Sickle-Cell Anemia Adaptation

Sickle-Cell Anemia Adaptation
Among human beings, Sickle–Cell Anemia is a particularly well–studied example of adaptation.
This chapter teaches me that Sickle–Cell Anemia is a painful disease in which oxygen–carrying red
blood cells change shape and clog the finest parts of the circulatory system (page 57). Sickle– Cell
changes their shape from the usual discs to shrunken sickle shapes. These sickle shaped red blood
cell gives the disease its name. This type of disease is caused by a genetic mutation in a single base
of the hemoglobin genes (page 58). It is considered that this disease is the result of when two
abnormal Hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that passed down from parents to child as an
autosomal recessive pattern. I don't not know anyone personally with
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Sickle Cell Anemia
Sickle Cell Anemia
Prepared by:
Jozalyn Velez Outline
Definition
Symptoms
Causes
Diagnosis
Treatment/prevention
conclusion
Sickle Cell Anemia Sickle Cell Anemia is an inherited form of anemia, a condition in which there
isn't enough healthy red blood cells to carry sufficient oxygen throughout your body. Normally a
person has flexible and round blood cells. With Sickle Cell anemia, Hemoglobin molecules in red
blood cells, that carry oxygen in the body, are defective causing some of the red blood cells to
change and form a sickle, or crescent moon shape.
Symptoms
Pain: The sickle cells are sticky and get stuck, clump together, resulting in a blockage in the flow of
blood ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It's sometimes one of the first signs of Sickle Cell Anemia in babies.
Jaundice: If the liver becomes overwhelmed by the breakdown of sickle cells, it can be damaged,
causing Jaundice, a yellowing of the skin and eyes.
Causes
Sickle Cell Anemia is a genetic disease which can only be caused by both parents passing the sickle
cell gene down to their offspring. About 2 million Americans carry the Sickle Cell gene but don't
have the disease. If two people with the gene marry, there's a one in four chance that their children
can end up having the disease. The gene is common with African, Spanish, Mediterranean, Middle
Eastern, and Indian people. In the United States, Sickle Cell Anemia affects 1 in every 500 African
American children born, and 1 in every 900 Hispanic children born.
Diagnosis
A blood test can check for hemoglobin S, the gene that causes Sickle Cell Anemia. Sickle Cell
Anemia can also be diagnosed in an unborn baby by sampling some of the amniotic fluid to look for
the sickle gene. In the United States, the test is part of a routine newborn screening, but older

children and adults can be tested too. If the screening comes out positive, the doctors will perform a
test to find out if the person has one or two sickle cell genes by determining how much of a
percentage of gene is present. People with a small percentage of the gene present have one

Sickle Cell Anemia Research Paper
B2 Biggs
Sickle Cell Anemia Sickle cell anemia, a genetic disease that affects a minority of individuals with
African, Indian, and Mediterranean heritage, has been present in Africa for thousands of years, but
was only recently "discovered" by countries outside of Africa. The so–called discovery occurred in
1904 when a young African–American dental student complained to Dr. James B. Herrick of chronic
pain episodes. Because Dr. Herrick's speciality was cardiology, he deferred the case to another
doctor, Dr. Ernest Iron, to the case. While examining the student's blood under a microscope, Dr.
Earnest Iron discovered an interesting anomaly; he aptly described the red blood cells as "having the
shape of a sickle". After being referred ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, it is possible to combat some of the side effects of sickle cell anemia. Many doctors will
prescribe antibiotics to help prevent infections and destruction of the liver. Prescription pain
relievers are often administered to help assuage the crises. Alternative methods of diminishing the
issues that accompany sickle cell anemia include blood transfusions, supplemental oxygen, and

Essay on Sickle Cell Anemia
Abstract
Sickle Cell Anemia is a hereditary disease that changes the smallest and most important components
of the body. A gene causes the bone marrow in the body to make sickled shapes, when this happens;
it causes the red blood cell to die faster. This is what causes Hemolytic Anemia. Older children and
adults with sickle cell disease may experience a few complications, or have a pattern of ongoing
problems that shorten their lives. The most common and serious complications of sickle cell disease
are anemia, pain, fatigue, and organ failure. Today there are many alternatives and opportunities that
a sickle cell patient may consider. One outlined in this paper is the Hydroxyurea method.
Sickle Cell Anemia
Sickle Cell Anemia takes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thousands of years ago, a genetic mutation occurred in people from the Mediterranean basin, India,
Africa, and the Middle East. As the Malaria Epidemic attacked people of these countries, carriers of
the defective hemoglobin gene survived. Carrying one defective gene means that a person has a
sickle cell trait. Two parents with the trait will produce a child with sickle cell anemia. People of
these countries migrated and spread to other areas. In the Western Hemisphere, where malaria is not
much of a problem, having the abnormal hemoglobin gene has lost its advantage. Any child born
from parents that each has the trait will be born with the disease.
Approximately, two million Americans carry the sickle cell trait. 72,000 people are affected by
sickle cell anemia in the U.S., most of whose ancestors had come from sub Saharan Africa, Spanish
speaking regions, and Mediterranean countries such as Turkey, Greece, and Italy. In Hispanic
American births, one in every thousand people acquire sickle cell anemia. The symptoms created by
the blockage of blood flow can vary from patient to patient. Some have milder symptoms than
others. Physicians use Hand–foot syndrome on patients to determine the disease. Sickle cells that
clog small blood vessels in the hands and feet are one characteristic of the disease. Symptoms the
patient suffers are swelling of the hands, feet and various joints. The pain

Types Of Sickle Cell Anemia
Sickle Cell anemia is a type of anemia– A condition where there aren't enough healthy blood cells to
carry adequate amounts of oxygen throughout the body. It is also known as Sickle Cell Disease
(SCD). Normally red blood cells (RBC(s)) have a round shape, making them very flexible and
giving them the ability to travel through your veins easily. However, when a person has sickle cell
anemia, red blood cells become rigid and develop a crescent–like shape. This shape makes it hard
for blood cells to travel through the body's tiny veins. Thus, the crescent–shaped cells often get
stuck in tight spots of the body and result in serious blood clots. Sickle cell anemia is one of the few
types of anemia that is genetic. People who inherit sickle

Anemia Decreases the Number of Red Blood Cells Essay
Anemia is a blood condition with decreasing number of red blood cells (RBC) or less than normal
levels of hemoglobin (an essential protein that carries oxygen to your tissues and organs) in the
blood. Anemia usually occurs when individual does not have enough red blood cells the cells that
transport hemoglobin (Hb) throughout your body. [4]
Iron deficiency anemia is a common form of anemia that occurs if person does not have sufficient
iron in body. Without enough iron your body starts using the iron it has stored. Soon, the stored iron
gets used. After the stored iron is used, your body makes fewer red blood cells. The red blood cells it
does make have less hemoglobin than normal. [4]
Iron deficiency anemia can cause fatigue, chest pain, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Anemia is a common comorbidity in HF is associated with increased disease severity and also
contributes to a worse outcome. The mechanism through which anemia contributes to negative
outcome in chronic HF patients is multifactorial and complex. Important factors include, bone
marrow resistance to erythropoietin, renal failure, chronic inflammation, medication use and
hematinic deficiencies, in particular iron deficiency (ID). Generally, the presence of ID is only
considered clinically relevant in the presence of anemia. However, a decreased hemoglobin levels
can be viewed as the end result of a process beginning with gradual depletion of iron stores. Even if
patients are not anemic, ID already may be common in chronic HF, with or without anemia, is
associated with decreased aerobic performance and exercise intolerance, recently also shown in
chronic HF. [5]
Anemia is an independent factor in mortality in people with chronic heart failure. Anemia, or a low
level of hemoglobin in the blood, is much linked to heart disease because the heart has to work
harder to pump more blood and oxygen through the body [4]. Iron deficiency in heart failure can be
due to a number of factors, it may be caused by a lack of nutrients in a person's diet or by the body's
inability to absorb nutrients from food. Heart failure can also cause a back up of fluid (edema). This
edema produces a higher volume of blood plasma (the liquid part of blood), which can dilute red

The Treatment Of Sickle Cell Anemia
Sickle cell anemia is not only about the body 's number of red blood cells (or amount of
hemoglobin) fallen below normal, it's also involves splenic sequestration, vision loss, a stroke, deep
vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, gallstones, a very rare form of kidney cancer, etc. Many
different complications feed off of sickle cell anemia, if it 's not one thing it 's another. There is not a
specific treatment for this disease to make it go away, but as I listed above there are ways of helping
with the pain. It is natural to be scared of catching this disease that is not contagious, but the person
who has the disease is the one who needs to be worrying more about staying away from those who
do not have the disease. Sickle cell anemia causes those to have a higher rick for infection. They
have to take precaution with the food they eat, to be sure food was prepared safely. Those are the
therapeutic ways doctors have helped sickle cell patients today, in the past there were different
therapeutic approaches. Sickle cell disease wasn 't yet "discovered" until the early 1900 's. This
disease has been well known in Africa "for at least five thousand years" and "known by many names
in many tribal languages." (WILLIAM P WINTER) There were many people wondering what this
disease what this disease actually was and why it was happening primarily in those of African
Origin. Not until the 1950 's did a chemist, Dr. Linus Pauling and Dr. Harvey Itano, discover "that
the red,

Sickle Cell Anemia In Pregnancy
Sickle Cell Anemia in Pregnancy
Aldine Castor
Nova Southeastern University
Sickle Disease in Pregnancy
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a destructive abnormality in red blood cells that results in circulatory
impairment. Sickle cell disease can cause pain, infection, organ damage and strokes. SCD is
inherited through the infants' parental genes (James, 2014). For instance, if an infant inherits the
gene from one parent that infant will automatically have the sickle cell trait. As a result, the infant
will be a carrier of the disease but won't actually have the SCD. It is very rare for a carrier to have
any symptoms. Women who have SCD are considered high risk if they become pregnant. SCD
poses complication for both mother and fetus during ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are many different medications that can be administered in hopes to help expectant mothers.
In addition to that, a prophylactic transfusion can take place to help increase hemoglobin levels. It is
important that both the mother and child are observed throughout the pregnancy for the simple fact
that many of these pregnancies result in a caseation delivery (James 2014). In some cases, the use of
propranolol and LMWH are used in SCD mothers in hopes to decrease the intensity of SCD effects
such as pain and organ problems in both parent and child ( Yawn 2014). Opioid is also used as pain
medication in SCD women (Yawn

Sickle Cell Anemia Essay
Sickle cell disease is a hereditary hemoglobin defect that occurs in people of African and
Mediterranean decent. "First identified in 1904 by a hospital intern, sickle cell disease became, more
than forty years later, the first disease found to be a genetic disease" (Harris 83). This disorder is
caused by a recessive allele that changes the structure of hemoglobin. Sickle cell hemoglobin (HbS)
differs from normal hemoglobin (HbA) in that of all the 574 amino acids it is made of, just one is
different. In the sixth amino acid of the beta chain, HbA has glutamic acid and HbS has valine.
Normal red blood cells have a biconcave shape that transports hemoglobin which is responsible for
most oxygen transport. The shape of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are precautions, though, that should be taken in order to prevent this disease. For example, in
Saudi Arabia, they have a Saudi Premarital Screening Program. "In 2004, the Saudi Ministry of
Health implemented a mandatory premarital screening program in order to decrease the incidence of
these genetic disorders in future generations" (Fakhoury). A blood test will be done to screen for
sickle cell trait or sickle cell disease. Should married couples find out they have the sickle cell trait,
genetic counseling can be done to help couples understand the risks associated with conceiving.
Once a child has been conceived "Couples at risk of having affected children can be identified by
inexpensive and reliable blood tests; chronic villus sampling from nine weeks of pregnancy can be
performed for prenatal diagnosis" (WHO 3). There are several countries where the prevalence of
sickle cell anemia is high. In Ghana, about 1 in every 50 births results in the disease but most in
rural Africa don't live beyond 5 years of age. Although there are nine government sponsored
languages, the official language is English. The currency unit in Ghana is the cedi and their capital is
Accra. Another country where sickle cell anemia is prevalent is Mali where the national capital is
Bamako. While French is the official language of the country most

Discovering Sicke Cell Anemia Essay
Discovering Sicke Cell Anemia
The topic that I am learning about is Sickle Cell Anemia, a hereditary disease which affects red
blood cells. Throughout this research paper, I will discuss what exactly it is, how it is caused, any
known treatments or cures, and many other facts that are important in this disease.
Sickle Cell Anemia is a health problem throughout the world. More than
250,000 babies are born worldwide with this inherited blood cell disorder
(http://www.medaccess.com/h_child/sickle/sca_01.htm). The disorder causes red blood cells to
extend into a sickle shape which clogs the arteries.Persistant pain and life–threatening infections
result from the illness. About one in 400 black newborns in the U.S. have sickle cell anemia. ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hemoglobin molecules that contain the beta chain defect stick to one another instead of staying
separate after releasing oxygen. This forms long, rigid rods inside the red blood cells. The rods
cause the normally smooth and disc shaped blood cells to take on a sickle shape. When this happens,
the blood cells lose essential ability to deform and squeeze through small blood vessels and arteries.
The sickle cells becomes stiff and sticky which clog vessels, depriving tissue from receiving a
sufficient blood supply. This change makes the hemoglobin less soluble in water. When a person is
deprived of oxygen, the hemoglobin molecules join together and form fibers. The fibers cause the
blood cells to change shape.
Sickle hemoglobin and normal hemoglobin carry the same amount of oxygen but there are two
major differences between the two kinds of cells. The normal hemoglobin is found in only disc
shaped red blood cells that are soft, which permits them to easily flow through small blood vessels.
Diseased red blood cells are sickle shaped and are very hard which tend to get stuck in small blood
vessels and stop the flow of blood.
The other difference between the two cells is their longevity. Sickle cells do not live as long as
normal cells. Normal healthy cells can survive for about
120 days , while the more fragile sickle cells can survive for about 60 days or even less. The body
cannot make new red blood cells as fast as it loses sickled blood cells. A

Roughly two billion– over 30%– of the world's population is anemic. Anemia is a serious condition
which is marked by a deficiency of healthy red blood cells. Many people develop anemia because of
a lack of iron in the blood or during menstruation. However, anemia can be caused by decreased or
faulty blood cells. One of the most widely known classifications of anemia is sickle cell anemia, a
hereditary disorder in which the body manufactures sickle (crescent) shaped red blood cells. Normal
red blood cells are disc–shaped and can move easily through blood vessels, while sickle cells are
oblong, curved, and stiff. They tend to block blood flow in the blood vessels of the limbs and
organs, which can cause pain and organ damage. It can raise the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Those who are born with the disorder inherit two genes for sickle hemoglobin, one from each
parent. People who inherit a sickle hemoglobin gene from one parent and a normal gene from the
other parent have a condition called sickle cell trait. Those with sickle cell trait are effectively
carriers of the disorder– their children will be born with sickle cell anemia only if their partners have
the trait as well. Sickle cell anemia has no widely available cure. However, treatments can help
relieve symptoms and treat complications. A blood and bone marrow transplant can offer relief to
certain patients. Blood transfusions are more readily available then marrow transplants and are used
more frequently. Severe sickle cell anemia can be treated with a medication called hydroxyurea,
which prompts the body to make fetal hemoglobin. Currently, there are no long term disadvantages
of the drug, though it sometimes decreases white blood cell counts, leaving patients more
sucesceptable to infection. Sickle cell anemia is most common in those who come from Africa,
South or Central America, the Caribbean, The Mediterranian (such as Turkey, Greece, and Italy),
India, and Saudi Arabia. In the United States, it's estimated that sickle cell anemia affects 70,000–
100,000 people, and more than 2 million Americans have sickle cell trait. The disease occurs in
about 1 out of every 500 African American births. Sickle cell anemia also heavily

The sickle cell disease is an inherited blood disorder that affects red blood cells. People with sickle
cell have red blood cells that have mostly hemoglobin's, Sometimes these red blood cells become
sickle–shaped or crescent shaped and have trouble going through small blood vessels.
When sickle–shaped cells block small blood vessels, less blood can get to that part of the body.
Tissue that does not get a normal blood flow eventually becomes damaged.This is what causes the
problems of sickle cell disease.As to this day there is really no cure for sickle cell disease.Red blood
cells take oxygen from the air we breathe into our lungs to all parts of the body.
Oxygen is carried in red blood cells by a substance called hemoglobin(Hemoglobin – ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Like most genes, hemoglobin genes are inherited in two sets...one from each parent(Ex. If one
parent has Sickle Cell
Anemia and the other is Normal, all of the children will have sickle cell trait. 4 If one parent has
sickle cell anemia and the other has sickle cell trait, there is a 50% chance (or 1 out of 2) of having a
baby with either sickle cell disease or sickle cell trait with each pregnancy,When both parents have
sickle cell trait, they have a 25% chance (1 of 4) of having a baby with sickle cell disease with each
pregnancy). HOW DO YOU KNOW IF YOU
HAVE THIS TRAIT A SIMPLE PAINLESS
BLOOD TEST followed by a laboratory technique called Hemoglobin Electrophoresis will
determine the type of hemoglobin you have. When you pass an electric charge through a solution of
hemoglobin, distinct hemoglobins move different distances, depending on their composition. This
technique differentiates between normal hemoglobin (A), Sickle hemoglobin (S), and other different
kinds of hemoglobin (such as C, D, E,).
Medical Problems Sickle cells are destroyed rapidly in the body of people with the disease causing
anemia, jaundice and the formation of gallstones. The sickle cells also block the flow of blood
through vessels resulting in lung tissue damage (acute chest syndrome), pain episodes
(arms, legs, chest and abdomen), stroke and priapism (painful prolonged erection). It

The Importance Of Sickle Cell Anemia
An abundance of traits are attributed to genetics: whether or not your earlobes are attached, whether
you are a left–over–right hand clasper or not, and the color of your irises are only a few. Whether or
not you inherit the genes that cause sickle cell anemia–also known as sickle cell disease and
abbreviated SCD–is of more importance than the color of your eyes.
Sickle cell anemia is a disease that deals with hemoglobin, the protein that aids in oxygen transport
from organ to organ, in red blood cells. Normally red blood cells have a biconcave shape that
attributes to a maximum capacity of hemoglobin, but in cases of sickle cell anemia, red blood cells
are structured, fragile, and crescent–shaped, minimizing the capacity of hemoglobin, creating an
obstacle for them not to rupture, and making it difficult for them to travel through some blood
vessels. Because of the irregular shape of effected red blood cells, people with sickle cell anemia are
more prone to form blood clots causing organ damage.
Since the capacity of hemoglobin in a red blood cell is affected by sickle cell anemia, people with
the disease experience oxygen deprivation to organs and tissues throughout the body, causing both
immense pain and potentially death due to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since the disease is autosomal (not sex–linked), it can be inherited no matter the biological gender
of a child and it does not significantly affect one gender over the other. Interestingly, though, women
with Sickle Cell Anemia have been observed to live longer than men that have the disease. If a child
inherits the gene from one parent but not the other, they are said to be carrying the sickle cell trait,
but it is extremely rare that any symptoms are present in carriers. Carriers of sickle cell anemia
typically have a life expectancy the same as that of a person who is not affected by the disease

Sickle Cell Anemia Case
At first, I would like to say Taina not worry about getting dropped from the team since it should not
happen. Even if she is a carrier of sickle cell anemia, the coach would not drop her nor the
scholarship. Practice plans for sickle cell anemia carriers would change to less intensive, and the
coach could teach them how to control the breath. Sickle Cell anemia is about Oxygen circulation in
one's body, so you should be fine if we can balance it after finding it. Sickle cell anemia is caused by
genetic disorders of hemoglobin that is responsible to transport Oxygen to other parts of our body.
Red blood cells of patients with this genetic disease become sickle–shaped when the oxygen
concentration is low. Lack of O2 results all of the symptoms

What´s Sickle Cell Anemia?
Conclusion Question #2
Sickle Cell Anemia
Sickle cell anemia is a disorder that is caused by the abnormal shape of hemoglobin cells in the
body. In lecture we learned that hemoglobin is the molecule that is present in red blood cells.
Hemoglobin is responsible for supplying oxygen to other cells throughout the body. Red blood cells
are normally rounded in shape, defected cells are in a long shafted shape, which gives the disease its
name. When red blood cells sickle, they break down which causes anemia of the cells. Sickle cells
can result in an individual having a low red blood cell count, having repeated infections, and
suffering from long episodes of pain in different parts of the body. The disease can also cause
delayed growth in children, shortness in breathe, fatigue, swollen feet and hands, and also vision
problems.
There are different types of sickle cell diseases and they affect people in different ways. The most
common type of sickle cell ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The parents of a person with sickle cell anemia do not have to have the disease, but only the trait for
their offspring to be born with the disease. Couples wishing to conceive can be tested to see if either
one of them poses the sickle cell gene.
Sickle cell anemia has no cure, but there are treatments options to help with the complications of the
disease. "Penicillin is used for children who have the disease to prevent them from getting
infections." (Yates) People with the disease also have to get not only their regular suggested
immunizations in childhood, but also get regular immunizations into adulthood. Other options
include prescribed medications to help relieve pain and swelling, bone marrow transplants, and
supplemental oxygen.

Sickle Cell Anemia
Sickle cell is a blood disease. People with sickle cell anemia have crescent moon shaped blood cells
that are hard and sticky. When the Sickle cells move through blood tubes, they can clog blood flow
and break apart. This can cause main, damage, and a low blood count. The symptoms of the disease
are not life threatening, however are not enjoyable. Sickle cell anemia can cause you to experience
dizziness, headaches, and shortness of breath. Your skin may also turn more yellow or pale than it
usually is. Sickle cell is an inherited disease. It is an unpreventable disease that you are born with. If
you have a sickle cell gene, you do not have sickle cell, however your children have a 25% chance
of having sickle cell anemia. This blood disorder can cause pain and discomfort but it is unlikely
that your life will be in danger if you have the disease. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The diagnosis for the disease is straightforward. All states screen newborns for sickle cell. This can
be done by a simple blood test. The treatment for sickle cell anemia is minimal. There are no cures
for the disease. However treatments and pain killers can help with some of the symptoms. There are
a few environmental factors of sickle cell. For example people with the disease should avoid cold
areas so that their blood flow stays normal. They should also make sure that they have good
circulation at all times to ensure that the blood is moving. All in all, sickle cell is a simple disease
that does not take much to deal

Anemia Anemia is a condition that develops when a person has fewer blood cells, or hemoglobin
than a normal person. Hemoglobin binds to oxygen, and is a main part of red blood cells. If a
person's hemoglobin is low, that means that the cells in the body are not getting enough oxygen. For
example, one may feel exhausted because his or her organs are not getting what they need to
function normally. According to WebM.D., "Anemia is the most common blood condition in the
U.S. that affects about 3.5 million Americans." Those that are at increased risk of anemia are young
children, people with chronic diseases, and women. Anemia can be hereditary, and can affect babies
at birth. Due to childbearing years and blood loss from menstruation, women are more prone to
iron–deficiency anemia. Also many elderly people are susceptible of developing anemia due to poor
diet and other medical problems. There are different types ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The body may not produce the amount of red blood cells needed, or red blood cells may not
function properly. The conditions linked to these causes of anemia are sickle cell anemia, iron–
deficiency anemia, vitamin deficiency anemia, bone marrow problems, and other health problems.
Last, anemia can be caused by destruction of red blood cells. When red blood cells can't handle the
routine stresses of the circulatory system, they can rupture which causes hemolytic anemia. The
causes of hemolytic anemia are inherited conditions, stressors, prosthetic valves, tumors, severe
burns, ect.
There are many types of anemia that can't be prevented. However, there are a few types that can be
avoided such as vitamin deficiency anemia and iron–deficiency anemia. Choosing a diet plan that
works best that includes all sorts of vitamins and nutrients such as iron, Folate, vitamin B–12, and
vitamin C. All of these may reduce your chances of developing vitamin deficiency anemia and iron
deficiency

Sickle Cell Anemia ( Sca )
Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is an inherited blood disease which causes normal, round, healthy red
blood cells to transform into sickle–shaped cells. Normal red blood cells are flexible and can easily
pass through capillaries to bring oxygen to different parts of the body. However, sickle cells are
fragile, and can easily die, leading to anemia (red blood cell deficiency). SCA can also cause blood
vessel occlusion (blockage of blood vessels), tissue infarctions (death due to lack of oxygen), bone,
joint, and abdominal pain, yellow eyes and skin, pale skin, delayed growth, increased risk of
infections, and damage to organs. The disease is passed on by autosomal recessive inheritance,
which means both parents of a child must have the defective gene for the child to be affected. If only
one gene is inherited, the victim becomes a carrier of the sickle cell trait, producing only some
sickle cells with little or no symptoms. This means two people with the trait have a 25% chance of
having a baby with sickle cell disease, 25% chance of them having no defects, and 50% chance of
the baby becoming a carrier as well. When the gene is inherited, it mutates the beta (β) globin gene
in chromosome 11, changing the hemoglobins produced using instructions from the gene from a
healthy hemoglobin A (Hb A) to a mutated hemoglobin S (Hb S). Many tests can be done to check
for sickle cell disease, the most common being an ordinary blood test, where the blood is examined
for hemoglobin S. If the

Sickle Cell Anemia
Sickle cell anemia is caused by a defect in the gene that controls the production of normal
hemoglobin, which is an iron–containing protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen from the
lungs to body tissues. The defective gene results in the production of abnormal hemoglobin known
as hemoglobin S. If you have the disorder, you inherited one gene for hemoglobin S from each of
your parents. The gene is recessive, so if you received a copy of the gene from just one parent, you
are a carrier of the sickle cell gene. Under certain conditions, after hemoglobin S releases its
oxygen, its molecules clump together forming rigid and elongated crystals. The crystals settle to one
side of the cell, which collapses the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In adolescence, sexual maturation may be delayed. The disturbances in blood flow associated with
the disease also dispose affected persons to infections and leg ulcers. These symptoms are due to the
change in hemoglobin, which changes shape when the amount of oxygen in the blood is reduced for
any reason. The red blood cell in which the hemoglobin is contained changes its shape as well, from
round to crescent (sickle shaped). The sickle–shaped red cells interfere with normal blood flow by
plugging up small blood vessels. Early detection of sickle cell anemia can save lives. Newborn
screening can be done before babies leave the hospital. Infants who are found to have sickle cell
disease can be immediately entered into a program of pediatric care. Treatment for older patients are
to take a daily multivitamin, decrease or avoid stress, Eat a well–balanced, highly nutritious diet,
take all medications exactly as prescribed, drink plenty of fluids each day, get yearly eye exams
from an ophthalmologist, and to learn all you can about sickle cell disease. The first effective drug
treatment for adults with severe sickle cell anemia was reported in 1995. A study conducted by the
NHLBI showed that daily doses of the anticancer drug, hydroxyurea, reduced the rate of

A Study On Sickle Cell Anemia
Sickle Cell Anemia The gene or chromosome that is affected? The haemoglobin atom has combine
parts: an alpha and a beta. Patients with reference to sickle cell suffering take on a variation in a
gene on chromosome 11 that codes for the beta subunit of the haemoglobin protein. As an answer,
hemoglobin molecules don 't display suitably, causing red blood cells to be stiff and take on a
concave shape (like a sickle used to trim wheat). These adequate shaped cells get hooked in the
blood vessels and are unable to transport oxygen effectively, causing pain and damage to the organs.
What causes Sickle Cell Disease? Sickle Cell disease is a blood disorder that is inherited from both
parents. This disorder is more usual in certain ethnic groups: African Americans, Arabs, Greeks,
Italians, Latin and Native Americans. Normal red blood cells are very adjustable and are circular in
appearance, there flexibility and shape allow them to journey freely through small blood vessels
called capillaries. The red blood cells develop into crescent or sickle shaped and also become
inflexible. The abnormal cells attach inside the capillaries closing blood flow to vital organs.
Symptoms experienced by a sufferer of the condition? Sickle cell anemia is a disease passed down
through families in which red blood cells form an abnormal crescent shade red blood cells are
normally shaped like a disc. Sickle Cell anemia symptoms usually don 't occur until aged four
months, almost all patients with

Sickle cell anemia is a severe condition in which there aren't enough healthy, round red blood cells
to carry adequate oxygen throughout your body. It is a form of anemia in which a mutated form of
hemoglobin––a red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates––distorts
the red blood cells into a crescent shape. This causes low oxygen levels. Normal red blood cells are
flexible and round allowing for easy movement throughout your blood vessels. In sickle cell anemia,
the red blood cells are rigid and sticky and are shaped like a crescent moon––or a sickle. The effect
is the red blood cells get caught in small vessels and block blood from reaching different parts of the
body. This can cause pain and tissue damage. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main goal for treating sickle cell anemia is to help prevent and reduce pain, and to help prevent
infections. Other treatments help prevent any organ damage and strokes related to sickle cell anemia
causes. To prevent pain, those with more severe conditions use hydroxyurea, a medicine that helps
prevent painful crises, not to help when they occur. Mild pain can usually be treated with over the
counter medication. More severe pain episodes need hospitalization. Bacterial infections can be a
very serious complication for those with sickle cell anemia. To prevent infections in children and
babies, doses of penicillin are needed, and all routine vaccinations. Many of the other symptoms and
complications of sickle cell anemia are treated with blood transfusions. Blood is taken from a
healthy individual and the red blood cells are thus transfused into the individual with sickle cell
anemia.
To conclude, sickle cell anemia is a disease that causes harm. It is not a disease that can be
transmitted from one to another but only mother and father to child at conception. Sickle cell anemia
has several symptoms such as fatigue, hand–foot syndrome, and even severe episodes of pain. There
are many treatments for sickle cell anemia but so far there is no cure. A routine screening in the
United States help newborns to be identified if they have sickle cell

Sickle Cell Anemia Case Studies
Anemia: According to National Heart, Lung and Blood institute, anemia is the most common blood
disorder in the United States affecting over 3 million individuals (2015). It develops when the blood
lacks oxygen. It is a condition whereby ineffective DNA synthesis occurs as a lack of hemoglobin
nutrients. Clinical manifestations develops as a response in the body due to tissue hypoxia and are
manifested as dyspnea on exertion, fatigue– as a result of the heavy workload of the organs in the
system not functioning properly; dyspepsia with nausea, shortness of breath, dizziness, pale skin,
cold hands or feet's, chest pain and headaches, depending on the severity of the disease and
comorbidity. There are different types of anemia: sickle cell anemia, ... Show more content on
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Cardiomyopathy attacks when the damaged muscle is unable to pump blood as it should causing
tissue hypoxia. Kloner et al, explained that men between the ages of 35 and 50 are the most
diagnosed group of alcoholic cardiomyopathy when compared to other age groups (2015). When an
individual has a history of alcohol abuse, the damaged heart muscle cannot pump enough blood to
circulate to the rest to the rest of the body; the individual become very fatigue, thirsty, weak,
dizziness with shortness of breath. As the disease progresses, it leads to cardiac heart failure, a
condition that affect the heart chambers. Long term alcohol use has been associated with the cause
of left ventricular dysfunction. The left side heart failure causes fluid to back up into the lungs
which suppresses an individual's lung making it hard to breath. Excessive alcohol intake has been
linked to many cardiac disease including stroke, hypertension, and arrhythmias. Clinical
manifestations exhibit dyspnea, chest pain, fatigue, syncope, weakness and palpitations (Kloner et
al., 2015).
Gastritis: defined as inflammation of the gastric mucosa due to excessive alcohol use (Rugge,
Pennelli, Pilozzi, Fassan, Ingravallo, Russo & Mario, 2011). There are several causes of gastritis
which include helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), pernicious anemia, a form of anemia; bile reflux,
history of alcohol use, NSAIDS medications and infections (Rugge et al., 2011). Symptoms of
gastritis include epigastric pain, nausea, discomfort in the upper abdomen, bloating, dyspepsia, loss
of appetite and etc. This disease is usually diagnosed using a blood test, fecal occult blood test or an

Sickle Cell Anemia
Case:–
Doctor informed complete studies of a 9–year old child with sickle cell anemia. Her main
complaints were cough, vague pains in legs (joints), night sweats, abdominal pain, less hunger, and
increasing weakness. In a series of knowing experiments that involved taking venous blood from the
arm under different conditions, the doctor showed a connection between oxygen tension and
sickling of the red blood cells in vivo. When the oxygen pressure fell below 40–45mm Hg, the
sickling was marked increased. Sickle cell anemia
Introduction:–
Anemia is a disorder of blood that causes a decrease in red blood cells. Sickle Cell anemia is a type
of Anemia. The abnormal gene that is passed down from each parent makes a condition in which,
there aren't sufficient healthy RBC to carry passable oxygen throughout your body. Sickle cells are
hemispherical shaped that chunks the blood flow in vessels that can cause severe pain. In addition to
red blood cells being sickled shaped, WebMD explains that the red blood cells of individuals with
Sickle Cell anemia only last about twenty days in comparison to the one hundred twenty days that a
normal red blood cell lasts. This contributes to the tired and weak feeling related with the anemia
characteristic of Sickle Cell Anemia, thus creating the person look weak and washed out according
to WebMD. Mostly this disease is seen in people of African American and Mediterranean countries
(such

Sickle Cell Anemia Persuasive Speech
Today I found out that I will need to receive a bone marrow transplant for my sickle cell anemia.
First we had that awful science test and now I have to have a bone marrow transplant. As if being a
15 year old boy with sickle cell isn't bad enough. The symptoms I have been experiencing are
dizziness, shortness of breath, chest pain, clammy hands, and headache. These symptoms have kind
of affected my daily life because I have not been able to play sports, I have to change my diet to be
more healthy, and I have to deal with headaches and irritation. Sometimes the pain gets so bad I just
have to go home or to the hospital if it gets bad enough. I am actually quite scared for this
transplant. What if something goes wrong. The bone marrow transplant could be helping me fight
the disease, but there are some risks of having a bone marrow transplant. ... Show more content on
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There are risks and most people will have some complications from the transplant. Some of the
complications go away over time, but others can be long lasting. Some of the risks I have read about
are stomach problems, bleeding in the lungs, and also the risk of going through surgery. The
professionals who have helped me with my sickle cell anemia are dieticians and hematologists. They
have helped me control my disease. My hematologist, Dr. Henry, has helped take care of my sickle
cell anemia. Dr. Henry told me that a person with sickle cell disease, their bone marrow produces
red blood cells that contain hemoglobin S. He also said that a bone marrow transplant replaces
unhealthy blood forming cells with healthy ones. The hemoglobin is what causes my complications.
My dietician, Dr. Kale, has helped me keep a healthy

Sickle-Cell Anemia
Sickle–Cell Anemia is an inherited, chronic blood disease in which the body produces abnormally
shaped red blood cells. When the blood cells become crescent/sickle shaped, they are unable to
deliver adequate amounts of oxygen to other cells. Also, these unusual "sickle" cells block blood
pathways to the limbs and organs, limiting the amount of blood flowing throughout the body. It
causes pain, organ damage, and anemia (low blood count). Unfortunately, however, when sufferers
are born with this disease, they live life knowing it is incurable.
In Sickle–Cell Anemia, the 11th chromosome is affected, and thus, causes the disorder. In addition,
this disease is autosomal, and not sex–linked. It is also codominant, which means neither allele ...
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One of these treatments is called Hydroxyurea. Hydroxurea is actually a drug that decreases the
number of nucleotides inside cells, which reduces the concentration of defective hemoglobin
(sickle–cells). Another treatment for this disease is called Sulphasalazine. This is also a drug, and it
works by reducing the number of "sticky" molecules on red blood cells in Sickle–Cell Anemia.
Furthermore, Poloxamer 108 is yet another drug that shortens the length of painful episodes in
Sickle–Cell Anemia. It works by improving blood flow in the blood vessels, surrounding the painful
area. Although these drugs work to "cover up" the disease, and delay its spread, there still isn't
enough research to create a cure for Sickle–Cell Anemia.
In order to find out if a person has Sickle–Cell Anemia, doctors need to diagnose him/her using
special methods. One simple, inexpensive method, which happens to be the most common one,
includes giving the blood test called hemoglobin electrophoresis. It shows the hemoglobin type in
person's body. This blood test is now given in more than forty states, and is mostly performed on
newborn babies. These tests also tell whether or not the child carries the Sickle–Cell trait. In
addition, another method of diagnosis is called the Sickle–Cell solubility test. This test can possibly
detect the presence of "bad" hemoglobin.
Despite having so many opportunities of Sickle–Cell testing, our society still neglects the idea of

Sickle Cell Anemia Theory
Sickle Cell Disease was informally diagnosed in the early 1900's by Dr. Ernest Irons. It wasn't until
the 1950's that it was studied intensely. Linus Pauling and Harvey Itano were the first ones to
critically study this disease. Sickle cell disease (SCD) was the first to be called a molecular genetic
disease by Linus Pauling. Vernon Ingram later studied the disease into great detail which led him to
discover the key difference in between SCD hemoglobin (Hb SS) and normal hemoglobin (Hb)
(Adewoyin, 2015). Finding what caused the mutation which led to a change in shape from circular
to sickle shape erythrocytes was something Pauling attempted to identify. In the paper in which he
studied SCD, he proposed various ideas for the change in shape ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This was proven with the Longswoth scanning diagrams of carbonoxy hemoglobin. It showed four
different images of normal, sickle cell anemia, sickle cell trait, and a 50–50 mix of the first two. The
first two images (normal & SCD) showed one peak each while sickle cell trait gave out two peaks
on one image. The last image of 50–50 mix of sickle cell anemia and normal hemoglobin
strengthened the idea of sickle cell trait been a hybrid due to the two peaks shown on the diagram,
since it highly resembled the sickle cell trait figure. The two peaks given from the 50–50 mix figure
that suggests less than 50% of the hemoglobin are sickle shaped in sickle cell trait. ( Pauling et al.,
1949) After knowing the clearly knowing the differences between sickle cell anemia and normal
hemoglobin Pauling and Itano still didn't how or where the change occurred. The paper proposed
that there was a difference in numbers of ionization groups between both hemoglobins. Itano
specifically proposed there was a number variance in the globin or heme. He proposed along with
Pauling that it is probable that normal and sickle cell anemia hemoglobin may have different globin

Sickle Cell Anemia Essays
Sickle cell anemia is a hereditary disorder that mostly affects people of African ancestry, but also
occurs in other ethnic groups, including people who are of Mediterranean and Middle Eastern
descent. More than 70,000 Americans have sickle cell anemia. And about 2 million Americans – and
one in 12 African Americans – have sickle cell trait (this means they carry one gene for the disease,
but do not have the disease itself).
Sickle cell anemia occurs when a person inherits two abnormal genes (one from each parent) that
cause their red blood cells to change shape. Instead of being flexible and round, these cells are more
rigid and curved in the shape of the farm tool known as a sickle – that's where the disease gets its
name. The shape ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
People with sickle cell anemia have inherited two sickle cell genes, one from each parent. A child
who has inherited the sickle cell gene from only one parent will not develop the disease, but will
have sickle cell trait. People who have sickle cell trait don't have sickle cell anemia or symptoms of
the disease, but they can pass the sickle cell gene to their own children.
Because people with sickle cell trait don't have the disease, they may never discover that they carry
the gene. That's why it's recommended that teens who are unsure of their sickle cell status ask their
doctors about testing. The National Institutes of Health recommends that all newborns be screened
for sickle cell disease, and testing at birth is now required in almost every state. This helps infants
with sickle cell anemia get the care and treatment they need right away.
Signs and Symptoms
Teens with sickle cell anemia may develop jaundice (pronounced: jon–dis), a condition that results
from the high rate of red blood cell breakdown. Jaundice can cause the skin and the whites of a
person's eyes to develop a yellowish tint.
People with sickle cell anemia also may have bouts of pain in the chest, stomach, arms, legs, or
other parts of the body. This is caused by sickle cells blocking blood flow through the blood vessels.
Feeling tired and having trouble fighting

Sickle Cell Anemia Paper
Sickle Cell Anemia
This paper outlines the etiology of sickle cell anemia and the nutrition considerations that is needed
to maintain this disease. It also provides a five day menu plan that will greatly provide nutrition
needs to prevent having a sickle cell crisis.
Etiology
Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is an autosomal recessive inherited disease that affects the red blood cells.
A person must receive a sickle gene from each parent to have the disease. If a person only receives
one gene from either parent, they will have the sickle cell trait.
Normal red blood cells are flexible and round and last up to four months. Sickle red blood cells are
hard and sticky and looks like farm tool called a "sickle". These cells die within twenty days which
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These foods should be avoided because of the effects they cause on the body which can lead to a
sickle cell crisis. Alcohol should be avoided in patients with sickle cell anemia because it can lead to
dehydration. Alcohol is a diuretic. This means that it causes your body to start peeing–a lot. Not
only are you losing water and fluids out that way, alcohol decrease the secretion of Anti–diuretic
hormone (ADH), which means that your body is unable to regulate how much water you are losing
through urination. Normally ADH kicks in and stops your kidneys from making more urine, but
with the suppression of ADH by alcohol, there are no level this process out. Caffeine should also be
avoided in SCA patients. It is also a diuretic. Caffeine raises the amount of acid in your stomach and
may cause heartburn. That's why it's not a great thirst quencher. Caffeine is absorbed from your
stomach. It reaches its highest levels in your bloodstream within an hour. Caffeine can make your
blood pressure go up for a short time. If you have irregular heart rhythms, as some SCA patients do,
caffeine may make your heart work harder (Pietrangelo,

Pathophysiology: Sickle Cell Anemia
Sickle Cell Anemia
Schafyna Milam
Grantham University
BIO116 Intro to Pathophysiology
Dr. Alexis Colaizzi
Sickle cell anemia is an anemia that is inherited and mostly affects people whose heritage can be
traced back to places where malaria was prevalent. There are approximately 100,000 Americans that
have the disease and many more with the trait. Several of my family members are afflicted by this
medical condition that causes red blood cells to take on an irregular shape. In a person that suffers
from sickle cell disease, the red blood cells take on a crescent shape as they move through the body
and lose oxygen. These sickled cells get stuck together in the small blood vessels and cause clots
that can end up damaging organs. When

The Symptoms Of Sickle Cell Anemia Essay
HISTORY:
The symptoms of Sickle Cell Anemia were observed for over five thousand years in Africa. The first
reported case of sickle cell anemia however was in 1846, when an autopsy of a runaway slave
showed an absence of a spleen. However, it was first discovered by Ernest Irons, an intern of Dr
James B Herrick in the United States in 1910. He viewed an anemic patient's blood under the
microscope and observed "elongated and sickle shaped" red blood cells. However, cases of these
sickle shaped red blood cells were of African patients only. In 1922, the disease was named "sickle
cell anemia" by Vernon Mason. Hahn and Gillespie discovered in 1927 that red blood cells are made
into sickle shaped cells by the change in their molecular structure in the absence of oxygen. In 1948,
Watson suggested that infants did not show symptoms of sickle cell anemia because of the presence
of fetal hemoglobin, HbF. In 1949, it was shown that the disease was inherited and that only people
homozygous for the gene got the disease. In 1951, Linus Pauling and his colleagues showed that
sickle cell anemia was caused by abnormality in hemoglobin and had a different chemical structure
than normal hemoglobin molecules. They proved the change in structure of sickled cells through gel
electrophoresis of hemoglobin from normal blood cells and sickled blood cells. They published the
paper "Sickle Cell Anemia, a molecular disease" that spread awareness of the disease. The actual
amino acid change however was

Sickle Cell Anemia Disease
What is Sickle Cell Anemia Disease?
Sickle Cell Anemia Disease is an inherited disease that turns healthy red blood cells (donut shape)
into abnormal sickle shaped red cells which affects people's hemoglobin (a red protein responsible
for transporting oxygen in the blood) (Naoum). This disease gets its name from the shape of red
blood cells under low oxygen condensation which becomes sickle shaped. These sickle shaped cells
get stuck in small blood vessels which causes people with this disease to have oxygen blockage
(fudge foundation). People inherit this disease from their parents, if both parents have a trait of
sickle cell anemia (people who inherit one sickle cell gene and one normal gene, they have a 25
percent chance of having an unaffected ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is diagnosed by a blood test called hemoglobin electrophore that measures people abnormal sickle
hemoglobin. The amount of hemoglobin determines if a person has a sickle cell trait or sickle cell
disease (WebMD). If they do not have abnormal sickle hemoglobin they neither have a sickle cell
trait or disease. People who are affected by Sickle Cell Anemia crises (pain in your bones) go
through a lot of pain. They normally have chest pain, difficulty breathing, severe infections and
blood blockage. People who have Sickle Cell describe their pain in differently, Tiffany who has
Sickle Cells said, it's like repeatedly being stabbed by a butcher knife in the same spot. Another lady
Heather said. Her pain feels like someone is pouring glass in the same spot into her veins and
expecting her to keep living normal. Patients with this disease go through a lot of pain and are not
able to do anything about it because there are no cures for it. Pharmacist just have medicine to
manage their pain. Patients go to therapy, take vitamins, and get blood transfusions and induction of
hemoglobin to reduce their pain (WebMD). There are many more medicines now, in today's time, to
help people with their pain and people take medication

Sickle cell anemia is a genetic blood disorder that is caused from the abnormal function of
hemoglobin. In the case of sickle cells anemia, the hemoglobin molecule in red blood cells is sickle–
shaped leading to the blockage of blood flow to blood vessel of the lungs and other organs and
therefore a very slow transportation of oxygen. It mostly affects people with African descents with
an affected population of 0.25% in African Americans. It results from a mutation at the sixth codon
of the beta globin gene (HBB gene) in which the amino acid glutamic acid is substituted for valine,
leading to the production of an altered form of hemoglobin S (hbS). Griffiths AJF, Miller JH, Suzuki
DT, et al As a chronic inflammatory disease, Sickle cell anemia tends to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In the experiment, they used 20 human mouse somatic hybrid cells each of which contained a 17
different subset of human chromosomes. During this experiment, only 10 % of the cells hybrid
population is relevant to determine the presence of the Hbb gene on human chromosomes. To
identify human chromosomes in each human–mouse hybrid clone, researchers characterized each
cell line by two staining techniques which were Giemsa 11 staining and Giemsa trypsin–Hoechst
staining. It was found that all human chromosomes that were present in one or more cell lines
entirely lacked human β globin gene except for 6, 8,9,11 and 13. And among these chromosomes,
only chromosome 11 was positive with a high frequency of Hbb gene in all the hybrid cells lines.
And also among two sister clones, 157–BNPT–4 and 157–BNPT–1 which had similar chromosomes
it was found that Chromosome 11 was present in 157–BNPT–4 except for 157–BNPT–1 where
157–BNPT–4 contained hemoglobin beta gene. (Deisseroth, A.,

Sickle Cell Anemia And The Disease
Sickle Cell Anemia LaToya R Walker American Public University Systems Abstract This paper will
discuss Sickle Cell Anemia. It will describe what the disease is as well as how its contracted. The
paper will go on to on to discuss the symtoms risk and statistics of sickle cell aniema. The paper will
end with discussing treatment for the disease. Sickle Cell Anemia Sickle Cell Anemia or Sickle Cell
Disease (SCD) is a passed down blood disorder that attacks and destroys the red blood cells. This
Disease was first discovered back in 1910. The disease was first described as a clinical entity by
Herrick1 in 1910 (Anderson & Ware 1932). Sickle cell sickness is brought about by a change in the
hemoglobin–Beta quality found on chromosome 11. Hemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs
to different parts of the body. Red platelets with typical (hemoglobin–An) are smooth and round and
coast through veins. Typical red platelets are round like doughnuts, and they travel through little
blood tubes in the body to convey oxygen. Sickle red platelets turn out to be hard, sticky and molded
like sickles used to cut wheat. At times these blood cells can become crescent shaped and have a
hard time passing through small blood vessels, this keeps red blood cells and the oxygen they carry
from getting to all parts of the body. This causes less blood to reach the body at this point the tissues
that have not received a normal blood flow will become damaged. Individuals who have sickle cell

Essay On Sickle Cell Anemia
Sickle–cell Anemia is a genetic disorder that causes sever pain in the lower back, legs, arms,
abdomen, and chest. Red blood cells carry oxygen to the body. The body uses oxygen to make
energy. Inside the red blood cell is a protein called hemoglobin, which hooks on to the oxygen.
People with sickle–cell anemia have abnormal hemoglobin known as hemoglobin S. Hemoglobin S
changes the blood cells into the shape of a sickle. These abnormal sickle cells stick to the blood
vessel walls causing blockages. These blockages do not allow blood to flow. This is what causes the
pain. People get sickle cell disease when a parent has a mutated hemoglobin gene. Their child has a
chance of inheriting the sickle–cell trait or getting sickle–cell Anemia. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The main thing doctors do to treat sickle–cell anemia is to avoid complications. They measure the
patient's height and weight to make sure they are growing properly. The doctors also monitor blood
pressure to prevent strokes. Doctors also do blood and urine tests to see if there is organ damage or
kidney problems. They also do TCD testing or brain ultrasounds to prevent strokes. They also do
eye examines to prevent loss of vision. Sickle–cell anemia is caused only by having two mutated
hemoglobin genes.
People with sickle–cell anemia have to take penicillin, get extra vaccines, and get many tests done.
Like most people they need to also exercise every day, have a nourishing diet, and get enough sleep
every night. Sickle–cell anemia is most common in African Americans, 1 out of 365 African
American children are born with two mutated hemoglobin genes or sickle–cell anemia. Sickle–cell
anemia is a negative mutation of the hemoglobin gene because it prevents the oxygen from the lungs
to the places its needed through the

Description Of Sickle Cell Anemia
Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder. The way it affects the human is that it causes red blood cells
to become rigid and sticky. Red blood cells are normally round and easily move through blood
vessels. However when a person has sickle cell anemia some of his or her red blood cells are sickle
shaped, thus the name sickle cell anemia. Along with the sickle shape the red blood cells are rough
and jagged and can often at times cause blood clots. Another name for this disorder is HBS disease.
The disease happens when the deoxyribonucleic acid (or DNA for short) has a mutation. Now a
mutation can be triggered by a number of things to many chromosomes some kind of antibiotic the
parent took before finding out they were pregnant. There are too

Anemia In Red Blood Cells
Blood plays an essential role in the overall function of the body. It consists of formed elements,
leukocytes and erythrocytes. The erythrocytes are formed during a process called hematopoiesis
within the red bone marrow. The condition of these formed erythrocytes can attribute to many
different blood disorders. More specifically a commonly known disorder known as anemia. Anemia
is denoted as a condition where either the red blood cells have decreased significantly or the amount
of hemoglobin within the cells has decreased, which in turn will decrease the amount of oxygen that
reaches the tissues during transportation. Anemia comes in many different forms. They all affect the
transportation of oxygen as well as general body function in terms of physical health. To detect
anemia, a red blood cell count may performed to obtain the hematocrit, or the volume of red blood
cells in the total volume of blood. If the red blood cell count is low, this can be an indication of
anemia. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hypochromatic anemia occurs when there is an insufficient production of hemoglobin in red blood
cells. This is normally attributed with thalassemia, which is a genetically linked disorder that
prevents the individual from making proper functioning hemoglobin. This causes the erythrocytes to
appear pale since hemoglobin attributes to the red pigmentation in these cells. Hypochromatic
anemia can be compared to iron–deficiency anemia, which is caused by a decrease in iron
production within the hemoglobin. Both of these anemias are caused by issues involving the
hemoglobin component in erythrocytes which in turn leads to issues with nutrient transport. Similar
to another anemia called pernicious anemia. This anemia is diagnosed when the vitamin B12 is
insufficiently absorbed by the digestive system. B12 is significant in

Sickle cell anemia is an inherited disease in which the body is unable to produce normal
hemoglobin, an iron–containing protein. Sickle cell anemia is a disease in which the body is unable
to produce normal hemoglobin, an iron–containing protein. Abnormal hemoglobin can change cells
that can become stuck in narrow blood vessels, blocking oxygen from reaching organs and tissues.
Tissue that does not get a normal blood flow eventually becomes damaged. This is what causes the
problems of sickle cell disease. As to this day there is really no cure for Sickle Cell Disease. I
choose to topic because there are a number of persons in my family who have Sickle Cell Disease
(SCD). From personal experience I knew that the disease could take a toll on ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The restriction of oxygen from the organs reduces the functioning of the organs, which control our
immune systems, which normally help people fight fevers and infections. The lack of oxygen also
causes the skin to change its pigmentation. After learning the physical traits of SCD, I begin to
wonder if Sickle Cell Disease had just as much of a neurological impact on a child as much as it did
physically.
In the early years of the disease there was an absence any neurological findings. Recent research
still leaves little to be said about Sickle Cell Disease; but there has been a connection mad between
Sickle Cell Disease children who experience a stroke and cognitive functioning.
"One of the most significant potential effects of SCD that can negatively impact a child's school
functioning is a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or stroke. Although most children with SCD will
not experience a stroke, those who do are at risk for educational problems associated with
neuropsychological deficits. Approximately 7% to 17% of all patients with SCD will experience a
stroke. The mean age of stroke in these patients is 7 years with most occurring before the age of 15
years (Powars, Wilson, Imbus, Pegelow, & Allen, 1978; Wood, 1978). Importantly, children with
SCD who suffer a stroke are at high risk for subsequent strokes within three years following the
initial incident (Portnoy &

Red Blood Cell and E.g. Sickle-cell Anemia Essay
Anemia is not considerate to be a specific disease; it is a manifestation of many abnormal
conditions. Some of the abnormal conditions that causes
anemia include dietary deficiencies of iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid; hereditary disorders; bone
marrow damaged by toxins, radiation, or chemotherapy; renal disease; malignancy; chronic
infection; overactive spleen; or bleeding from a tract or organ. The incidence of anemia in the world
is very high. More than 50% of the world suffers from anemia. Anemia is characterized by a
deficiency in red blood cells or in the concentration of hemoglobin (iron–containing portions of red
blood cells). These deficiencies are caused by either decreased production or increased ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Vegetarians:
Vegetarians and people who do not consume red–meat are more apt to be iron deficient.
Meat sources of iron, also called heme–iron, such pork, beef and lamb are among the richest sources
of iron. Heme–sources of iron are best absorbed and utilized by the body.
Non–heme sources such as the iron in beans, grains and vegetables is not nearly as well absorbed by
the body. Absorption: The capacity of the body to absorb iron from the diet is a crucial factor for
developing iron stores and maintaining functional iron. When the body has trouble absorbing iron
from foods or when iron is lost through cellular break down, iron deficiency anemia is likely to
occur. When the above mechanisms are overwhelmed by the increasing magnitude of the anemia, or
when the demands of physical activity or intercurrent illness overwhelm them, a clinical disease
state becomes apparent to the physician and to the patient. The severity of clinical symptoms bears
less relationship to the severity of the anemia than to the length of time over which the condition
develops. An acute hemorrhagic condition may produce symptoms with loss of as little as 20% of
the total blood volume (or 20% of the total red cell mass). Conversely, anemias developing over
periods long enough to allow compensatory mechanisms to operate will allow much greater loss of
rbc mass before producing symptoms. It is not terribly uncommon to see a patient with a
hemoglobin of 4

Sickle Cell Anemia ( Sca )
Introduction:
Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is one of the most common severe monogenetic disorders in the world.
(1).SCA is an inherited blood disorder caused by a single point mutation in one of the genes
encoding hemoglobin (2).Hemoglobin (Hb) it is an oxygen transporting molecule, carrying oxygen
from the lungs to the tissues and takinge carbon dioxide away from the cell. Hb, made of four globin
protein chains two alpha and two beata chains
(pic).http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/images/hemoglobin.jpg
Alpha and beat beta chains fold up together to form similar three–dimensional structures, they held
together by non–covalent interactions. Each chain contain a one unit of heme which have a four
binding sites for oxygen ().
The base mutation of adenine to thymine which results to in substitution of valine for glutamic acid
in the sixth residue of the b chain. This mutant hemoglobin is called leading to the presence of
hemoglobin S (HbS), instead of HbA in the red blood cells (RBCs) .The presence of hydrophobic
valine residue in ß subunits cause small change lead to the polymerisation of deoxygenated HbS
monomers into long insoluble multi–stranded fibers of approximate 21.5 nm diameter (8) .
Under normal circumstances RBCs are flexible oval biconcave disks and move easily through
capillaries carrying oxygen to all parts of the body. The presence of polymerized HbS in the blood
stream cause RBCs to be stiffer, fragile, rigid, and induce sickling of the RBCs (21).

Sickle-Cell Anemia Adaptation

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