas , program2.c , info.dat‬ﻭﺃﺭﺩﻧﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﺭﻩ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ:‬ ‫‪programs/program1.pas‬‬ ‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ، ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺩﻋﺎﻧﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ.‬ ‫‪ programs‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﺒﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺷﺮﻧﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺃﺩﻟﺔ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ . ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ، ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻓﺮﻋﻲ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﲰﻪ ‪ data‬ﻭﺑﻪ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﻭﻟﻴﻜﻦ ﺃﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﲰﻪ ‪ courses.data‬ﻭﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻋﺎﺅﻩ. ﻋﻨﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ :‬ ‫‪programs/data/courses.dat‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﳛﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﰒ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻲ ﰒ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮﻱ.‬ ‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ‪ programs‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻷﺏ ﻟﻠﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻲ ‪. data‬‬ ‫3 ـ 1 ﻋﺮﺽ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺮ ‪:ls‬‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ‪ ls‬ﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺄﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻲ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ :‬ ‫‪linux110:~> ls‬‬ ‫*‪a.out‬‬ ‫‪dummy.txt homebanr.gif sample.txt wchat02.tar‬‬ ‫‪backg.gif file.pas index.html test.pas xxx‬‬ ‫‪dummy‬‬ ‫‪file.pas~ mbox‬‬ ‫~‪test.pas‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻷﲜﺪﻳﺔ.‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﺕ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﺿﻒ ﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ "1– " ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ :‬ ‫‪linux110:~> ls -l‬‬ ‫761 ‪total‬‬ ‫‪-rwxr-xr-x 1 15s100 users‬‬ ‫*‪34095 Oct 8 01:18 a.out‬‬ ‫‪-rw-rw-r-- 1 15s100 users‬‬ ‫‪31688 Oct 10 14:37 backg.gif‬‬ ‫‪-rw-r--r-- 1 15s100 users‬‬ ‫‪0 Oct 8 00:50 dummy‬‬ ‫‪-rw-r--r-- 1 15s100 users‬‬ ‫‪0 Oct 8 00:49 dummy.txt‬‬ ‫‪-rw-r--r-- 1 15s100 users‬‬ ‫‪225 Oct 8 01:18 file.pas‬‬ ‫‪-rw-r--r-- 1 15s100 users‬‬ ‫~‪266 Oct 8 01:02 file.pas‬‬ ‫‪-rw-rw-r-- 1 15s100 users‬‬ ‫‪10737 Oct 10 14:17 homebanr.gif‬‬ ‫‪-rw-rw-r-- 1 15s100 users‬‬ ‫‪242 Sep 29 11:32 index.html‬‬ ‫‪-rw------- 1 15s100 users‬‬ ‫‪652 Oct 14 01:31 mbox‬‬ ‫‪-rw-r--r-- 1 15s100 users‬‬ ‫‪2 Oct 8 00:50 sample.txt‬‬ ‫‪-rw-r--r-- 1 15s100 users‬‬ ‫‪280 Oct 4 00:08 test.pas‬‬ ‫‪-rw-r--r-- 1 15s100 users‬‬ ‫~‪278 Oct 4 00:06 test.pas‬‬ ‫‪-rw-rw-r-- 1 15s100 users‬‬ ‫‪81920 Oct 10 14:03 wchat02.tar‬‬ ‫41‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
  • 15. ‫001‪-rw-r--r-- 1 15s‬‬ ‫‪users‬‬ ‫‪75 Oct 8 01:02 xxx‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ‬ ‫3 ـ 2 ﻋﺮﺽ ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ‪: cat‬‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ‪ cat‬ﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ :‬ ‫‪cat sample.txt‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ‪ cat‬ﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﻠﻒ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ . ﻓﻠﻨﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﻣﺜﻼ ﺃﻧﻚ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻒ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺮﺣﻴﺐ ، ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ‪ cat‬ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻋﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ > ﰒ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺮﻳﺪﻩ ﳍﺬﺍ‬ ‫‪ctrl+d‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ : ‪ cat > hello.txt‬ﺣﻴﻨﺌﺬ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﺴﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﺿﻐﻂ‬ ‫) ﻭﺃﻧﺖ ﰲ ﺳﻄﺮ ﺧﺎﻝ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺳﻄﺮ ﻛﺘﺒﺘﻪ ( ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ .‬ ‫‪linux120:~> cat > hello.txt‬‬ ‫!‪Hello World‬‬ ‫?‪How is everybody‬‬ ‫]‪[ctrl+d‬‬ ‫_ >~:021‪linux‬‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺮﻯ ﺍﻵﻥ ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻧﺸﺄﻧﺎﻩ :‬ ‫‪linux120:~> cat hello.txt‬‬ ‫!‪Hello World‬‬ ‫?‪How is everybody‬‬ ‫_ >~:021‪linux‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻭﲤﻸ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻦ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﻻ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ. ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﺕ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ‪ more‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫‪more sample.txt‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻷﻣﺮ ‪ more‬ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﺃﻭﻻ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺑﻞ ﳚﺐ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ‪ space bar‬ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ . ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ ﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫.‬ ‫‪q‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺗﻨﻬﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻔﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻔﺤﻚ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪more‬‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﺃﻧﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺎ ﻟﻸﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﺮﺽ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻟﻸﻣﺮ ‪. more‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺮﻑ‬ ‫51‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
  • 16. ‫3 – 3 ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ :‬ ‫: ‪cp‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻧﺴﺦ ﻣﻠﻒ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﲢﺖ ﻣﺴﻤﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ :‬ ‫2‪cp file1 file‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ :‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ‬ ‫‪cp‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫1‪file‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫2‪file‬‬ ‫‪rm‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮ ﺍﳊﺬﻑ :‬ ‫‪rm‬‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ ‪‬ﺎ ﻹﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﰲ ﺃﻗﺮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ :‬ ‫3‪rm file‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻨﻢ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻰ 3‪. file‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ:‬ ‫ﺭﲟﺎ ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﻚ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺍﳊﺬﻑ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻈﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :‬ ‫_ )‪Remove file3? (y/n‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﺃﺩﺧﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ‪ y‬ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ‪ n‬ﻹﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫:‬ ‫‪mv‬‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻼ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ 2‪ file‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ‪ mv‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ :‬ ‫1‪file‬‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﻭﻟﻴﻜﻦ‬ ‫2‪mv file1 file‬‬ ‫‪Linux‬‬ ‫3 – 4 ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫‪man‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻋﺎﺀ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ‪ Linux‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪ - manual‬ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻋﺎ ﲟﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻋﻨﻪ . ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮ ‪ passwd‬ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ :‬ ‫61‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
  • 17. ‫‪man passwd‬‬ ‫ﻭﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻟﻼﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻋﻨﻪ . ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﳍﺎ ﻭﻫﻮ ‪ ، Pass Word‬ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﺃﻃﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺄﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ :‬ ‫‪man -k pass word‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻟﻚ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ‪ passwd‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺮ :‬ ‫‪man passwd‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺒﻴﻪ :‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﻜﺘﻔﻴﺎ ﲟﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺃﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻓﺈﻧﻚ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﲰﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ :‬ ‫‪http://www.ccis.ksu.edu.sa/cgi-bin/man2html‬‬ ‫3 – 5 ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ :‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ Linux‬ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ‪. Home Directory‬‬ ‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﺑﺮﺍﳎﻪ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ . ﻭﻟﻠﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ ، ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺃﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ. ﻭﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺸﺄﻫﺎ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ .‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ‪ . mkdir‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﺕ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻌﻚ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ :‬ ‫‪mkdir projects‬‬ ‫‪pwd‬‬ ‫ﻭﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ :‬ ‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ‪ pwd‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ‪ Print Working Directory‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻃﺒﻊ ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺎﱄ. ﺃﻱ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻟﻚ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ.‬ ‫ﻭﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ‪ cd‬ﻓﻠﻜﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ‪ projects‬ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ :‬ ‫‪linux120:~> cd projects‬‬ ‫_ >‪linux120:~/projects‬‬ ‫71‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
  • 18. ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ :‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺳﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ.‬ ‫.. ‪cd‬‬ ‫ﻭﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫.. ‪linux120:~/projects> cd‬‬ ‫_ >~:021‪linux‬‬ ‫‪cd‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫‪linux120:somewhere> cd‬‬ ‫_ >~:021‪linux‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ :‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ""~ " ﺇﱃ‬ ‫"~ ‪"cd‬‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ ﺇﱄ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻣﺮ ‪ cp ,mv, rm‬ﻟﻠﺤﺬﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ :‬ ‫‪linux120:~> mv myfile projects/myfile‬‬ ‫‪linux120:~> cp test.pas ../test2.pas‬‬ ‫‪linux120:~> rm projects/myfile‬‬ ‫_ >~:021‪linux‬‬ ‫‪projects‬‬‫ﻳﻌﱪ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ‪ myfile‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﲢﺖ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ‪ ، myfile‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﱪ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺴﺦ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ‪ test.pas‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﲣﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﲢﺖ ﻣﺴﻤﻰ ‪ . test2.pas‬ﻭﺃﺧﲑﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ‬ ‫‪ myfile‬ﻣﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ‪. projects‬‬ ‫3 – 6 ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ "*" ، "?"‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﳓﻮ 02 ﻣﻠﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﰲ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﻧﺴﺨﻬﻢ ﲨﻴﻌﺎ ﰲ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻤﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻨﺴﺦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻠﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ . ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫81‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
  • 19. ‫ﻧﺴﺦ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻘﻞ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺧﻄﻮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ "*" ، "?" .‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼ :‬ ‫‪linux120:~> mkdir tmp‬‬ ‫‪linux120:~> cp * tmp‬‬ ‫_ >~:021‪linux‬‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻓﺮﻋﻲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﲰﻪ ‪ ، tmp‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﺴﺦ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﺇﱄ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ‪ ، tmp‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ . ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﺒﲑ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ، ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﳏﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ . ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ :‬ ‫1‪book1, book2, book_idea, book-chapter‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻱ ﻭﺃﺭﺩﻧﺎ ﻧﺴﺦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺎﳊﺮﻭﻑ‬ ‫‪ book‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻲ ‪ tmp‬ﻧﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ :‬ ‫‪cp book* tmp‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ "?" ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻤﺔ ، ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﺃﻱ ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ﺗﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ "?" ﺗﻔﺤﺺ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺭﻣﺰ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ . ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺘﺒﻨﺎ ﻣﺜﻼ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ :‬ ‫‪cp book? tmp‬‬ ‫2‪book1, book‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ "?" ﺗﻔﺤﺺ ﺭﻣﺰ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ‪ book‬ﻭﻋﻠﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﻨﺴﺦ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﲔ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻣﺮ ‪ mv, rm, cd‬ﻣﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ "*" ، "?"‬ ‫3 – 7 ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ :‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺃﻱ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ) ﳚﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺎﺏ ﺃﻭﻻ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺣﺬﻑ ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﺣﺬﻑ ﲨﻴﻊ ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺗﻪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ * ‪ rm‬ﳊﺬﻑ ﲨﻴﻊ ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﰒ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ( ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ . ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ‪ tmp‬ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ :‬ ‫‪rmdir tmp‬‬ ‫3 – 8 ﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ :‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ‪ lpr‬ﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ) ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻞ ( ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﺕ ﻣﺜﻼ ﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ‬ ‫‪ program.txt‬ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ :‬ ‫91‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
  • 20. ‫‪lpr program.txt‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ :‬ ‫‪lpr -Pprintername program.txt‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﻌﲏ ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪ printername‬ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ.‬ ‫ﻭﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﲔ ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻵﱄ .‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﻌﺮﺽ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﻙ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ :‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻄﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪lpq‬‬ ‫ﻟﻄﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫‪lpq –Pprintername‬‬ ‫4 – ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ :‬ ‫:)‪(E-Mail‬‬ ‫4 – 1 ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ ﺍﻵﱄ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪LAN‬‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ ﺍﻵﱄ ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﻠﻮﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﰲ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻪ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﻳﺪﻱ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻟﺰﻣﻼﺋﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ . ﻭﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ ﺍﻵﱄ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﺘﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻳﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻭﻳﺘﻮﱃ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﳍﺎ. ﻭﳛﺘﻔﻆ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻞ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪﺍ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻭﺻﻮﳍﺎ ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻨﻪ ﺍﻻﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ.‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻚ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻧﻚ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪﻱ ﻫﻮ :‬ ‫‪loginname@linuxserver2.ccis.ksu.edu.sa‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ loginname‬ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ. ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ 101‪ 16s‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻧﻚ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ :‬ ‫‪16s101@linuxserver2.ccis.ksu.edu.sa‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻚ ﻷﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﱪﻳﺪ ﺍﻵﱄ. ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ،‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﻨﺎﻗﺶ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ :‬ ‫4-1-1 ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ '‪: 'Pine‬‬ ‫02‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
  • 21. ‫ﻳﻌﺪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ '‪ 'Pine‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫‪ ، Unix/Linux‬ﻭﻳﻌﺰﻯ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻟﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ.ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺃﻛﺘﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ‪ .pine‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻓﺈﻧﻚ ﺗﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺴﺄﻟﻚ ﻋﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ. ﻭﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺭﺍﻏﺒﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ. ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻟﻚ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺷﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :‬ ‫ﻭﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻣﻴﻞ ﻓﺈﻧﻚ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ ) ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺭﻗﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻱ ( ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺿﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺯﻣﻴﻠﻚ ﻫﻮ 101‪ 16s‬ﻭﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﱃ '‪'Compose Message‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ '‪ 'C‬ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻟﻚ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﺐ ﺗﻌﺒﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ :‬ ‫‪To: 16s101@linuxserver2.ccis.ksu.edu.sa‬‬ ‫‪Attachment: prog1.pas‬‬ ‫‪Subject: just saying hello‬‬ ‫:‪CC‬‬ ‫:‪Message Text‬‬ ‫...‪Hello there‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ‪ To‬ﺍﺩﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪﻱ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﳌﺮﺳﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﺎﺩﻡ‬ ‫)ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ( ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ "@" . ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﻓﻼ ﺩﺍﻋﻲ ﻟﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ.‬ ‫12‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
  • 22. ‫ﻭﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ '‪ 'Attachment‬ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ) ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻣﻠﻒ (.‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ '‪ 'Subject‬ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺳﻄﺮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ. ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻧﺴﺦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳑﻜﻦ ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻨﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ’‪. ‘CC‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺧﲑﺍ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ '‪. 'Message Text‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ :‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ) ﺍﳋﺎﺩﻡ ( ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻓﻴﻜﺘﻔﻲ ﺑﺈﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻘﻞ ':‪ 'To‬ﻭﲡﺎﻫﻞ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ @‬ ‫’‪‘Y‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪﺍ ﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺣﲔ ‪ CTRL+X‬ﻭﺃﻛﺪ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺭﺍﻏﺒﺎ ﰲ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﳍﺎ ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ‪ CTRL+C‬ﻹﻟﻐﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﰒ ﺃﻛﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ’‪. ‘N‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺳﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻚ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻚ ﲢﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﺃ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻚ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻟﻚ ﺑﺮﻳﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ. ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﺮﻏﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺮﻳﺪﻙ ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫’‪ ‘mail‬ﰒ ﺍﺧﺘﺮ '‪ 'Folder Index‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻓﺘﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻓﺘﺤﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻻﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ.‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻚ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ ’‪ ‘Pine‬ﺑﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﻼﺋﻚ ﰲ ﻣﻠﻒ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻋﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﲟﺠﺮﺩ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻴﻞ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺓ .‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻠﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ ’‪ ‘Pine‬ﻭﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻪ ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ‬ ‫’?‘ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ. ﻭﻟﻠﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ‬ ‫’‪ ‘M‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ’‪ ‘Q‬ﻟﻠﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ ﺍﻵﱄ ﻭﺃﻛﺪ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻚ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ’‪. ‘Y‬‬ ‫4-1-2 ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ’‪: ‘mail‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ’‪ ‘mail‬ﻟﻠﱪﻳﺪ ﺍﻵﱄ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺃﺩﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ’‪ ‘Pine‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﺎﺯﺍﻝ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ’‪ . ‘Unix‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﺃﻧﺖ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻟﺘﺴﺘﻜﻤﻞ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪﻱ. ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻓﺮﺿﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻚ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺎ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ 101‪ 16s‬ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ :‬ ‫‪linux110:~> mail 16s101@linuxserver2.ccis.ksu.edu.sa‬‬ ‫22‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬
  • 23. ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ :‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ) ﺍﳋﺎﺩﻡ ( ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻓﻴﻜﺘﻔﻲ ﺑﺈﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻘﻞ ':‪ 'To‬ﻭﲡﺎﻫﻞ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ @‬ ‫101‪linux110:~> mail 16s‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﻚ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ’‪ ‘subject‬ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺳﻄﺮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻗﻞ . ﻭﻳﻠﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ ﻧﺺ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ . ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺫﻫﺐ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﺳﻄﺮ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻣﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ "." ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﲏ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺮﻭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ :‬ ‫‪linux110:~> mail 16s101@linuxserver2.ccis.ksu.edu.sa‬‬ ‫.‪Subject: Midterm I date‬‬ ‫,‪Hello Ahmad‬‬ ‫01 ‪Midterm I, will be held this upcoming Tuesday, at around‬‬ ‫‪AM to 12 PM, room‬‬ ‫.‪no. 13/B/3. Please, meet me in the college at around 9:30 AM‬‬ ‫,‪See you later‬‬ ‫‪Mohammad‬‬ ‫.‬ ‫‪EOT‬‬ ‫_ >~:011‪linux‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻏﲑﺕ ﺭﺃﻳﻚ ﻭﺃﺭﺩﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﻭﺝ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﺿﻐﻂ >‪ <CTRL c‬ﻣﺮﺗﲔ ﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺍﳋﺮﻭﺝ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ :‬ ‫‪linux110:~> mail 16s101@linuxserver2.ccis.ksu.edu.sa‬‬ ‫.‪Subject: Midterm I date‬‬ ‫,‪Hello Ahmad‬‬ ‫..‪Ummm, er‬‬ ‫]‪[ctrl+c‬‬ ‫)‪(Interrupt -- one more to kill letter‬‬ ‫]‪[ctrl+c‬‬ ‫32‬ ‫‪PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com‬‬