Cisco Video Data Explosion

Video Fast Forward
The Advance of Internet Video & Adaptive Rate
Technologies
BRKSPV-2122

Your Speaker

Chris Hayes, chayes@cisco.com

 Consulting Engineer, Corporate CTO Office
 Session General Mgr, Cisco Live
Service Provider Video Technology Track

Presentation_ID © 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 2

Agenda

 Video Fast Forward
Internet Video Growth: Present and Future
 Advance of Internet Video
New Services, Impacts, and Evolution
 IP Video Technologies Overview
 Adaptive Rate Technologies
Introduction
Characteristic Elements
Industry Leading Solutions
Considerations Moving Forward
 Summary & Key Takeaways


Video Fast Forward


Video Fast Forward
Internet Video - Rapid Evolution Drivers

• Global Access
Growth • Video Consumption is growing ‘wildly’

• IP and Internet are facilitators
Technology • Video for the Internet
• It’s “Easy” Now

• Direct, Personal, Flexible
Consumption • No More ‘Walled Gardens’
Model • More Biz-to-Consumer (B2C)

• Next Game Changer
Mobility • Device Explosion


Global Internet Traffic Growth
700% Increase in 5 yrs (2008-13) !
38% CAGR 2008-2013
40

You Are Here

Consumer
Internet
5

Source: Cisco Visual Networking Index—Forecast, 2008-2013

Video Dominates Global Consumer Internet
Traffic
Video to Approach 60% of Consumer Internet in 2013

34 Ambient Video
Exabytes
per month Internet Video to TV
✓
Internet Video to PC
File Sharing ✓
Web/Email
Internet Video Communications
Internet Gaming
VoIP
✓

17

✓
0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013


Consumer Internet Video Composition
Video Traffic Increasingly Driven By Live Video & TV

70% CAGR 2008-2013


“Mobile” is Next Game Changer

Global Mobile Data Traffic Growth Is 2.4
Times Faster than Fixed Data Traffic.

By 2014, there will be over 5 billion personal
devices connected to the mobile network.

Source: Cisco Visual Networking Index (VNI) Global Mobile Data Forecast, 2009–2014
Presentation_ID
Cisco VNI Mobile Data Forecast_2010 © 2010 Cisco Systems, its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
© 2010 Cisco and/or Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 11

Global Mobile Data Traffic Growth / Top-Line
Mobile data traffic will increase 39X from 2009 to 2014

108% CAGR 2009–2014
3,600,000
3.6 EB
per mo

2.2 EB
per mo
TB/mo

1,800,000
1.2 EB
per mo

0.6 EB
0.2 EB per mo
0.09 EB
per mo per mo
0
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Global Mobile Data Traffic Growth / Content
Mobile video = 66% of mobile data traffic by 2014
108% CAGR 2009–2014
3,600,000 Mobile VoIP 4%
Mobile Gaming 5%
Mobile P2P 8%
Mobile Web/Data
Mobile Video 17%
TB/mo

1,800,000

66%

0
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Visual Networking Devices
Driving Mobile Data Growth – 2010 Mobile Device Comparisons

E-reader
= 2 X (monthly basic mobile phone data traffic)

Smartphone

Digital
Photo
Frame

Video
Camera = 100 X (monthly basic mobile phone data traffic)

Mobile
Phone = 300 X (monthly basic mobile phone data traffic)

Projector

Laptop (monthly basic mobile phone data traffic)
= 1,300 X

Advance of Internet Video
New Services, Impact, and Evolution


Internet Video – Now A Viable Distribution Channel
Online Video Service Provider
Cisco VNI Study Unique monthly viewers

7 million FiOS “TV Everywhere”
Video = 90% of consumer 100 million
IP traffic by 2012

CDN
Web
ISP
In 24 million Revenue from $598 million ISP
Households to $3.4 billion annually ISP
By 2014 By 2014
Market
Broadcasters and Media Dynamics Consumer Electronics
Internet on
27% TV
Owner

Hulu

Brand
Visibility
12GB/sec.
2X
Online $$
Video

Innovate to to Increase Popularity of the Content and Revenue
Opportunity Transform Revenue Generating Services Using the
Opportunity to Create Consumer Experience
Leverage Online Video for Differentiated User Experiences
Through Collaboration
Network as a Platform

New and Emerging Services
Over-The-Top (OTT) Video
 Content (video) delivered via the Internet that is commonly
packaged for subscription by MSOs.
Syndicated, Post-Cinema, etc…
Typically ‘Free’ (ad insertion) or subscription (e.g., Netflix rental)
 OTT Sites hosted by Content Providers and Aggregate
Service Providers (e.g., ESPN, hulu)


New and Emerging Services
Digital/Electronic Sell-Through (DST/EST)
 EST is the retail offer of content/video through the internet that
allows users to keep a copy of the movie permanently. And
possibly burn it to a disc or transfer to a portable device.
 DST Characteristics
Direct sell to customer, Electronic Storage, Content Protection/Digital
Rights Management
 DST Offerings
Digital Entertainment Content Ecosystem (DECE)
Apple iTunes
CinemaNow


Buy Once, Play Anywhere
Purchase &
Rights Mgt

Disc Burn
Image

User
Devices

Remote Access Streaming


Why Digital Sell Thru?
‘Brick and Mortar Retail’ In Decline
 Media Companies – over 50% of revenue (feature films)
derived from Home Video Sales and Rental.

U.S. Home Video Market
in $ U.S.
30,000 Digital Download

25,000
Revenue

Online Rental
20,000 Subscripton
In-store rental
15,000

10,000 Physical sell-
through
5,000

0
04 05 06 07 08 09 10

Source: Thomas, Park Associates 2009

Open Digital Media Value Chain – Future Vision
Open ecosystems will prevail as the only viable long-term solution to portability
and monetization of digital content on all screens

Advertisers - Open Digital Media Value Chain - Consumers

Create Aggregate & Distribute Consume
Content Monetize Content Content

• Banner/search ads • Content Purchases
• In-game ads • Content Rentals
• Rich-media ads • Content
• Mobile advertising Subscriptions

Scope of Carrier Involvement

Any Content Any Storefront Any Network Any Device

Supports a wide Admits content Accommodates Allows consumers to
variety of content regardless of any fixed or mobile enjoy any content on
types and acquisition network from any any device anywhere,
creators channel operator anytime


New Internet Video Services Impact


Internet Video Impact thus Far
Findings on Consumer Adoption of IV*
 Online/IV consumption (time spent) is increasing. But…
 MSO SP Subscription Service Model Holding
 Myth Buster - Majority of Internet/OTT Video adopters are
mid-to-late mainstream PayTV users.
 Internet Video advancement opportunity seen in Premium
Incremental services. (e.g., NetFlix streaming rental).

 Why Not Internet Video?**
IV Services Nascent and
‘Scattered’
Quality and Reliability
Complexity of setup and
use.

**Source: Chris’ Hard-Earned Experience,affiliates. All rights reserved.
Presentation_ID © 2010 Cisco and/or its 1994 – present. *Source: The Diffusion Group, 2010. www.tdgresearch.com
Cisco Public 26

Modern American TV Consumption
Findings and Trends (USA)
 TV Viewing Keeps Increasing
Better Viewing Environment: Convenience (DVR), Higher-Quality Experience
(HiDef, Flat Screens TVs), Ubiquity of Digital Delivery to Home (More
Channels).
Traditional TV “primetime” is same (Mon-Sun, 8-11pm)
 DVRs present in 35% of American homes. 25% usage increase from
a year ago.
Users watch about 47% primetime commercials played back after 3 days.
 Online/IV consumption up (16% this yr) but not replacing TV. ~44%
consumed at workplace.
Online/IV used to catch up with programming or if TV is unavailable - Not
typically as a replacement for TV viewing.
Online/IV “primetime” is 12-6 pm, peaking at 4 pm.
 Number of active mobile video users up 57% from last year, (now
17.6M users).
Streaming via the mobile internet is most prevalent way users watch mobile
video - 67%.
Smartphones account for large base line growth in Mobile Video Users - 59%
of MV users in Q409.

Source: Nielsen, Three Screen Report Q4 2009.

Video Service Comparison Revisited
Advantages of SP Video Service

 Quality Viewing Experience
Premium Content/Programming
HiDef, VoD, DVR/TimeDelay
Reliability, Ease of Use

 Infrastructure
Presence (National/Regional/In-Home)
Managed/Owned Network – Bandwidth, QoS, Admission Ctl
Content Mgt Infrastructure - CDNs, Encryption
Broadband, Wireless


Video Service Comparison
Advantages of “Mature” Internet Video Service

 SP PayTV Service  Internet Video Service
Devices Devices Untethered. ‘Any’
Managed/Tethered Internet enabled device.
Service Footprint Service Footprint =
Regional Internet Footprint
Subscription Paid Free, Ad Supplemented,
Service. “PayTV”. Pay-as-you-go Service.
Live Service ‘Some’ Live Service
On-Demand Service On-Demand Service
Content Library Limited Content ‘Unlimited’


Service Evolution Path to Convergence
Future is Both: SP Video + Internet Video
 IV Growth and Advantages Undeniable.
 Consumers want quality and convenience of TV @ Home.
 Consumers want “Best of Both Worlds” (SP+Internet).

SP Cable/Sat – “1st” Wave SP IPTV - “2nd” Wave SP + IV - “3rd” Wave
 On-Net Only  On-Net Only  On-Net & Off-Net
 TV  TV  Software-Centric
 Hardware-Centric  Hardware-Centric  Highest Service
Velocity
 Limited Service Velocity
 Higher Service Velocity  Business Model:
 Business Model: B2C
 Business Model: B2C B2B2C

The Power of a Unified Experience
3rd Wave and Medianet Technologies – 20k+ View
Content Sources Content Delivery Aggregation &
Core & Distribution. Client
and Control Access

Content Management

Media Aware
Linear, SDV IP/NGN
Broadcast Content Advertising
(VQE, VAMS/VidMON) ASR9000
Protection
(AVSM)
Metadata
Functions
ISI-5100
ISI-8000
SP CDS 3.0 DRG-3908
VoD Unicast VVI Library Streamer
Network
Acquirer ASR9000

OTT
CRS-1
DST VVI Router Internet
Content
Distribution
ASR9000
(AVSM)
PC

Ads Device CDS 3.0
Streamer Mobile
Mgmt.
Subscriber Configuration
Mgmt. & Provision

System Management
Applications

Business-to-Business-to-Consumer: B2B2C
© 2010 Cisco Presentation_ID All rights reserved. and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Systems, Inc. © 2010 Cisco Cisco Confidential
Cisco Public 32

Future Of Video
Panel Discussion - Invitation To Attend

 The Future of Video: Growth, Trends, Technology and
Business Models
 PNLITM-1002: Wednesday, Jun 30, 4:00 PM


Video Technology Overview


Video Service Technologies Overview
Common Transport Technologies and Applications
• Most of today’s technologies were developed for
real time streaming and file transfer applications.
MPEG-2 Transport Streams
Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) and Its ‘Helpers’
RTCP and RTSP
Multicast for Live/Linear Content
Progressive Download


Video Service Technology Overview
MPEG-2 Transport Streams (MP2TS)*
• NOT a network transport protocol
• Mechanism for packetizing and multiplexing encoded
audio/video data.
Serialized Constant Bit Rate (CBR) data stream
Originally designed for circuit-based ATM networks and Real-Time
Data Transport
• Facilitates flexible Content Processing
Headends: Encoding, Multiplexing, Transrating
Regional: Program Add/Drop, Ad-Insertion
Edge: Ad-Insertion, HFC Carriage (QAM)
 Transport for Cable STBs worldwide. Basis for ‘Digital Cable’.
• Circa mid-2000’s – SPs began to encapsulate MP2TS into IP
packets for WAN transport. Ongoing today.
Live/Linear - Multicast
Video On Demand - Streaming


MPEG-2 Transport Streams (MP2TS)
4. Add Program Specific 5. Add Service Information
Information (PSI)
PSI (PAT / PMT tables),
(SI with DVB) or Program
SI or PSIP information and System Information
Protocol (PSIP with ATSC)
4. Program Association Table
2. Assign packet (PAT) lists PIDs associated with
identifier (PID) to a Program Map Table (PMT)
each PES which in turn lists PIDs
associated with a specific
program
PES
MPEG Video
encoder Stream Transport Stream
MUX
1. Generate PES streams for
audio, video, data… 7. Output combined
data stream at
PES Constant Bit Rate
(CBR)
MPEG Audio
encoder
System Timing 6. Add system timing
Clock information to ensure
3. Split PES content into
fixed size packets synchronization of audio
and video

MPEG-2 Transport Packetization
Single or Multiple Program Transport Stream (SPTS/MPTS)
 Transport Stream defined by ISO/IEC 13818-1 or ITU-T H.222.0
 Clients track encoder’s clock via PCRs inserted every ~0.1 sec
 Lip-sync via PTS using a common 90 KHz recovered STC clock

Encoder’s clock
Timing Control • Clock
27 MHz clock Recovery
PCRs
MPEG-2 or H.264/MPEG-4 AVC PTS
SDTV or HDTV Video DTS
Video Video
Video Elementary Stream PES
Input Encoder PES Packetizer MPEG-2
MPEG-1 Level 2 or MPEG-2
Dolby AC-3 5.1 Audio PTS
Audio
Transport SPTS or
Audio Audio Elementary Stream PES Stream MPTS to
Inputs Encoder PES Packetizer network or
Packetizer storage
• Sample and Compress • Adds headers & timestamps Audio and Mux
PES
Additional audio tracks
SPTS contains a single Additional programs
• Fixed-sized
multiplexed
video program with PAT (PID=0) & PMTs packets
associated audio, data, etc.
Other PSI/SI/EPG data

MP2TS Packets
188 Bytes 188 Bytes 188 Bytes
Continuous/CBR

TS Header
TS Payload

TS Header
Transport Payload Transport Adaptation
Sync Transport Continuity Adaptation
Error Unit Start PID Scrambling Field
Byte Priority Counter Field
Indicator Indicator (13) Control Control
(8) (1) (4) (Variable)
(1) (1) (2) (2)

TS Payload Packet Identifier

TS Descript Header/Program Table/PES (audio,video,data)


MP2TS Over IP - Encapsulation
188 Bytes

Pack (typically 7) and Encapsulate

MP2TS Pkts

RTP
Protocol
Stack UDP

IP

L1 + L2


Traditional Streaming - RTP + RTCP/RTSP
• Points
•Designed to be used by other xport protocols (UDP).
Incomplete standalone. Used in other solutions with other
protocols and ‘custom’ apps.
•Prevalent in video/tele conferencing systems. Voice.
• Commonly Used with MP2TS for VoD and Multicast video
delivery over IP
• RTP lightweight carriage. Intrinsic timeline – real time. Data
sent as needed.
• Mechanisms best for ‘owned’ Networks with QoS. Adaptive
mechanism is RTSP.
• Commonly filtered.
• Application requires use of multiple protocols. Often
proprietary.


Traditional Streaming – RTP + RTCP + RTSP
 Traditional streaming is for ‘Continuous Media’ with an intrinsic timeline.
 Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) is Internet standardized for real-time
data/media transport (video, audio). Design RFC-3550.
 Traditionally used for Video/Tele Conferencing solutions (Re: ITU H.323
Standard)
 Very lightweight (min overhead) and designed to be carried on other
transport protocols (e.g.,UDP, TCP).
 RTP is typically accompanied by ‘helper’ protocols
RTP – data
RTCP – ‘control’. Carries QoS feedbk from Rcvr to Sender. Synch support for
different media streams.
RTSP - Session set-up and Control

 RTP/RTCP/RTSP implementation varies by application.
 RTP often filtered by routers/NAT/firewalls


MP2TS over RTP/UDP/IP
Preferred Stack for SP Broadcast & VoD Streams
188 bytes 188 bytes 188 bytes 188 bytes 188 bytes 188 bytes 188 bytes

G-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPE
acket SPTS packet SPTS packet SPTS packet SPTS packet SPTS packet SPTS packet SPTS packet SPTS p

Typically 7 MPEG-2 SPTS packets
Time per 1374 byte Ethernet PDU

C P M I U C P M I U
iple complete ... P R Multiple complete ... P
R Multiple
R H A D T R H A D T
EG-2 packets C Y C v P P MPEG-2 packets C Y C v
P P MPEG-2
4 4
1-7 * 188 bytes 4 8 14 20 8 12 1-7 * 188 bytes 4 8 14 20 8 12 1-7 * 188
Standard Ethernet 1518 bytes max

 Adds RTP-layer time stamp, sequence number, and other capabilities
defined by IETF RFC 3550 (RTP) and RFC 2250 (MPEG-2 TS over RTP)
 Integral number of MPEG-2 SPTS packets per RTP/UDP message
For each 2 Mbps H.264 SD stream, one Ethernet frame every ~ 5.3 msec
For each 8 Mbps H.264 HD stream, one Ethernet frame every ~ 1.3 msec
 RTP/UDP/IP/GigE overhead is approximately 1 - (7*188/1382) = 5%

SP Service Delivery with RTP/MP2TS
Protocol Utilization for Linear and VoD Video Service

Linear/Multicast
Video On Video
Demand

Session Session
Announcement Description
Session Session
Description Control MP2TS Pkts SDP SDP
Session
HTTP RTSP RTP (w/ RTCP) SAP Control HTTP

TCP UDP IGMP TCP

IP

L1 + L2


RTP for Unicast Streaming – 3GPP Example

 PSS Client – PSS Server
 Streaming is for ‘Continuous
Media’ – has intrinsic
timeline
 Content Delivery:
IP/UDP/RTP
RTP Encapsulated
Encoded Media

 Requires Session Set Up &
Control Protocol (RTSP) for
Individual Media Streams
‘Simple Streaming’, 3GPP
Rel. 4
RTSP = Real Time Streaming Protocol, IETF RFC 2326
RTP = Real Time Protocol, IETF RFC 3550


Rate Adaptation with RTCP


Unicast vs. Multicast IP Delivery
Multicast enables much better scalability

Unicast
Source

Multicast
Source


RTP-Based Model for IPTV
Leverages ‘Helper’ Apps and Protocols
Retransmission Server
(w/ Feedback Target)
Client

Client/STB

Transport & DSLAM
Access Client/STB
Distribution
Network
Aggregation STB
RTP Source
Router

Channel 1 DSLAM
Channel 2 STB

 Each TV channel is served in a unique (SSM) multicast session
IP STBs join the respective multicast session(s) for the desired TV channel
Retransmission servers join all the multicast sessions

 (Unicast) Feedback from IP STBs are collected by the feedback target
NACK messages reporting missing packets
Rapid channel change requests
RTCP receiver and extended reports reporting reception quality


Network Call Admission Control
Advantage SP Managed Net
Broadcast TV Policy
Multicast CAC Server

2 Channel request Cisco Broadcast
7600 Source
Multicast
CAC
IPTV
1 Channel
Change 4 Request Denied/ Available Available
Accepted Bandwidth 3 Bandwidth
Check Check

Video on Demand Policy
Unicast CAC Server

2 Channel request Cisco
VoD Servers
7600
RSVP-CAC

VoD
1 Request 4 Request Denied/ Available Available
Accepted Bandwidth 3 Bandwidth
Check Check

Avoiding Congestion Packet Loss

Progressive Download
 Prevalent form of Web-based media delivery for Video Share
Sites.
 ‘Ordinary’ File Download from HTTP Web Server (E.g., Apache,
Microsoft IIS)
 ‘Progressive’ = Playback begins while download is in progress
Byte Range Request Supported HTTP 1.1+

Playbk
Video File HTTP Get Min Playbk
Buffer

Browser
Cache
File Dnload Completes


Progressive Download – 3GPP Mobile Example

 Progressive Download is for
‘Discrete Media’ – no intrinsic
timeline
 File Download over HTTP/TCP/IP
 HTTP GET (one or more)
 Begin Playback while download in
progress
 Suitable Media Format Required
3GP Progressive Dwnload Profile
Vector Graphics


Progressive Download – Behavior
 Unlike streaming, data flows until download is complete. (E.g.,
pause viewing and dnload completes in background).
Sometimes leads to inefficient use of bandwidth resources.
 + Upside - media file is resident in browser cache.
Subsequent playout is smooth.
 - Downside – Real-time viewing often suffers from poor quality
unless network/bandwidth conditions are sufficient.

…. Buffering….
…. Buffering….


Key Takeaways
Video Technology Overview
 Most IPTV and Streaming technologies are ‘PUSH’
based models with intrinsic timelines for transport,
decode, and playback.
 MP2TS is prevalent transport mechanism throughout
world today for SPs.
 RTP is an efficient, lightweight transport protocol used
for many real-time media applications.
 RTP needs ‘helper’ protocols (rtcp, rtsp) and apps to
provide video services - Often custom.
 RTP + MP2TS make up most SP IPTV and VoD
offerings.
 Progressive Download is a download application with
buffer/playback capabilities.


Adaptive Rate Technologies


Adaptive Rate Technology
What’s in a name?
What it is NOT
 NOT Adaptive Bit Rate (ABR) Encoding
Common names – ABR, ABR Streaming, Adaptive Streaming.
 NOT Streaming – technically, a hybrid PD approach.
 NOT Standardized (yet)

Why just ‘Adaptive Rate’

 Multiple Adaptive Mechanisms at Work
 Multiple Data Rate affecting variables: network
transport, content encoding (staging).


Introduction to Adaptive Rate

 What is it?
Quality video service for common Web Browsers. Uses IP
HTTP protocol (port 80)*.
Engineered for the Internet and its CDNs.
Adaptive to ‘shift’ btwn video profiles on the fly. Profiles
support different resolutions/devices and different bandwidths.
Clients are ‘smart’ and coupled to servers, (e.g., Msoft
SmoothHD, Adobe Flash, Apple QTX).
 Why is it important?
Facilitates ‘any device, anywhere, anytime’ paradigm. Major
step towards mobility.
Internet based. Open development and rapid deployment.
New player introduction.
Changing legacy SP service model. New business, services,
revenue opportunities.

*Adobe Flash employs RTMP

Need Is The Mother of Invention
User Motivations for Adaptive Rate
 Easy-to-use/access
 Provides hi-quality Viewing Experience (Visual
QoE)
Fast Start/Seek, Smooth Playback

 Network Operator Independent/Agnostic
 Liberal Device Support
 Dynamic Performance Adaptation
 Scalable*

* Note ‘Further Considerations’ discussion later in presentation.

Need Is The Mother of Invention
Provider Motivations for Adaptive Rate
 Diverse Network Characteristics
– Dynamic Internet Conditions
– DSL vs. Cable vs. FTTH
– Network Contention (Mobile/Wireless, Home)
 Device Resources
– Processing Capabilities
– Display Resolutions
– Multi-tasking
 Improved Quality of User Experience
– Faster Start Time, Quicker Buffer Fills
– Minimizing Buffer under-runs: Skips, Stalls, Stutters
 Falling Costs of Storage
– Kryder’s Law/Moore’s Law
– Rise of new storage technologies – i.e. SSD
 SPs and CPs offering unmanaged services
– Public and SP CDN build-outs
– SPs can leverage same technology for managed networks


Adaptive Rate Characteristic Elements


Overview

 HTTP for Wide Adoption
 STATELESS Session Operation
Mitigates Intrinsic Timelines

 Multiple Resolution Content Encoding
 Fragmented Content File Structure
 ‘Smart’ Clients


HTTP for Wide Adoption
Internet Browser-based
Plug-In Players for Browsers
Device Coverage – virtually all have http capability (e.g.,
phones, netbooks)
Avoid ‘Application’ issues (standalone, OS, portability)
Service in the ‘Cloud’
Firewall Pass Thru
HTTP allowed
RTSP/RTP and others often filtered/unsupported
NAT ‘friendlier’


Stateless Session Operation
 STATELESS Session = ‘Dumb’ Server
Traditional Streaming – Server is aware of Client state for
length of session. E.g. RTSP.

 HTTP is Stateless Protocol
Client requests and server responds without knowledge of
client state. Each HTTP request is one-time session.

 Client-Server State Model ‘inverted’ in a sense
Client controls state and issues requests

 Client Can Maintain Multiple, Simultaneous Sessions

HTTP Get ‘What I Say’
HTTP/‘What I Say’


Multi-Resolution Content Encoding
 Video/Audio Content encoded at multiple bitrates to
create a ‘content set’. ‘Content Set’
File/Profile

2430 kbps (V+A) Manifest File
1630 kbps (V+A) Metadata+index

1230 kbps (V+A)
VOD Encoder/Transcoder 866 kbps (V+A)
608 kbps (V+A)
427 kbps (V+A)
Video File 300 kbps (V+A)

HTTP
Encoding Profiles Server
‘Temporal’ Files

2430 kbps (V+A) Manifest File
Metadata+index
Live Feed 1630 kbps (V+A)
1230 kbps (V+A)
Realtime 866 kbps (V+A)
Encoders/Transcoders 608 kbps (V+A)
427 kbps (V+A)
300 kbps (V+A)

‘Content Set’

Fragmented Content File Structure – ‘Chunks’
 Video/Audio encoded in short segments aka “chunks”

~*2-10 secs ~2-10 secs

chunk
Encode I B B P B

‘Key’ Frame
Group of Pictures (GOP)
‘Closed GOP’ = No dependencies on other GOPs
.mp4
* Apple live streaming media files©typically 10 its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Presentation_ID 2010 Cisco and/or secs Cisco Public 65

Multi-Resolution Content Encoding – Profile Shifting
 ‘Profile Shifting’ key to Adaptive Rate
Client Driven
‘Content Set’

Manifest
File
HTTP Get ‘Iron Man’
LoDef
HTTP Get ‘Iron Man LoDef, BR xyz’
300Kbps

SDef HTTP Get ‘Iron Man SDef, BR xyz’
866Kbps

HTTP Get ‘Iron Man HDef, BR xyz’
HiDef
2.4Mbps


Fragmented Content File Structure
 Manifest and Byte Range Requesting facilitate
temporal indexing across content set.
‘Content Set’
Content Set
Index
http

Manifest
File

LoDef Byte-Range
0.3Mbps Requests

SDef
866Kbps

HiDef
2.4Mbps


‘Smart’ Adaptive Clients
 Typically browser plug-in.


‘Smart’ Adaptive Clients
 ‘Intelligence’ and Control Moves from Server to
Client
 Client is media/content aware.
 Client is device and performance aware.
Adapts visual play-out for quality. Staging.
Monitors device performance. CPU spike.

 Client is Network Aware
Tests and monitors packet delivery performance.

 Adapts to Performance fluctuations


Client Adaptation Logic – Example
No
Create Change
Play Timer BW Calc Rcvd
BR
Video (500ms) Rule Avg BR Avg
1.5 Rate Change
BW
Start Play Change Index
Check
Rules Metrics

Use Detect 10 Frame
300k BR Drop
Profile BW Frame Calc Rcvd
Drop FDrop
Rule FDrop
20 Frame Change
Drop Index
Set BW
24 Frame
Levels Drop
(Panic)
Buffer
Rule Monitor
Stream
Buffer
Switch
Set BW Between Change
Insufficient BW
levels = Indexes Index
140% BR
Levels CPU
Rule Monitor
CPU Utilztn Change
> 80% Index
No Change
Switch Index

‘Smart’ Adaptive Clients - Smooth Player Illustration

Profile Shifting – Frame Rate

Profile Shifting – Bit Rate


Adaptive Rate Network Signatures

Note – not signature of prior illustration

Technical Taxonomy for Internet Video (IV)


Technology Taxonomy for IV
AR and Live Events
 Live broadcast/television is a mainstay (e.g., sports,
news, events).
 Live events require large scaling capability.
 Multicast performs scaling for IPTV.
 Adaptive Rate does not have equivalent scaling
capability.
 Real time sourcing poses potential synchronization
issues for AR clients.
 AR solutions can utilize real-time multicast but may
not employ all adaptive mechanisms. Works in
progress.


AR and Progressive Download (PD)
 PD is primarily a content download mechanism.
Although it can play/render video as receiving it is
not ‘dynamic’.
 PD allows retention of content after download.
Applicable for DST and other content ownership
models.
 AR is a hybrid PD technology. AR developers likely
to incorporate PD functionality for DST and Ad
insertion capabilities.


AR and RTP/RTCP/RTSP
 RTP accommodates MP2TS which is prevalent worldwide in
IPTV deployments.
 AR Stateless Session
 AR is a pull model that mitigates intrinsic timeline requirements of existing
technologies.

 AR does not require ‘helper’ apps and protocols
 AR/HTTP less likely to be disallowed by routers/NAT/firewalls
 Network congestion is concern for AR. Congestion can be
managed with IPTV CAC mechanisms.
 AR does not utilize multicast, and therefore scaling is an
issue. RTP/IPTV utilizes multicast.


Industry Leading Solutions


Microsoft Smooth Streaming
VOD/Pre-Encoded

• Process HTTP URL
requests, translate into
2430 kbps (V+A) file/byte-range
1630 kbps (V+A) Client and Server
1230 kbps (V+A) Metadata/index
(.ism, .ismc) • Persistent HTTP
File-based Encoder/Transcoder 866 kbps (V+A) Single file per
• Dual TCP/IP connection
profile (.ismv)
608 kbps (V+A)
427 kbps (V+A)
300 kbps (V+A)
Video File Files CDN

SilverLight Player

IIS Server w/ CDN
HTTP Smooth Streaming
2430 kbps (V+A) Post + and Live Smooth
Chunked Publishing Point • Retrieves Client
Realtime Encoders/Transcoders
Live Feed 1630 kbps (V+A) Metadata/Index file
• Software Decode
1230 kbps (V+A)
Live/Real-Time Encoded • Decode Performance
866 kbps (V+A) Monitor
•Upshift/downshift
608 kbps (V+A)
Decisions
427 kbps (V+A)
300 kbps (V+A)

Codecs supported: Single “temporal” Client and Server
WVC1 file per Metadata/Index
H.264 (VOD only, Future for Live) profile (.ismv) (.ism, .isml)

Apple


Apple iPhone Streaming
VOD/Pre-Encoded

Nested • Persistent HTTP Connection
File-based .m3u8 •Periodic refresh of profile
Encoder/Segmenter 1000 kbps (V+A)
10-second .ts files Playlists m3u8s (Live only)
500 kbps (V+A) files
300 kbps (V+A)
100 kbps (V+A)
Video File CDN
Files

Iphone 3.x+,
Mac+ OSX, IPad

Files via HTTP CDN
Post, FTP,
SMB, etc. •Software Decode
Live Feed • Decode Performance
1000 kbps (V+A) Monitor
500 kbps (V+A) Live/Real-Time Encoded • TCP Connection Monitor
Realtime • Upshift/downshift
Encoder/Segmenter 300 kbps (V+A) Decisions
100 kbps (V+A)

Codecs supported:
H.264 Nested .m3u8
10-second .ts files Playlists
files

Adobe


Adobe Zeri Streaming
VOD/Pre-Encoded
• Helper Module processes
HTTP URL requests,
translate into file/byte-range
2430 kbps (V+A)
1630 kbps (V+A) fmf
metadata/
1230 kbps (V+A) • Persistent HTTP
index
File-based Encoder 866 kbps (V+A) 1 media file (f4f) • Can have multiple TCP
per profile Connections
608 kbps (V+A)
427 kbps (V+A)
300 kbps (V+A)
Video File CDN
Files

OSMF + Flash
Player 10.1+

Offline or CDN
RealTime
2430 kbps (V+A) RTMP Packager
Stream •Decode Performance
Live Feed 1630 kbps (V+A) Monitor
• TCP Connection Monitor
1230 kbps (V+A)
Live/Real-Time Encoded • Upshift/downshift
RTMP Encoder(s) 866 kbps (V+A) Decisions
608 kbps (V+A)
427 kbps (V+A)
300 kbps (V+A)
fmf metadata/
Codecs supported: index
H.264
Multiple f4f segments
per profile

Comparison of Select AR Solutions
Adobe MBR Move Networks Smooth Apple iPhone Adobe ZERI
Streaming Streaming
Transport Protocol RTMPx HTTP HTTP HTTP HTTP
Fragment Size N/A 2 seconds 2 seconds 10 seconds Variable
#TCP connections 1 3-5 2 1 TBD
#Files on Origin #profiles #profiles x #profiles #profiles x 720/Hr #profiles (VOD)
1800/Hr #profiles x frag
duration/Hr (Linear)

Codec Support H.264, Sorensen On2 VP7, H.264 VC-1, H.264 H.264
(H.263), On2 (Future) H.264
VP6 (Silverlight3/VOD)

Wire Format streaming Proprietary MP4 fragments MP2TS fragments MP4 fragments
Streamlets - .qss

File Format – Origin Server .flv, .f4v, .mp4, Proprietary .ismv (fragmented .ts .f4f, .fmf
.mov Streamlets - .qss mp4)

Byte Range Mechanism No Yes No No Yes

Std HTTP Origin Server No Yes No Yes No

Integrated Encryption or RTMPE, Adobe Move/Widevine Windows DRM, AES-128 Adobe Access
DRM DRM PlayReady
Client Requirements Flash Player 10+ Move Browser Silveright 2+ iPhone OS 3.0+ Flash Player 10.1
Plugin Quicktime X with ZERI
+Javascript extensions
HTML ( opt:
Flash/Silverlight)

Manifest file SMIL or other .qmx file .ismc (aka .m3u8 .fmf
(proprietary) .ism/Manifest or
.isml/Manifest)


Impact on Streaming Delivery

TS Segments

Non-Interlaced
Audio/Video

Byte-Range Requests


Impact on Storage and Caching
(example) Equivalent Progressive Download
Origin Server Requirements (highest
profile/ 2.4Mb/H.264)
Source Video
5 min 43 seconds
H.264 – 1280 x 720 & AAC Stereo, 44.1kHz
Rhozet Encoder
23.98 fps, 5.05mbits/sec, 206.27MB (1) mp4 file, 97MB

Generic (Linux/Apache)
Origin Server
Move
Move Encoder
.qmx
(2236) qss files + (172) jpg, 484MB total

Window 2008 Server +
IIS + Smooth Streaming
Smooth
MS Expression Encoder
.ism .ismc .xap/.html
(12) ismv files + (1) jpg, 482MB total

Generic (Linux/Apache)
Adobe MBR Origin Server

Rhozet Encoder

(13) mp4 files, 492MB total

(manual) .smil


Cisco and Adaptive Rate


Cisco and Adaptive Rate Technologies
AR as Part of 3rd Wave
 CDS and VVI (2-3 slides).
Architectural Vision Slide
Product placement - AR Streaming Optimizations
BRKSPV-2109 Title & Session Times

 SP Video Datacenter (1 slide?)
BRKSPV-2105 Title & Session Times


CDE220-2S3 Streamer
Multi-Service Flash SSD Streamer
HW Model Summary CDE220-2S3
Form Factor 2 RU
Total Cache Storage Capacity 1.5 TB Solid State
Streaming Capacity 9.4 Gbps MPEG2TS
Cache Storage Devices 12 x SSD
Log/SW Storage Devices 2 x SSD
Ingest/Fill NIC 12x 1GE
Software Support CDS 2.1.3

 Key Features
Flexible Platform: Multiple configuration options for TV and Internet content streaming
Streaming: 7Gbps+ of HTTP Adaptive Bit Rate Internet Video content delivery
Multi-Protocol: Support for MPEG-2/4, H.264, Adobe FMS, WMT, QuickTime, Move
Networks, Silverlight SmoothHD
Content Distribution: High-Performance Asset Propagation (Segmented Cache Fill)
Resiliency: Stream Resiliency for high availability
Physical Location: Streamers Arrays deployed in a centralized or distributed manner

Versatility in a dense multi-function platform

Key Take-Aways


Video Fast Forward – Key Takeaways
Advance of Internet Video & Adaptive Rate
 Global Video consumption is growing wildly.
 Internet is the facilitator – IP + Internet Video.
 Quality Viewing Experience Rules but Consumption
Model is changing. Personal, flexible, accessible.
 Video Services On Path of Convergence (Internet + SP
Managed Networks)
 Mobility is next game changer. Device explosion.
 Adaptive Rate Technology is front runner for future
Internet Video services. (Quality, Performance, Liberal
Device Support)
 Cisco is building to accommodate all of the above – this
our vision.


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Cisco Live 2010 SP VIDEO SESSIONS
BRKSPV-1100 SP Business Intelligence for Internet Video - Analysis and Monetization with Cisco's Service Control Engine (SCE)

BRKSPV-1101 Introduction to Service Provider Video Service Technologies Architectures and Standards

BRKSPV-1105 Next Gen Video and Interactive Services for the Connected Home

BRKSPV-2106 Video Data Centers for SPs - Evolution of the Video Headend and Service Architecture

BRKSPV-2109 Content Delivery System Design for SP and Internet Video

BRKSPV-2110 Deploying Rich Media Services over Broadband Access Networks

BRKSPV-2111 Next Generation Assurance for IP Video Delivery Networks

BRKSPV-2112 Cisco Telepresence Network Infrastructure Design for Service Providers

BRKSPV-2122 Video Fast Forward: The Advance of Internet Video and Adaptive Rate Technologies

BRKSPV-3102 Advanced Technologies for 3D TV: Compression and Transport

BRKSPV-3103 IP Multicast and Multipoint Design for IPTV Services

PNLITM-1002 The Future of Video: Growth, Trends, Technology and Business Models
End-to-End Video Architecture and Design Part 1: Video Fundamentals, Headend Design, and Video Optimized
TECSPV-1001 Transport

TECSPV-1002 End-to-End Video Architecture and Design: Part 2 - Access Networks and Video Service Delivery


TUESDAY: SP Video Sessions
8 AM - 9:30 AM
 SP Business Intelligence for Internet Video - Analysis
and Monetization with Cisco's Service Control Engine
(SCE) (BRKSPV-1100)
 Next Generation Assurance for IP Video Delivery
Networks (BRKSPV-2111)
12:30 PM - 2:30 PM
 Introduction to Service Provider Video Service
Technologies Architectures and Standards (BRKSPV-
1101)
4 PM - 6 PM
 Video Data Centers for SPs - Evolution of the Video
Headend and Service Architecture (BRKSPV-2106)


WEDNESDAY: SP Video Sessions
8 AM - 10 AM
 Video Fast Forward: The Advance of Internet Video and Adaptive
Rate Technologies (BRKSPV-2122)
 Advanced Technologies for 3D TV: Compression and Transport
(BRKSPV-3102)
12:30 PM - 2:30 PM
 Introduction to Service Provider Video Service Technologies
Architectures and Standards (BRKSPV-1101)
 Next Gen Video and Interactive Services for the Connected
Home (BRKSPV-1105)
4 PM - 6 PM
 Content Delivery System Design for SP and Internet Video
(BRKSPV-2109)
 Panel: The Future of Video: Growth, Trends, Technology and
Business Models (PNLITM-1002)


THURSDAY: SP Video Sessions
8 AM - 10 AM
 Deploying Rich Media Services over Broadband Access
Networks (BRKSPV-2110)
 Cisco Telepresence Network Infrastructure Design for
Service Providers (BRKSPV-2112)
12 PM - 2 PM
 IP Multicast and Multipoint Design for IPTV Services
(BRKSPV-3103)
2:30 PM - 4:30 PM
 Content Delivery System Design for SP and Internet
Video (BRKSPV-2109)
 Video Fast Forward: The Advance of Internet Video and
Adaptive Rate Technologies (BRKSPV-2122)


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Cisco Video Data Explosion

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