2. __________ studied medicine and religion before setting sail as a naturalist… he was the first to publish the theory that natural selection was the main force in affecting evolution. Charles Darwin
3. Traits that allow some members of a species to live longer than others are called _____________ Adaptations
4. Genetic equilibrium is achieved when… Gene frequencies stay the same for many generations
5. If a species is not in equilibrium, it is _______________ evolving
6. Besides natural selection, list two factors that could cause a population to be out of equilibrium. Mutations Non-random mating Immigration/emigration Small population
7. A population of birds has segregated themselves based on courtship rituals prior to mating. This is an example of ________ isolation. Behavioral
8. A random change in gene frequency based on the laws of probability is called __________ Genetic Drift
9. A population of flowers has a wide variety of flowering times. They are becoming segregated based on whether they flower in early or late May. This is an example of _________ isolation. Temporal
10. Isolation increases the chance of divergent evolution because ______ _______ is cut off. Gene flow
11. For natural selection to occur, a population has to have ________ Variation / mutations
12. A change in the gene frequency of a population is called ____________ Evolution
13. One type of genetic drift involves a migration or isolation of a small group of organisms that start a new population, cut off from the old. This is called the Founder effect
14. The finches Darwin studied had become isolated on separate islands off of the South American coast. This is an example of ________ isolation. Geographic
15. A variant type of grass has undergone a chromosomal mutation that prevents it from cross-pollinating with the grass it had originated from, but it can cross-pollinate with other plants with the same mutation. This is an example of __________ isolation. Reproductive
16. _______________ is a change that occurs within a species (as opposed to changes among species) Microevolution
17. A population of fish in a lake has segregated themselves by who likes to live near the edge of the water and who likes to live near the middle. This is an example of _________ isolation. Ecological
18. A group of organisms that can (naturally) mate and produce fertile offspring is called a _______ Species
19. When evolution leads to the formation of new species, it’s called ___________________ Speciation (“divergent evolution” would work too, assuming the divergence is enough to form new species)
20. An evidence for evolution that is based on the remains of once-living organisms are ______________ Fossils
21. Structures that share a similar basic framework in two different species are called __________ structures. Homologous
22. When a population has an incredibly small number of individuals, it will likely experience the ________________ effect, which increases the chances of genetic drift. Bottleneck
23. A structure that is reduced in size or function from a previous ancestor is referred to as a __________ structure. vestigial
24. The philosophy that evolution only occurs very slowly and only little changes at a time is called ________ Gradualism
25. Structures that are similar in function, but not in structure, are called _____________ structures. Analagous
26. A type of selection that keeps the average phenotype in place, but moves the ends in or out is called __________ Stabilizing selection
27. Which would provide evidence of evolution … homologous structures or analagousstructues? homologous
28. The most recent, and probably best evidence for evolution is to examine _______________ similarities. Genetic and molecular
29. When people deliberately breed organisms for certain traits, it’s called _____________ selection. artificial
30. How does the geographic distribution of species contribute to the study of evolution? The more related two organisms are, the more likely they are to be found near each other physically.
31. A diagram that shows evolutionary relationships between organisms, as well as providing a timeline of their appearance, is called a _____________ cladogram
32. An organism that lives inside another organism (peacefully) is called ______ Endosymbiotic
33. A type of selection that shifts the average phenotype over is called Directional selection
34. Disruptive selection is when the __________ phenotype has a disadvantage over phenotypes a the upper and lower ends of the curve. Middle
35. The philosophy that major changes can occur in a species after long periods of no change is called ________ _____________ Punctuated Equilibrium
36. The endosymbiotic theory postulates that __________ and ____________ arose from prokaryotes that took up residence inside other cells. Mitochondria and chloroplasts
37. When evolution ends up in one species splitting into 2 or more groups, it’s called __________ evolution. Divergent (speciation works as an answer too if different species are formed)
38. Give two evidences that support the endosymbiotic theory. DNA – circular chromosome Replication – binary fission Electron transport chain – in outer membrane Size similar to prokaryotes Ribosomes more similar to prokaryotes
39. __________ ____________ is when divergent evolution results in many, many species. Adaptive radiation
40. Not evidence of evolutionary relationships, ___________ evolution results from organisms having similar habitats, food sources, predators, etc. It causes two different species to have similar characteristics. Convergent evolution
