Bioterrorism With Smallpox Essay

Bioterrorism with Smallpox Essay
Bioterrorism: Smallpox
Smallpox is a highly infectious and fatal disease caused by the Variola virus. It causes extremely painful pustules to
sprout across the entire body. Spread from human to human, it has since been eradicated from the world through the
efforts of the World Health Organization. However, there is a distinct possibility that it may be reintroduced through
bioterrorism. Biological weapons may cause another pandemic to erupt across the world and kill millions of
individuals. Through constant vigilance and careful planning, mankind can prevent this scenario.
During the course of human history, pandemic diseases have threatened the balance of civilization itself. Viruses,
bacteria, fungi, and other infectious agents have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is stable outside the host, allowing it to infect large populations when aerosolized (Ryan 55). There are four forms
of smallpox caused by Variola major: ordinary, modified, flat, and hemorrhagic (Ryan 57). The ordinary form is a
typical case where pustules remain distinct from one another. The modified form is one where the symptoms are less
severe, usually due to vaccination. Flat smallpox is a form where the pustules are almost always flush with the skin.
These cases are highly fatal. The hemorrhagic form causes bleeding under the skin, creating a black color. The victim
usually dies before pustules can form. Variola minor causes a fairly mild form of smallpox called alastrim, which is
rarely fatal. There is no cure for smallpox available, though antiviral drugs are being actively developed by the
various research institutions, including the National Institutes of Health. If the individual is exposed to smallpox and
has not developed symptoms, the vaccine may be administered to decrease chance of contracting the disease and to
decrease the severity of the infection (Ryan 57). A 1998 study by Dr. Huggins experimented with the use of cidofovir,
a DNA polymerase inhibitor, as a treatment option, but it has not been proven to be a more effective treatment than
vaccination (Henderson 7). However, HDP–CDV, a derivative of cidofovir, has recently shown promise in treating
both smallpox and
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Edward Jenner's Discovery Of The Smallpox Vaccine
Edward Jenner was a British physician and scientist, who studied anatomy and surgery. Jenner is best known for
introducing the smallpox vaccination to Britain in the year of 1796. He was the pioneer of the smallpox Vaccine and
thanks to him there was cure to this deadly disease. Along researching about Edward's discovery, it can be inferred
what the term, "virus," and "disease," mean to further explain this disease; and inform to others what is smallpox how,
how this disease came about and how one becomes infected and what are the symptoms to the disease? Indeed, it is
questioned how Jenner came to conclude for such cure, how it was then treated to patients, and how it is now.
`To briefly explain the difference between the term," virus" and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Along my research I also was able to explain what the, "Smallpox disease," was, explain where it originated from and
the symptoms of it. As well I was able to explain in this paper Jenner's discovery about the disease cowpox and
smallpox. I also learned along the way the most important point of this research paper, the smallpox vaccine by
Edward Jenner. I briefly explained based of my research how he came to conclude for such vaccine and how he
precisely though for the inoculation. I also explained how he tested his theory for his famous vaccine to come about.
To mention I also was able to give few feedbacks on how disease today and how it is

Smallpox Vaccine Analysis
Immunizations have lowered the morbidity rate over the course of many years. Before vaccines were introduced,
during 1900 through 1904, an average of 48,164 cases and 2528 deaths were caused by both severe and mild forms of
smallpox in the United States. After the smallpox vaccine was introduced, the disease ceased to stop and the last case
to ever be reported was in 1929. Getting vaccinated against the smallpox actually eradicated the disease, meaning it
has been wiped out. Next, in 1951– 1954, on average, 16,316 polio cases and 1879 polio deaths were reported each
year. Once the polio vaccine was introduced, less that 1000 cases were reported in 1962. As of 1991, wild–type polio
viruses have been eliminated from the Western Hemisphere. But ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In fact, life–threatening diseases still exist. There have been outbreak cases in the past two years which started in an
unvaccinated community, demonstrating it is highly important to vaccinate and that disease is still around. In 2013,
the United States experienced eleven outbreaks with twenty or more cases. In 2014, the United States experienced
twenty–three measles outbreaks, including 383 cases, which by the way occurred among the unvaccinated community
of Amish people in Ohio (Measles). In 2015, again the US experienced one of its largest measles outbreak which
started at Disneyland (Measles). The outbreak started through a traveler which then spread it to surrounding people
(Measles). A majority of these people who caught the disease were unvaccinated and had no immunity built to defend
off the virus. Diseases, such as the measles, has not yet been eradicated and still persists in countries around the
world. People who travel abroad bring the disease back and put unvaccinated people in danger. Disease still exists and
in order to prevent from catching anything, a person must be

Smallpox Vaccine Advantages And Disadvantages Essay
Smallpox was a serious and extremely contagious disease which left three out of ten of its victims dead. Those who
survived were permanently scarred and sometimes blinded. In 1977, however, smallpox was defeated and eradicated.
The disease which once killed so many people now exists only in laboratories. This was accomplished by widespread
vaccination (What is Smallpox?). Contrary to recent controversy, the benefits of vaccines far outweigh the
disadvantages. Vaccines have been proven effective tools for disease prevention and should continue to be used.
A vaccine is a weak or inactive form of a pathogen (something that causes disease). When the vaccine is injected into
a person, it stimulates the production of antibodies to destroy the vaccine. Certain cells remember how to produce the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You are more likely to be struck by lightning than to have a serious allergic reaction to a vaccine. The chance of
intussusception is 1/20,000 (Potential Side Effects of Vaccines).
Vaccines can also have dangerous ingredients. Aluminum, for example, is found in some vaccines, and can, in excess,
cause serious neurological harm. Formaldehyde, a carcinogen, is also found in some vaccines. These potentially
dangerous ingredients are, however, present in such small quantities in vaccines that they are harmless.
It is also speculated that the MMR (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella) vaccine causes autism. However, numerous
studies have shown that there is no correlation between the MMR vaccine and autism. Even when studying children
already at a high risk for autism, vaccination did not increase the risk (Anjali et al.,). Vaccines are extensively and
carefully tested before being released to the public. Even after being released, vaccines are carefully monitored for
any dangerous side effects (Ensuring Vaccine

The Vaccine Against Cowpox Also Gave Protection Against...
In 1796, Edward Jenner showed the world that the vaccine against cowpox also gave protection against the smallpox
disease. Ever since Jenner 's discovery, the main principles of vaccines has gained more acceptance through the years
of practice. In 1816, 20 years after Edward Jenner 's discovery, Sweden would create a compulsory vaccine for
smallpox, which will eradicate the disease in many countries (Ortqvist et al). By noticing the long–lasting effects of
vaccinations in people, one can understand the importance of a well–informed society. Acta Paediatrica, a peer–
review medical journal organization, noted, "The body hosts many microorganisms, including bacteria and viruses
that live with or off it" (Ortqvist et al). Vaccines, however, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, 100 children out of the one million were diagnosed with a rare side–effect in which a section of the small
intestine would fold into another section called intussusceptions. Tetanus is a very serious bacterial infection that has
become extremely rare in the United States. If one develops the infection, he or she is still recommended to take the
vaccination. The reason for it is due to the toxin made by the disease that would affect the immune system in the long
run. Hib, HPV, and pneumococcal vaccines all help to improve the immune response better than natural infection
(Holland). Certain vaccines are highly recommended but sometimes they are not fully covered, leaving children
suffering from possible diseases that are preventable such as: smallpox, chickenpox, measles, hepatitis B, and many
more. Moreover, being covered is not the only problem. The shortage of childhood vaccines, especially in the United
States, are due to the lack of manufacturing capacity, lack of accurate data, and lack of communication. Between
December 2007 and September 2009, the United States had a lack of Hib vaccines, leaving a high number of children
at the risk of infection (Esposito et al). In 1989, a measles epidemic infected more than 18,000 people and killed 41
children in the U.S.. The outbreak occurred due to extremely low immunization rates. Jon Cohen, a physician
executive business, believes "It was just a disaster waiting

Smallpox Viruses Essay
For approximately three–thousand years, smallpox has ravaged and plagued the four corners of the globe. In fact, in
the 17 th and 18 th centuries, it was claimed to be the most infectious disease in the West, with an astounding 90%
mortality rate in America. It wasn't until 1796, with English surgeon Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccination, that the
world saw relief from this devastating virus. However, even with this inoculation in use, the world continued to
witness death from both the virus and the vaccine. In the year 1966, it was estimated that 10–15 million infected
citizens world wide had passed away from smallpox that year alone ( "History" 12). As a result of these devastating
numbers, in the following year, 1967, the World Health ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Being a highly contagious, deadly and airborne virus, it would be virtually impossible to completely eradicate
smallpox. Peter Jahrling, the scientist that discovered the deadly Ebola–Reston virus, once stated, "If you really
believe there's a bioterrorist threat out there, then you can't get rid of smallpox. If smallpox is outlawed, only outlaws
will have smallpox ( Preston 4)." To date, only Russia and the United States have clearance to maintain the smallpox
virus in two selected laboratories. Enforced by the W.H.O, this was mandated to ensure that the virus cultures could
be heavily monitored and researched to prevent future outbreaks. Unfortunately, the power that is associated with
having access to a virus as devastating as smallpox is often interwoven with greed. For example, in 1991, British
inspectors discovered that the Russian government had been testing bio–nuclear weapons using smallpox in an
unauthorized base ( Preston 6). Since smallpox can be used as a powerful weapon, there is no way to determine what
country may try to obtain it. Additionally, even if a country was highly suspected of testing the virus for warfare, it
would be difficult to prove that the country actually had virus cultures. During that same inspection in Russia, for
instance, the head of the base that was testing this virus denied any association with the

Smallpox Vaccines Essay
The world is full of dangers some seen while others slip right under the radar until it is too late. According to the
Merriam Webster online dictionary a vaccine is, "a preparation of killed microorganisms, living attenuated organisms,
or living fully virulent organisms that is administered to produce or artificially increase immunity to a particular
disease." Before the invention of vaccines, the immune system was left fighting a losing battle against some of
mankind's worst enemies, but with the help of vaccines humans have a tool to strengthen their immune system and
fight back against these unseen killers. Vaccines defeat deadly viruses, strengthen society, and change lives.
Invented by an English physician, Jenner Edwards, in 1796 vaccines have come to defeat many deadly viruses.
Through experimentation and hard work, Jenner created the first vaccine for the deadly smallpox virus. Jenner spent
much of his life researching and experimenting to find a way to beat smallpox, and in 1796 from the teats of cows
Jenner invented the first effective smallpox vaccine. After infecting children with a small amount of cowpox, Jenner
discovered that the children built up an immunity to the otherwise deadly smallpox virus (Helicon). Before Jenner's
invention of vaccines disease ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Viruses, such as smallpox, do not understand the difference between countries and as such they force nations to work
together in order to protect their people. Though the first vaccine was invented by an Englishman, the knowledge was
shared with every nation, the French even released British prisoners of war out of respect for the discovery of a cure
for the deadly smallpox virus (Helicon). Alone a country may not be able to cure a sickness, but thanks to society's
willingness to work together viruses such as smallpox and polio are far less

Edward Jenner And The Smallpox Vaccine
Revised Research Question:
How did Edward Jenner's discovery and the promotion of the smallpox vaccination enable the eradication of smallpox
and how did it spark rise of preventative medicine globally?
Preliminary Thesis: Edward Jenner's discovery of the smallpox vaccination demonstrated that the vaccine would
protect against smallpox where no disease would develop, which prompted the World Health Organization to begin
the process of worldwide eradication of smallpox.
Bibliography
Ainsworth, Steve. "Vaccination: Where It All Began." Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost. Accessed January 31,
2016. http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=12&sid=bd75326f–a5ed–44b4–99be–
e95390625d8a%40sessionmgr114&hid=107&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=51192088&db=aph.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Not only did Jenner inoculate a few people, but he also proved that the people became immune to the disease.
Ainsworth also illustrated how the news of Jenner's vaccine spread and how it affected people near and far. Moreover,
the article explains the very beginnings of the vaccination and how it lead to the eventual eradication of the smallpox

Smallpox And Vaccination Essay
The Vaccination and Eradication of Smallpox
Smallpox, a disease caused by the variola virus, has devastated humanity for many centuries. Because of its high
mortality rate, civilizations around the world sought to protect themselves from this disease. Throughout the 1700's,
these protective methods became more sophisticated, and led up to Edward Jenner's vaccination method in 1796.
Indeed, the World Health Organization, the Center for Disease Control and the Agency for International Development
began a joint program to eradicate smallpox in 1967. It utilized methods of mass vaccination, surveillance, and
containment. The endeavor was successful, and in 1980, WHO officially declared the eradication of smallpox.
Since 1000 B.C., the world ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
James Jurin, secretary to the Royal Society, told the English community of the age–old practice in Turkey in which
women inoculated smallpox with needles. This method influenced
many practitioners to use more superficial incision methods so they could prevent their patients from being "seized
with other inflammatory disorders" (Razzell, 1977). Robert Sutton, a surgeon, revolutionized this technique
significantly because he would puncture the patient "obliquely, between the scarf [epidermis] and true skin [dermis]"
(Razzell, 1977). Furthermore, Edward Jenner noted in a 1798 publication that if the incision wounded the adipose
membrane, the patient would be more likely to contract a virulent disease. Thus, Robert Sutton's method was
universally used as a model which resulted in much lighter symptoms because the virus would only be injected
between the dermal layers (Razzell, 1977).
The inoculation practiced before 1796 is termed variolation, because the doctors would inoculate their patients with
attenuated forms of the smallpox (variola) virus. Conversely, in 1796, Edward Jenner introduced his method of
vaccination, inoculating a patient with a similar virus, cowpox.
Jenner's first encounter with cowpox, a relative of the smallpox virus, was in 1789, when a mild eruptive fever
appeared in Gloucestershire. This disease was known in the town as swinepox, pigpox, or cowpox. Edward Jenner
had the perfect opportunity to study the disease, as his younger son's nurse

Disease In Disguise Research Paper
Disease in Disguise "The smallpox was always present, filling the churchyards with corpses, tormenting with constant
fears all whom it had stricken, leaving on those whose lives it spared the hideous traces of its power, turning the babe
into a changeling at which the mother shuddered, and making the eyes and cheeks of the big hearted maiden objects
of horror to the lover." (T.B. Macaulay
The History of England from the Accession of James II, Vol IV) For centuries smallpox has killed millions and
millions without a single cure. What makes a disease the the worst is the number of lives it has cause to suffer, taken,
and how long it has been at the dirty work. Smallpox has been proven to be the worst disease in human history. First,
smallpox ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, people have argued that it infected one third of the world's population and that it killed 20–50 million
people in one year. There also wasn't a cure for it until the 21'st century. Smallpox killed 300 million people on
Europe and Asia in the 20th century alone as per Livescience and infected many more than that.Today, there still isn't
a cure for smallpox. It also lasted for few centuries whereas the spanish flu only lasted a year. This shows that
smallpox was a lot harder to cure. To conclude, smallpox was much harder to cure, lasted longer and killed more
people than the spanish

The Epidemic Of Smallpox And Vaccines
When a vaccine is given, the human body produces antibodies against the foreign substance, thus creating a defense
mechanism for immunity to occur. A vaccine is defined as "any preparation used as a preventive inoculation to confer
immunity against a specific disease, usually employing an innocuous form of the disease agent, as killed or weakened
bacteria or viruses, to stimulate antibody production" (dictionary.com). The epidemic of smallpox is one of the most
groundbreaking moments in medical history, It created the usage of vaccination to be extremely normal. Smallpox
had managed to kill millions of people, which was a large part of the population at the time. Edward Jenner came up
with a vaccine that could treat the outbreak of smallpox. It only took around fourteen years to see that smallpox was
no longer something people needed to fear. The vaccine for smallpox is one of the greatest evidence that vaccines can
ad do work. When it comes to children being vaccinated parents seems to always have a extremely strong opinion.
Though there is typically no lack of vaccines being distributed there still are some parents that delay vaccinations
because they are genuinely concerned about severe allergic reactions or long–term side effects. Times went on and
vaccines have become extremely common in America. Although some people view new medicine negatively, we can
not disregard the fact that it has the capability to heal people because over time as it has proven throughout

Essay on Cause and Effects of Smallpox
Cause and Effects of Smallpox
Smallpox is caused by the variola virus that emerged in human populations thousands of years ago. Smallpox is a
specific, infectious, and highly contagious febrile disease known only to be transmitted by humans. It is caused by a
virus from air currents which are eventually passed on from person to person. Smallpox varies from a mild form
without skin manifestations to a highly fatal hemorrhagic form. Edward Jenner, an English physician, discovered a
means of preventing smallpox through vaccination. Gradually mass vaccination programs were introduced in many
parts of the world. Smallpox was the first disease conquered by human beings and was eradicated by vaccination. The
last known cases of naturally ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Humans are the natural hosts of smallpox and it is not known to be transmitted by insects or animals. (WHO, 2005)
Cause and Effects of Smallpox...2
Exposure to the virus is followed by an incubation period which people may not feel any sign of symptoms. The
incubation period can range between 7 to 17 days. People are not contagious during this time period. After the
incubation period, high fever, chills, severe headache and backache, and general malaise begin to develop. Your body
temperature can reach up to 106 degrees Fahrenheit. After 2 to 4 days, a rash emerges first as small red spots on the
tongue and in the mouth. The spots develop into sores which spread large amounts of the virus into the mouth and
throat. The person becomes most contagious during this phase. Soon after, the smallpox rash appears on exposed
portions of the body: the face, forearms, wrists, palms, lower legs, feet, and soles. Usually the rash spreads to all parts
of the body within 24 hours.
As the rash appears, the fever usually falls and the person may start to feel better. The rash becomes raised bumps on
the third day of the rash. The bumps fill with a thick, opaque fluid and often have a depression in the center that looks
like a bellybutton. (CDC, 2004). This is a major distinguishing characteristic of smallpox that occurs on the fourth
day. Until scabs form over the bumps, fever often will rise

World's Most Contagious Disease: Smallpox
What is smallpox?
Smallpox is a highly infectious and contagious disease known to humanity as one of the world's most devastating
diseases. Caused by the "variola virus", a linear, double–stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) virus that replicate in
the cytoplasm and a member of the genus Orthopoxvirus, in the Poxviridae family, it remains the only disease known
in human history to have been fully eradicated after having affected approximately 300 million people in the 1900's.
In order to replicate, the variola virus produces a variety of specialized proteins not produced by other DNA viruses,
the most important of which is a viral–associated DNA–dependent RNA polymerase. Continuing to affect humans
since the early 6th century, Smallpox was finally declared to have been eradicated in 1980 by the World Health ...
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The Variola Major was more predominant and caused nearly 30% of the total deaths from Smallpox while the Variola
Minor only contributed to 1% of the people affected by it.
The Variola Major also has 4 subtypes which were prevalent throughout the world:
1. Ordinary smallpox – The most common prevalent smallpox type.
2. Modified smallpox – Develops mildly in previously vaccinated persons.
3. Flat smallpox (malignant smallpox) – A severe variety of smallpox in which lesions do not project above the skin
surface.
4. Hemorrhagic smallpox (fulminant smallpox) – A rare, very severe, highly fatal variety of smallpox in which
hemorrhages develop in the skin and mucous membranes.
The Variola Minor type was uncommon but it also had several subtypes:
1. Variola sine eruptione (variola sine exanthemata).
2. Pulmonary– Symptoms include severe cyanosis, and bilateral infiltrates.
3. Pharyngeal form– Develops in immunized individuals; this form presents with a spotty enanthem over the soft
palate, uvula, and pharynx
4. Influenzalike form– Rarely results in a

Smallpox : A Dangerous And Highly Contagious Disease
Abstract
Smallpox is a dangerous and highly contagious disease. It is described as a disfiguring disease due to the bumps that
appear on an infected person, once gone through their entire cycle they leave behind deep pitted scars. There are two
strains of smallpox, variola major and variola minor. Variola major is the most common form of smallpox with more
dangerous outcomes than variola minor. Smallpox is transmitted via face to face prolonged contact with an infected
person but can also be transmitted through direct contact with bodily fluids from a carrier. There is currently no
treatment for smallpox however there are methods of prevention. (MayoClinic, 2014).
Introduction
Smallpox is an illness caused by the variola virus. It has been around for thousands of years, however according to
MayoClinic, "Naturally occurring small pox was eradicated worldwide by 1980 the result of an unprecedented global
immunization campaign". Symptoms of this disease include fever, headache, severe fatigue, vomiting and a few days'
later red spots begin to appear on the face. The most common strain of smallpox variola major, has an overall death
rate of 30% while the least common variola minor, with less than a 1% death rate (CDC, 2007). Currently this disease
has been eradicated however there are concerns that it can be used as a weapon against the country. There is no cure at
the moment for smallpox however there are vaccines that prevent the disease (MayoClinic, 2014).
History
Smallpox

Essay on History of Smallpox
The History of Smallpox
Abstract
The history of smallpox goes back for thousands of years. It is thought to have appeared as much as 10,000 years ago
and since then, it has claimed the lives of millions of people, many of whom have been famous figures in history.
After a vaccine was discovered in 1796, countries throughout the world began the fight to eradicate the disease. This
fight was won in 1980 as a result of the international effort headed by the World Health Organization. Today,
smallpox is no longer a threat in nature but the virus is still stored in labs, from which a biological weapon could be
made.
Until its eradication, smallpox was a disease that had been ravaging the human race for a very long time. It emerged
as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When Cortez first sailed into what is now Mexico, he brought with him five hundred men. This small number would
have been not nearly enough to defeat the battle hardened Aztec empire. They carried with them the smallpox virus
which killed off an estimated 3.5 million natives, allowing the Spanish to obtain control (Baxby 13). Although this
transmission was helpful, it was innocent. Later, however, people would get wise to the power of smallpox as a
biological weapon. In the French and Indian War, Sir Jeffery Amherst was the British commander–in–chief for the
war. In a letter to Colonel Henry Bouquet, he said that "Could it not be Contrived to Send the Small Pox among those
Disaffected Tribes of Indians? We must... Use Every Stratagem in our power to Reduce them" (Hoplow 62). In this
way, the plan was started to infect blankets with the smallpox virus and then give said blankets to the Native
Americans as a perceived act of good will.
In addition to the millions of regular people that smallpox killed or scarred during its years of rampage across the
globe, it also nabbed some famous victims. The virus has ruthlessly taken kings, queens, czars, and emperors. In 1157
BC, the pharaoh of Egypt, Ramses V died suddenly and when his tomb was found and opened, archeologists found
that his body was covered with pustules that looked strikingly like smallpox. Queen Elizabeth I of England was a
victim of the disease but was able to recover

Edward Jenner the Creator of the Vaccine for Smallpox Essay
Throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth century a disease dominated the world killing one in three people who
caught it, smallpox. The few that survived the disease were left with very disfigured bodies and weak immune
systems. In modern days this disease seems very unusual and hard to catch; it is all because of one man, Edward
Jenner.
Edward Jenner, "the father of immunology", was born on May 17, 1749. He was one of nine siblings and he was
treated for smallpox for a very long period of his childhood. I predict that his treatment to small pox as an infant
encouraged his work into creating the vaccine for smallpox itself. It is said that his work "saved more lives than the
work of any other human". He found the similarities of cowpox ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Finally Jenner had his proof but he just needed more cases to prove its credibility.
To find his proof he traveled to Europe to try and gather volunteers to test his vaccination. After three months of
talking around and attempting to get test subjects he was unsuccessful. He was very desperate and wanted to prove his
theory but with his hopes denied in Europe he had to take another big step to try and prove his results. It took a global
wide survey to find some people to test his theory o and confirm his results. From there his vaccine was
acknowledged globally.
With a vaccine to one of the world's deadliest diseases for the time Jenner was awarded with several honors and
awards. Along with those honors and awards he was given a lot of cash prizes as an addition to the world's thanks.
Unlike plenty of other scientists or most people he did not use his money to become known as a wealthy figure.
Jenner used almost all of his money to create vaccines for the poor and to continue researching other topics.
He was so dedicated into helping the poor or anybody who desperately needed the vaccine that he built a hut in his
garden that he called the "temple of vaccinia". In that he vaccinated the poor for free anytime he had the chance to or
whenever he had the resources. Sometimes Jenner did not have the appropriate resources to create a vaccine for his
patients inside of the temple of vaccinia. It never failed that

Variola Major Research Paper
Introhook
What is smallpox/ smallpox is a very deadly disease that has killed of 3 million people
It's killed more than prostate cancer and breast cancer fatality rates together. Smallpox was the first disease to be
eliminated from the world through public–health efforts and vaccination. Smallpox still poses a threat because
existing laboratory strains may be used as biological weapons. Approximately one–third of people with smallpox died
from the disease. Survivors were scarred for life. If the eye was infected, blindness often resulted.There are new
experimental medications that might be effective in smallpox, but these have not been tested in human cases since the
disease has been eradicated.The smallpox vaccine contains a live virus called vaccinia. It is administered by dipping a
pronged piece of metal into the vaccine and then pricking the skin.
The scientific name of the organism:
Variola major and Variola minor. Those are the names of the two viruses that causes people to get Smallpox. The
reason Variola major is more life threatening because it has a higher fatality rate by 25 percent The variola virus
minor is less life threatening but not as worse . variola major virus . (2012, January 18). Retrieved April 5, 2018, from
https://www.thefreedictionary.com/variola+major+virus variola minor. (n. d.). Retrieved April 5, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Smallpox is a disease caused by a poxvirus that is caught from person to person that causes high fever, and rash, that
can kill about 1/3 of those who caught the disease. Smallpox (also called variola) is the only disease that has been
fully cured. Smallpox is also almost one of the most scary deaths ever. Not one documented naturally occurring case
of this very infectious, deadly disease hasn't occurred since 1977. (An unvaccinated hospital cook in Somalia was the
last person to naturally contract smallpox.) The World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared smallpox
eradicated in

The Epidemic Of Smallpox And Vaccines
When a vaccine is given, the human body produces antibodies against the foreign substance, thus creating a defense
mechanism for immunity to occur. A vaccine is defined as "any preparation used as a preventive inoculation to confer
immunity against a specific disease, usually employing an innocuous form of the disease agent, as killed or weakened
bacteria or viruses, to stimulate antibody production" (dictionary.com). The epidemic of smallpox is one of the most
groundbreaking moments in medical history, It created the usage of vaccination to be extremely normal. Smallpox
had managed to kill millions of people, which was a large part of the population at the time. Edward Jenner came up
with a vaccine that could treat the outbreak of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a culture are we getting vaccines because they are mandatory and a part of the social norm or is it because they
actually work? Many infants and children are dying around the world due to preventable diseases; Dr. Robert Pearl
says, "There is nothing more disheartening for a physician than watching a patient die from a preventable cause. And,
of course, the loss for the family involved is unimaginable" (Forbes). The parents of children in underdeveloped
nations of the world are in need of vaccines. However, in the United States it is a different story, where parents
demand their children not to be vaccinated. Vaccines are readily available to people, yet they refuse for many different
reasons. Most of the reasons given for not vaccinating children are because of religious reasons, forgetfulness, moral
beliefs, monetary issues and the theory that vaccines cause other health related issues, such as autism. The citizens of
the United States have been privileged with support from the government to vaccinate all people who requested to be
vaccinated against preventable diseases. Many people around the world are powerless in getting vaccinated and die
due to the lack of healthcare and resources and money. If parents have a choice to make about keeping their children
protected then why are parents not vaccinating their children against preventable diseases? Immunizations

Smallpox Vaccines Argumentative Analysis
Ever since the invention of the first smallpox vaccine by Edward Jenner (In 1788, the scientist Edward Jenner
inoculated a healthy, 8–year–old boy with cowpox, a disease caused by a virus that closely resembles variola, this
eventually led to the development of the smallpox vaccine), there has been much controversy since then over the
morality, ethics, effectiveness, and safety of vaccination and immunization. It has recently been argued whether laws
should be introduced that render some or all vaccines obligatory for all school–age children (Singer, 2009). Parents,
physicians, school nurses, teachers and children all have an important voice in this issue. Parents rightfully argue that
it is they who should have the ultimate decision–making ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It wasn't until a year later, when the Food and Drug Administration recommended removing thimerosal from
childhood vaccines as a precautionary measure, stressing that it could find no positive link with autism. Then the
American press picked up on the debate.
In 2010, after a thorough investigation that revealed not only bad science but also financial conflicts of interest, the
original Lancet paper was retracted by the journal. "Part of the costs of Dr. Wakefield's research were paid by lawyers
for parents seeking to sue vaccine makers for damages," Gardiner Harris wrote in the New York Times. "Dr.
Wakefield was also found to have patented in 1997 a measles vaccine that would succeed if the combined vaccine
were withdrawn or discredited."
An investigation performed by the journalist Brian Deer found that not one of the 12 cases reported in the 1998
Lancet paper was free of misrepresentation or undisclosed alteration.
It appeared that data had clearly been distorted
By 2011, the editors of the BMJ, a prominent medical journal, were calling the study fraudulent and Wakefield had
lost his licenses to practice

Edward Jenner: Smallpox Vaccine
Edward Jenner was an english Physician and Scientist who developed the very first vaccine, the smallpox vaccine. He
is known to be the "The Father of Immunology" and the pioneer of the smallpox vaccine.
It was during the smallpox epidemic during the late 1700s, when almost 80% of those who caught the smallpox died.
He overheard a girl say that she could not get the smallpox disease because she already had a disease called the
cowpox. This has triggered Edward Jenner to carry out a research on this information. He observed that those who
worked with cattles and had caught a much milder disease; cowpox, never got smallpox. He was persistent and
needed to prove this theory so he conducted an experiment on one of his smallpox patients where he

Essay about Small Pox History
Small Pox History
Smallpox has been believed to be a prominent killer for thousands of years. Before 900 AD smallpox and measles
were easily interchangeable to many physicians. These two diseases possessed similar symptoms, such as fevers and
rashes, making it very difficult to distinguish between them. It was not until the Persian physician, Rhazes Ar–Raz
Abmiz, that measles and smallpox were able to be clinically distinguished in 900 AD. Much later in 1751, Thomas
Sydenham found further differentiating characteristics between the two diseases(Aufderheide, 202). Through the
years, with its many outbreaks in varying areas across the planet, smallpox claimed millions of victims. Many rulers
and soldiers were killed by this incredibly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With the development of the vaccine, laws requiring vaccination soon appeared in many countries(McNeil, 166).
When deaths from the vaccination itself outnumbered the reported deaths from actual smallpox in 1970, many
countries decided to discontinue the vaccination. Today smallpox has been eradicated from the planet; many are still
worried that it will be used for bioterrorism as it was by the British army who attempted to infect representatives of
the Delaware Indians with two infected blankets during the 1763 Pontiac's Rebellion(Hopkins, 16).
Smallpox has been seen throughout history. In ancient records the Lesser Pox has been believed to refer to smallpox
while the Greater Pox is syphilis. It has also been referred to as the petite verole(McNeil, 166). This human unique
disease resembles both cowpox and monkeypox. Smallpox is caused by two virus variants. One is Variola minor,
which is the lesser harmful variant. It is usually referred to as alastrim. Its mortality rate is only 1% of its victims. On
the other hand, its far more harmful virus relative, Variola major, has a mortality rate of 20–40% of its
victims(Aufderheide, 203).
In order for this disease to spread among individuals, a non–immune person must come in close contact with an
infected individual that was infected less than two weeks prior. Throughout history, persistent migrations also aided
the spread of smallpox. Many

What Is Smallpox Vaccine?
There are several different kinds of communicable diseases in today's society. Smallpox happens to be one. Smallpox
is considered to be a contagious, and fatal infectious disease. Smallpox has been existence for over 200 years, and the
first known outbreak strated in Eruope and traveled to India and parts of Asia. "The pox part of smallpox is derived
from the Latin word for "spotted" and refers to the raised bumps that appear on the face and body of an infected
person," (CDC, 2016, para 1). Smallpox is caused by the Variola virus. There are two clinical forms of smallpox,
Variola major and minor. The most common form of smallpox is Variola major which is the most severe. "The last
case of smallpox in the United States was in 1949. The last ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If there was ever an outbreak globally, the surveillance and containment strategy will help immensely. "Surveillance–
containment was the key strategy but it depended on finding outbreaks and then containing them," (Wickett, 2011,
para 8). The surveillance and containment strategy is also called the ring vaccination, meaning that it involves
vaccinating the contacts of the case, and their own close contacts in order to disrupt the chain of transmission.
Vaccinating the close contacts of the contact meaning primary contact (household members) will provide that extra
protection to individuals who are exposed if the contact develops the disease at home. Looking furthermore into the
ring of vaccination, secondary contact meaning anyone around the case or its contacts need to be identifies and
vaccinated in order to be protected. The surveillance and containment strategy has worked in the past and been very
useful during outbreaks in America, Europe, and Australia because the transmission of smallpox occurs from close
contact. Having an early interruption of the chain of transmission will be an early diagnosis, prompt of contact and
vaccination, frequent monitoring of

The Epidemic Of The Smallpox Vaccine
Introduction
Eradication is the concept that a disease is entirely eliminated in a region. (Carter n.d.) Only one infectious disease to
date, smallpox, has been categorized as eradicated worldwide (CDC 2010). How did this eradication occur? From
1958 to 1965 all fifty states enacted legislation mandating school age children receive the smallpox vaccine (College
of Philadelphia). Consequently, by 1971, no smallpox cases had been reported in the United States for 20 years. The
last known smallpox case in the world was in Somalia in 1977 (CDC 2010). Even though small pox is the only listed
eradicated disease, the Carter Foundation has listed six other diseases as having the potential to be eradicated:
lymphatic filariasis (Elephantiasis), ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
That being said, serious damage from vaccination is a rare occurrence (Malone and Hinaman). A Glanz study (2013)
from the Vaccine Safety data link demonstrated a direct magnitude that as communities were under vaccinated for
Pertussis, the risk of Pertusis increased. The study also showed a 28 times higher rate of Pertussis in children that had
no Pertussis vaccination documentation (Glanz et al. 2913). This study as well as an intense list of data by the CDC
emulates supportive data for the effectiveness of vaccinations.
Current Law
However, even with the evidence, there continue to be citizens who fear vaccinations and refuse to inoculate their
children. Currently, in the state of Ohio, any minor child, through the child's parent or guardian can provide
documentation based on religious or philosophical reasons to not receive the vaccination (CDC 2010). That child is
then considered exempt from the Ohio law 3313.671. This law states that" no pupil at the initial entry as the beginning
of each school year, to an elementary of high school .... shall be permitted to remain in school for more than fourteen
days unless the pupil presents by a method of immunization approved" (Ohio 3313.671). However, in section four, the
law has allowed declination of vaccination based on reasons of conscience (Ohio 3313.671) The law does not
mandate

Smallpox Vaccine Persuasive Speech
Imagine, if you would, a small infant being rushed to the hospital; Her parents are desperately crying out for help as
she is starting to turn blue. She is coughing so violently that she can no longer breathe. The sounds of the infant
gasping for air fills the room. She was recently diagnosed with pertussis and it has progressed so quickly that now she
is in respiratory failure. She is rushed to the intensive care unit where doctors and nurses rush around her in chaos.
She is starting to crash, so they place a tube down her throat, an IV line into her head, before finally placing her onto a
machine that will mechanically breathe for her. They maneuver around her limp body as they do everything they can
to try and save her life. Her future is unknown because pertussis is dangerous and can be fatal. This could have been
prevented if she had been vaccinated. Vaccines for children should be mandatory. It will prevent them from suffering
through the long–lasting effects of diseases and even death. Vaccines were developed to save lives. ... Show more
The smallpox vaccine helped the entire world be eradicated from smallpox. This means that there are no cases of
naturally occurring smallpox in the world. Think about the millions of lives saved because of this vaccine. What if all
children were required to have vaccines? How many diseases could we eradicate from the world? Currently, we have
sixteen routine diseases that we vaccinate against between birth and eighteen years of age. Most of these diseases can
cause symptoms like heart failure, pneumonia, coma, blood disorders, meningitis, cancer, brain swelling, paralysis,
and death. Why wouldn't we want to protect our children from this? Especially when the diseases are so easily spread
by air, or direct

Smallpox Vaccine
Smallpox is a highly contagious viral disease that was eradicated in 1980 (Mucker et al., 2013). Before eradication,
smallpox was endemic in many tropical countries in the past 40 years. The success of the eradication was cultivated
by intensified immunization, case–control and active surveillance by World health organization with support from all
nations. The only remaining wild Variola major viruses are under two top security WHO research laboratories as the
threat of bio terrorism remains real(W.H.O., 2015).
Smallpox is caused by variola virus of Poxviridae family (which is a dsDNA with replication taking place in the
cytoplasm) subfamily Chordopoxvirinae, and Orthopoxvirus genus(Dimmock, Easton, & Leppard, 2014). The variola
virus was the major cause of the past smallpox outbreaks. It is believed that humans are the only ... Show more
A characteristic macular–papular rash presents, initially as small spots on the tongue and in the mouth. The rash
develops to pustular and forms a scab when resolving.
Management
The introduction of smallpox vaccine drastically decreased the incidence(Dr Hunt, n.d.). The vaccine is 95% effective
although not used routinely due to heightened safety concerns. From World Health Organization estimated 15 million
people contracted smallpox each year before 1967, and the fatality rate was more that 2 million. For unvaccinated
individuals, the mortality rate stands at approximately 30%. The highest morbidity and mortality presents in
immunocompromised population such as young children, pregnant women and elderly individuals.
Monkeypox and cowpox are also orthopoxviruses that infect human beings with considerable health threats(Di Giulio
& Eckburg, 2004).
Smallpox is contagious at the onset of fever, but most contagious when the rashes appear. The infected person will
remain contagious until the last scab falls

History and Causes of Smallpox Essay
Introduction
Smallpox is a viral disease that causes pus–filled boils on the dermis. It looks similar to chickenpox, but has certain
characteristic differences. Unlike chickenpox, smallpox is lethal in 30% of the cases and leaves the victim with
disfiguring scars and/or blindness. Smallpox has now been eradicated through aggressive vaccination. The last case
was reported in Somalia in the late 1970's. After 2 years of worldwide surveillance, the World Health Organization
(WHO) confirmed that the disease had been eradicated.
Causative agent
Smallpox is caused by the Variola virus, which belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus. The members of this genus share
similar genetic makeup and characteristics. Viruses belonging to this family are ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Disease transmission
Smallpox is transmitted via face–to–face contact and /or exchange of infected bodily fluids with the affected
individual. The disease is transmitted to a lesser extent via infected clothing and bedding. Humans are the only natural
host for the virus. Therefore, there is no reservoir and the virus is not transmittable through animals or insects. The
incubation period of the virus is nearly 2 weeks (7 to 17 days) during which the person is asymptomatic and non–
contagious (Fenner et al., 129).
Symptoms and diagnosis
After the incubation period, the person experiences symptoms such as fever (101 to 104°F), body ache, headache,
malaise, vomiting and stomachache. At this point, the person becomes too sick to walk around and do their daily
chores. This phase is called as prodrome that may last 2 to 4 days. The patient starts to feel normal after this prodrome
phase only to experience the appearance of rashes in the form of red spots on the mucous lining of the mouth and on
the tongue, 24 hours later. These spots rupture and release the virus into the throat. It is during this time that the rash
starts appearing on the dermis of the face, arms and legs. Usually, the midsection of the body has less concentration of
these spots when compared to the face and the extremities. This is the first

Anti Vaccination Persuasive Speech
(Slide 1)
Good afternoon, everyone! Raise your hand if you believe that early vaccination is important to prevent diseases.
(Slide 2)
Today I would like for each of you to take a moment and use your imagination.
Imagine riding your bike with your friend up a hill and you hit a rock.
You fly off your bike and land on the ground.
Your knees are scraped. Are you going to clean your wounds?
(Slide 3)
Well you probably will most likely clean your cuts and scrapes with cool water. Then, you will use a soft washcloth to
clean the surrounding skin around the wounds. Lastly, you will put a bandage or two on the wounds to prevent an
infection.
(Slide 4)
It is hard to determine who invented vaccination because it may have been used in ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Sat for seven years, hearing testimony from opponents and supporters of vaccination.
The Vaccination Act in 1898 removed penalties and allowed parents to decide if they want to vaccinate their children.
(Slide 7)
Anti–vaccination movement increased in the United States towards the end of the 18th century.
States attempted to enforce existing laws or pass new vaccination laws, the movements arose.
In 1879, after a visit to New York City by William Tebb, the Anti–Vaccination Society of America was founded.
A couple years later, the New England Anti–Compulsory Vaccination League was formed in 1882 and the Anti–
Vaccination League of New York City in 1885.
They succeeded in repealing compulsory vaccination laws in many states like California, Illinois, Minnesota, and
Wisconsin.
(Slide 8)
Vaccinations have helped removed such childhood illnesses such as polio, but the growing anti–vaccine movement
has prompted parents to refuse vaccinations for their children.
As a result, diseases that can easily be avoided with a shot are now reappearing in many nations throughout the

The Dormant Threat of Smallpox
Introduction/Background/History: Small Pox is an infectious disease that causes a fever and rash. The term "pox"
comes from the Latin word for spotted. It also refers to the raised bumps that appear on the face and body of an
infected person. Small Pox is cause by the Variola virus that appeared many years ago. There are two rudimentary
patterns of small pox: Variola minor and Variola major, which is the worst and most common of the two. The earliest
known death was Egyptian Pharaoh Ramses. Could it be a coincidence that the disease also originated from Eygpt?
Edward Jenner was the "man" in 1796. He was experimenting and proved that small pox was closely related to cow
pox. He would then make a key breakthrough in his discovery by concluding that it would protect against smallpox.
Small Pox out breaks have been going on ever since the Egyptians; however, eradication of the disease has become a
worldwide look. The last case of the disease in the United States was in 1949. Somalia was the last outbreak in 1977
before stoppage of the vaccine began. People felt like it was not necessary to get the vaccine for prevention. The only
place you can find the disease is in laboratories. However, after September 11th 2001, there is intensified concern
with the variola virus. The U.S. government has fears that it might be used as an agent of bioterrorism. Any signs of
Small Pox outbreaks with have many apprehensions of a terrorist attack.
Content
Cause: When infected by the variola

The Demon in the Freezer Essays
The Demon In The Freezer
Christopher Coble
C. K. King High School
Abstract
The first major bioterror event in the United States––the anthrax attacks in October 2001––was a clarion call for
scientists who work with "hot" agents to find ways of protecting civilian populations against biological weapons. In
The Demon in the Freezer, his first nonfiction book since The Hot Zone, a #1 New York Times bestseller, Richard
Preston takes us into the heart of Usamriid, the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
at Fort Detrick, Maryland, once the headquarters of the U.S. biological weapons program and now the epicenter of
national biodefense.
Peter Jahrling, the top scientist at Usamriid, a wry virologist who ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are many mysteries about the smallpox virus. Since the seventeenth century, doctors have understood that if the
pustules merge into sheets across the body the victim will usually die: the virus has split the whole skin. If the victim
survives, the pustules turn into scabs and fall off, leaving scars. This is known as ordinary smallpox.
Some people develop extreme smallpox, which is loosely called black pox. Doctors separate black pox into two forms
–– flat smallpox and hemorrhagic smallpox. In a case of flat smallpox, the skin remains smooth and doesn't pustulate,
but it darkens until it looks charred, and it can slip off the body in sheets. In hemorrhagic smallpox, black, unclotted
blood oozes or runs from the mouth and other body orifices. Black pox is close to a hundred per cent fatal. If any sign
of it appears in the body, the victim will almost certainly die. In the bloody cases, the virus destroys the linings of the
throat, the stomach, the intestines, the rectum, and the vagina, and these membranes disintegrate. Fatal smallpox can
destroy the body's entire skin –– both the exterior skin and the interior skin that lines the passages of the body.
Smallpox virus's scientific name is variola. It means "spotted" in Latin, and it was given to the disease by a medieval
bishop. The virus, as a life form, comes in two subspecies:

The Invention Of The First Smallpox Vaccine
Ever since the invention of the first smallpox vaccine more than two centuries ago, there has been plenty of discussion
over the morality, ethics, effectiveness, and safety of vaccination and immunization. It has recently been argued
whether laws should be introduced that make some or all vaccines mandatory for all children (Salmon 47). Parents,
health care specialists, nurses, teachers and children all have an important stake in this issue. Parents argue that it is
they who should have the ultimate decision–making right on whether or not to vaccinate their children. Nurses and
health care officials oppose that view on the grounds that by making vaccination rates in children incomplete, we
expose all children to contracting the vaccine–preventable diseases. If this is a risk some parents are willing to take,
but others face unwillingly, there is obviously a complication. Every parent is concerned with their child's health.
However, this concern can take several directions. While some parents are convinced that vaccines have been
invented to prevent contracting diseases, which otherwise can have serious health implications on children and adults,
other parents are certain that it is the vaccines themselves that pose a risk to their children's health. Both have reasons
to believe what they do, however, it has been known that ever since the vaccines for diseases like diphtheria and
measles were introduced in the twentieth century, the number of deaths related to these diseases

John Q : The Increasing Price Of Healthcare
John Q is a movie that discusses a major problem which is the increasing prices of healthcare. It highlights how
insurance companies can never tell a client his health defects in order to reduce their expenses, and how they can even
turn the client from full–coverage to part–coverage without him knowing. In the movie, this led to heart failure to a
child whose parents could not afford the cost of the heart transplant operation. After selling all their possessions,
getting donations, and trying every way out, the father resorted to violence and locking up the hospital until his son's
name gets onto the hearts recipients' list (John Q). Is he a hero? Are people who defy the norm to achieve a great
endpoint heroes? Heroes have always been known for their courage, but who said that exploiting people and using
their rights as building blocks is courageous? If we live in a world where "the ends justify the means," we will be
living in a jungle where people go around destroying, lying, cheating, or killing if they have a cause. The ends do not
justify the means even though the people who consider themselves "heroes" can be seen anywhere today: with you at
work, among our children in schools, in sports, in businesses, in the field of medicine. Even some prostitutes consider
themselves "heroes". Today, we know people who lie in their CVs by including a job or position that they never held,
or adding a degree that they never acquired. They know they have what it takes to get the job,

Vaccination Argumentative
Every year, more than ten million vaccinations are given to children under the age one. Ten million vaccinations just
in babies, can you imagine the global number for all ages? Since the end of the 1700 century, vaccinations have built
an immunity to many infectious diseases, saving millions of lives; however with new controversy data shows that
these vaccines could be causing more harm than good. With the eradication of smallpox, vaccination numbers have
skyrocketed and the effectiveness and safety have been questioned. To begin with readers will gain basic knowledge
on what a vaccine really is and how it works.
Many people come into the clinic receiving vaccinations, unsure of how they work. A vaccine is a product that
produces immunity ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Evidence shows that some vaccinations are made from the cells of aborted fetuses and this doesn't fit into many
people's morals. Some contain ingredients like animal products that create conflicts with vegetarian and vegan
philosophers lifestyles. Others believe the side effects are minor and a vaccination isn't required to solve these health
problems. These are people's own beliefs and morals on vaccinations.
Another reason is because people are fearful of receiving vaccinations. After 9/11 there was public fear of
bioterrorism, where someone would put harmful ingredients into vaccinations. Others were afraid of the government
warnings of the bird flu crossing the species barrier to infected humans. Then there was the fear of the MMR vaccine
causing problems related to autism. All these problems made people very concerned about vaccinations. The
advantages and disadvantages being told really make people wonder.
With large numbers into thousands about people getting vaccinated, these debts are critical to our nation as a whole.
Are people not being informed enough about what they are? Is the history of vaccinations better than the present? Do
the advantages outweigh the disadvantages? How do these debts affect the future of tomorrow and its outlook on
vaccinations? The future of vaccinations lies within us and remains

The Smallpox Vaccine
When the Smallpox disease made an overpopulated England its territory, it thrived and wiped out thousands of people
("Smallpox Vaccine: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly"). Smallpox was a major threat to many countries and
civilizations for thousands of years; however, the permanent cure for the disease began in England. During the
eighteenth century, a physician by the name of Edward Jenner was credited with the invention of the most important
piece of medical technology, the vaccine, and became known as the "Father of Immunology". Although Edward
Jenner encountered errors in his research, and people questioned the ethics of the vaccine trials, he used his
knowledge, determination, and medical experience to explore a more efficient and advanced ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There are samples of smallpox being kept in laboratories to create vaccines, in case there is another smallpox
outbreak in the United States; however, this is considered to be a potential agent of bioterrorism. With the eradication
of smallpox in America, it was not necessary to continue using the smallpox vaccine on Americans. This makes
Americans who haven't been immunized for smallpox more susceptible to contracting and spreading it if there was
another outbreak to occur. Therefore, this makes America vulnerable to the disease if someone were to introduce it to
the population. (Whitley RJ). If this were to happen, we would risk infecting every other place in the world because of
how many people and products from America move around the

Vaccinations Of The Smallpox Vaccine
Vaccinations were first introduced in the late 18th century by Edward Jenner. He injected a small amount of cowpox
in a thirteen year–old boy to demonstrate the effectiveness it had against smallpox, resulting in the development of the
first smallpox vaccine in 1798. Because of his discovery, Jenner contributed to the overall annihilation of the disease
in 1979 after the vaccine was implemented in different medicines throughout the world (source). Following Jenner,
many others produced vaccines to help reduce the fatalities of common diseases such as measles, polio, and rubella,
which were once responsible for millions of deaths every year. Now, there is almost no risk of catching these fatal
illnesses.
Even after vaccines were made popular, there have always been parents who have been concerned about immunizing
their children. It has become such an issue that there has been some debate on whether or not the government should
get involved and require vaccination by law. As with every issue, there are two sides who stand firmly with their
beliefs. Parents who do not vaccinate claim that they have the right to decide what is best for their kid's health, and for
some, it interferes with their religion. The other side argues that children need vaccines to ensure the overall safety of
the individual and others around them. Though both sides provide a compelling argument, statistics show that parents
should be required by law to vaccinate their child.
Those who are unwilling to

History and Eradication of Smallpox Essay
History and Eradication of Smallpox
The smallpox virus has affected the human species for centuries. It has been recorded as early as 1350 BC in ancient
Egypt.The smallpox disease is caused by the Variola virus which only inhabits the human organism. There are two
forms of the disease major and minor. The major has a mortality rate of 20–40% of untreated individuals. Though
major and minor eventually run the same course and the outcome is the same, the major has symptoms that are
distinct from the minor form, including hemorrhaging both internally and externally. Early treatment of the disease
was variolation, and was the only method of treatment until the vaccine was discovered by Edward Jenner. The World
Health Organization (WHO) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Smallpox claimed great individuals such as: Marcus Aurelius (emperor of Rome, AD 180), Abbul al–Abbaas al–
History and Eradication of Smallpox 2
Saffah ( the first Abbasid caliph), William II of Orange, Ferdinand IV (king of Austria, 1654), Joseph I (king of
Austria, 1711), Peter II (Tsar of Russia, 1730), Louis XV (king of France, 1774), Mary II (Queen of England). Also
affected by the virus, though not killed, were individuals that include: Elizabeth I of England, and Abraham Lincoln
who was ill with disease during the Gettysburg Address.(Encarta 2000)
Smallpox also has a record of decimating or contributing to the demise of great empires. The first stages of the decline
of the Roman Empire coincided with an epidemic, the plague of Antonine, which caused the demise of approximately
3.5–7 million individuals. Smallpox also played a role in the destruction of the Aztec and Inca empires, brought over
by the Spanish and the Portuguese conquistadors. With the introduction of Spaniards in Mexico in 1518, the
population of natives declined from 25 million inhabitants to 1.6 million in 1620(Encarta 2000). The devastating
effects of smallpox also gave way to its use as a biological weapon. The first known example of smallpox being used
in that manner was found in a letter written to Colonel Henry Bouquet in 1763, where a Sir Jeffery Amherst,
commander–in–chief of the British forces stationed in North America, suggested the

Smallpox Virus
Jamie Lucas
Jeff Foster
Microbiology
March 9, 2017
SMALLPOX
Smallpox is caused by the variola virus an extremely contagious disease. That can be spread through any type of
contact with the virus. The virus is a member of the genus Orthopoxvirus, in the Poxviridae family. Smallpox has
been considered eradicated in the United States since 1972. Virologists have speculated that it evolved from an
African rodent poxvirus 10 millennia ago. The name is derived from the Latin word for "spotted" and refers to the
raised bumps on the face and body of the patient. (Medscape.com) Smallpox has been to blame for the extinction and
almost extinction of many cultures. The disease has been used as biological warfare since the beginning or war. At
times, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Given its rapid and deadly spread, conquers would place an exposed garment within enemy territory and wait. The
virus would wipe out entire civilizations in a matter of months. Smallpox spreads rapidly throughout the lymph nodes.
The infected person will remain asymptomatic through day 3–4 while the virus works its way through the spleen and
bone marrow. This makes for a somewhat anonymous attack. Infection only requires a brief encounter with an
exposed person or object. The exposer could appear to be completely healthy. Symptoms do not begin to surface until
the 8–12th–day toxemia and fever are occurring. The virus then localizes in the small blood vessels of the dermis. In
the earlier years, these symptoms were often confused with other illness. It isn't until approximately day 14, the
patient is apparently infectious. The spleen, liver, kidneys, bone marrow and other viscera will contain large amounts
of the virus. Lesions on the skin start forming as the capillaries dilate and the endothelial tissues swell. Now, even a
lay person can make a visual diagnosis. The plasma cells and macrophages can be seen. The cells increase in size, the
cell membranes rupture, leading to vesicular lesions. Migration of polymorphonuclear cells into the vesicles cause
postulation. A pustule becomes slowly desiccated causing the crusty/scabby appearance of the lesions. The
progression of the disease makes it the perfect weapon. At the point in time that the first infected person is visually
diagnosed, they have potentially infected numerous people around them. Causing the deadly virus to almost instantly
reach epidemic proportions. In the early days of Smallpox, someone or something had to be the contaminant
jeopardizing both civilizations. Today with the conveniences we have such as air travel, running water, and complete
mobilization the virus could be easily placed in our society. Given our

The Epidemic Of Smallpox Vaccine
In the 21th century we live our lives day to day seeing the next medicine breakthrough. It is easy for us to assume
that's how the history of medicine has always been. On the contrary, medicine became positively modern in the 19th
century, new inventions were introduced, new discoveries were brought to their attention, remedies was in the
spotlight, and the start of women's professions generated. Vaccines are the most successful strategies in medicine to
prevent and even eliminate the most gruesome and contagious diseases. For centuries, smallpox traumatized the
human race. Today, smallpox is not something we automatically think of when somebody gets a rash or have the
chills, thanks to Edward Jenner. The first successful smallpox vaccine was introduced by Jenner in 1796. Although,
Jenner's portrayed the first scientific attempt to control this deadly disease, later in the 19th century it was perceived
that the vaccination did not grant immunity for the rest a victim 's life. As the 19th century came to an end, the
smallpox vaccine became more advanced and more depended on. Scientist Louis Pasteur amazed the French
Academy of Medicine when he prevented two boys from contracting rabies. Once a person was to get rabies, the
symptom was death. A 15–year–old, Jean–Baptiste, was bitten several times while conflicting with a rabid dog. Three
days following to the dog attack, Pasteur and his colleagues injected Jean 13 times over 10 days with rabid rabbits'
nerve tissue that had

Smallpox Is An Acute Contagious Disease
SMALLPOX Introduction Smallpox is an acute contagious disease that is caused by the variola virus – which is a
member of the Genus Orthopoxvirus family. It infects humans only as a result of its ability to escape the host immune
system, and avoid any further activation (Koplow 2003). The virus is a two–stranded DNA virus. There exist two
forms of the variola virus namely the variola major and variola minor. Variola major is the one that is lethal, while
variola minor is not lethal but a mere strain. The most common strain is the variola major, which produces the more
severe symptoms and with a higher fatality rate of 20% to 40%, within a week of infection (Koplow 2003). Key
features of the life cycle(s) The initial step is whereby the virus attaches to the host cell and infects an individual. It
normally enters through the respiratory system. It attaches to the mouth, trachea or lung mucosa. The cells forming
the mucous membrane are loosely packed hence permitting penetration and movement into the saliva. Once the virus
reaches the cell membrane, it penetrates through endocytosis. In the host cell, the main protein in released (Koplow
2003). The virus replicates in the cytoplasm of the host cell. DNA replication and transcription may start immediately
as the virus itself contains enzymes for replication and transcription. It does not rely on the host cell enzymes to begin
replication (Koplow 2003). First, the DNA and RNA polymerase are made, along with other transcription

Medical Research Experiments
Have you ever wondered how medicine has progressed throughout the centuries? Medicine has gone from simple
herbal remedies to powerful medications for pain and infections. Yet, how is it that physicians know so much about
diseases, infections, the signs and symptoms, and the treatment of those diseases? In some cases, unethical medical
experiments were conducted to figure out how diseases were transmitted and the symptoms that people would present
if they were ill with that particular disease. This would then lead the physicians to observe how the disease would
progress from beginning to end without any medical interventions, which often involved letting the person die. Then
physicians might intervene with several medical interventions at different stages of the disease, such as medication,
vaccination or surgery–to figure out when the interventions would best be suited for that particular disease. However,
does this justify the actions of the doctors and researchers who conducted these unethical medical experiments? Many
critics argue that these experiments were not only unethical but also immoral. Yet, unethical medical research has
greatly impacted and contributed to modern medicine today. Due to these experiments several medical discoveries
were made, such as vaccinations, which have allowed our doctors to have more knowledge on how to identify
diseases and how to treat the patients, reducing the mortality rate and allowing our life expectancy to increase.
Although, the

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