Principles of High Voltage Generation, Transmission and Distribution

Principle of Generation, Transmission and Distribution of...
PRINCIPLE OF GENERATION, TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION OF HIGH AC
VOLTAGES
INTRODUCTION
The potential benefits of electrical energy supplied to a number of consumers from a common
generating system were recognized shortly after the development of the 'dynamo', commonly known
as the generator. The first public power station was put into service in 1882 in London (Holborn).
Soon a number of other public supplies for electricity followed in other developed countries. The
early systems produced direct current at low–voltage, but their service was limited to highly
localized areas and was used mainly for electric lighting. The limitations of d.c. transmission at low
voltage became readily apparent. By 1890 the art in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The secondary distribution system contains overhead lines or underground cables supplying the
consumers directly (houses, light industry, shops, etc.) by single– or three–phase power. Separate,
dedicated primary feeders supply industrial customers requiring several megawatts of power. The
sub transmission system directly supplies large factories consuming over 50 MW.
Primary Distribution System
The most frequently used voltages and wiring in the primary distribution system are listed in Table
1. Primary distribution, in low load density areas, is a radial system. This is economical but yields
low reliability. In large cities, where the load density is very high, a primary cable network is used.
The distribution substations are interconnected by the feeders (lines or cables). Circuit breakers
(CBs) are installed at both ends of the feeder for short–circuit protection. The loads are connected
directly to the feeders through fuses. The connection is similar to the one–line diagram of the high–
voltage network shown in Fig. 1. The high cost of the network limits its application. A more
economical and fairly reliable arrangement is the loop connection, when the main feeder is supplied
from two independent distribution substations. These stations share the load. The problem with this
connection is the circulating current that occurs when the two supply station voltages are different.
The loop arrangement
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Chapter 9 Review Questions Essay
Fred Bear MAIR 1449.02 3–24–11 R.Q. Unit 9 (E.B.) 1. What is magnetism? When two pieces of
iron are attracted to each other by physical means or electrical means. 2. Torque is A. Strength that a
motor produces by turning. 3. A magnetic field is D. All the above. 4. True or False: A permanent
magnet is a piece of material that has been magnetized and can hold its magnetic strength for a
reasonable length of time. True. 5. How is an electromagnet produced? Through electricity. 6.
Which of the following produces the best electromagnet? B. soft iron 7. Unlike poles of a magnet
repel each other and like poles attract each other. 8. What part does polarity play in the operation of
an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The method of splitting the phase of incoming power to produce a second phase of power, giving
the motor enough displacement to start. 20. What removes the starting winding from the electrical
circuit of an open type split phase motor once it reaches 75% of its operating speed? Centrifugal
switch. 21. What are the three probable areas of trouble in a split phase motor? The bearings,
windings, and the centrifugal switch.
22. What is the unit of measurement for the strength of a capacitor? C. microfarad.
23. What is the purpose of the capacitor? To boost the starting torque or running efficiency of a
single phase motor.
24. What is the difference between a running and a starting capacitor? Starting capacitors are usually
made of plastic and used to assist a single phase motor in starting. A running capacitor has an oil
filled case and is mainly used to increase a motor's running efficiency.
25. List the five capacitor replacement rules. 1. The voltage of any capacitor used for replacement
must be equal or greater than that of the one being replaced. 2. The strength of the starting capacitor
replacement must be at least equal to but not more than 20% greater than the one being replaced. 3.
The strength of the running capacitor replacement may vary by plus or minus 10% of the strength of
the one being replaced. 4. If capacitors are installed in parallel, the

Power Systems Of Electric Vehicles
I. INTRODUCTION Since the industrial revolution started, the acceleration of technology
development never stopped. However, with the development of new technologies, environment is
suffering the consequences. The rate of Carbon dioxide is increasing rapidly. To mitigate this
pollution, the concept of electric vehicle arose. The electric vehicles contribute in reducing the
carbon dioxide emissions[1]. Thus, the use of electric vehicles is getting more popular as time goes
by. As a result of that, electric vehicles must be integrated to the electric grid. They will be treated as
electric loads, which means that all concepts of power system will be applied on them. Therefore,
when electric vehicles are charged, they will cause voltage drop on the distribution feeders. Hence,
the presence of voltage regulators might change the voltage response of the system. II. VOLTAGE
REGULATION OVERVIEW. In power Systems Distribution, voltage regulation is an important
concept. It deals with ways to maintain a good voltage profile delivered to the customers. The
voltage level at the customer node has to be maintained within a specified range. There are many
standards that determine customer's voltage range. Some standards assume a variation of +10% or –
10%. However, it is determined by the utility based on their circumstances. III. VOLTAGE
REGULATION METHODS The concept of voltage regulation associated with the electrical
distribution system is caused by the radial

Intelligent Spy Robo
INTELLIGENT SPY ROBO–VER–02
INTRODUCTION
This is one of the version of spy robot which we designed in this academic period. Intelligent spy
robot project has been designed for the spying purpose .it is radio controlled and can be operated at
a radial distance of 50 yards. Many time our army jawan need to venture into the enemy area just to
track their activities. Which is often a very risky job, it may cost precious life. Such dangerous job
could be done using small spy robot all the developed and advance nations are in the process of
making combat robot design, a robot who can fight against enemy. Our robot us just a step towards
similar activity.
This robot is radio operated , self powered , and has all the controls like a normal ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The power–down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip
functions until the next hardware reset.
Pin Configuration
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Pin Description
VCC:
Supply voltage.
GND:
Ground.
Port 1
Port 1 is an 8–bit bi–Directional I/O port. Port pins P1.2 to P1.7 provide internal pullups. P1.0 and
P1.1 require external pullups. P1.0 and P1.1 also serve as the positive input (AIN0) and the negative
input (AIN1), respectively, of the on–chip precision analog comparator.The Port 1 output buffers
can sink 20 mA and can drive LED displays directly. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they can be
used as inputs. When pins P1.2 to P1.7 are used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will
source current (IIL) because of the internal pull–ups.Port 1 also receives code data during Flash
programming and verification.
Port 3
Port 3 pins P3.0 to P3.5, P3.7 are seven bi–irectional I/O pins with internal pullups. P3.6 is hard–

wired as an input to the output of the on–chip comparator and is not accessible as a general purpose
I/O pin. The Port 3 output buffers can sink 20 mA. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are
pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are
externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups.Port 3 also serves the
functions of various special features of the AT89C2051 as listed below: Port 3 also receives some
control signals for

Virtual Electrical Panel For Ultra Modern Buildings And...
www.ijird.com June, 2015 Vol 4 Issue 6
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Page 199
A Novel Virtual Electrical Panel for Ultra Modern Buildings and Industries
1. Introduction
Now a days, the measurement of power quality components and electrical protection are becoming
more complex and costly also. As the rate of different equipments used in modern building and
industries are getting costlier. So very efficient and low cost electrical panel system is required
which can give continuous monitoring and measurement of power and also it can protect the whole
electrical system. As LabVIEW being worlds number one virtual programming software, this type of
electrical panel can be designed which will not only show different parameters but will also protect
the electrical system. The main components which are essential to show on electrical panel are as
follows:[1],[2], [3]
i. Voltage ii. Current iii. Energy consumed iv. Active and reactive power
v. Power factor vi. Different types of fault like over voltage, short circuit etc. vii. Alarming and
indicating system for different types of fault
2. Tools and Softwares Used
2.1. LabVIEW with Electrical Power Toolkit
LabVIEW is a graphical programming environment used by millions of engineers and scientists to
develop sophisticated measurement, test, and control systems using intuitive graphical icons and
wires that resemble a flowchart. It offers unrivalled integration with thousands of hardware devices
and provides

Electric Power Transmission
Electric power transmission
"Electric transmission" redirects here. For vehicle transmissions, see diesel–electric transmission.
[pic]
[pic]
400 kV high–tension transmission lines near Madrid
Electric power transmission or "high–voltage electric transmission" is the bulk transfer of electrical
energy, from generating power plants to substations located near population centers. This is distinct
from the local wiring between high–voltage substations and customers, which is typically referred to
as electric power distribution. Transmission lines, when interconnected with each other, become
high–voltage transmission networks. In the US, these are typically referred to as "power grids" or
just "the grid", while in the UK the network is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
High–voltage overhead conductors are not covered by insulation. The conductor material is nearly
always an aluminium alloy, made into several strands and possibly reinforced with steel strands.
Copper was sometimes used for overhead transmission but aluminium is lower in weight for only
marginally reduced performance, and much lower in cost. Overhead conductors are a commodity
supplied by several companies worldwide. Improved conductor material and shapes are regularly
used to allow increased capacity and modernize transmission circuits. Conductor sizes range from
12 mm2 (#6 American wire gauge) to 750 mm2 (1,590,000 circular mils area), with varying
resistance and current–carrying capacity. Thicker wires would lead to a relatively small increase in
capacity due to the skin effect, that causes most of the current to flow close to the surface of the
wire.
Today, transmission–level voltages are usually considered to be 110 kV and above. Lower voltages
such as 66 kV and 33 kV are usually considered

Electric Vehicles Vs. Gasoline Vehicles Essay
Materials and Methods Source #1 In the first article, Electric Vehicles vs Gasoline Vehicles: A Cost
and Emissions Comparison, the cost and GHG emissions of plug–in hybrid electric vehicles
(PHEV), electric vehicles (EVs), and standard gasoline cars were compared. All the numbers used in
the research were based on averages in the Midwestern region of the United States, and was
published June 2nd, 2011 at 10:53 a.m. Its goal was to measure how much better, or worse, any type
of electric car is compared to your standard gas car. It also compared how much it costs you to drive
per mile. The source believes hybrid vehicles actually hurt the environment more than it preserves.
To calculate the cost per mile, they took the average power used for PHEVs per 100 miles, 35 Kwh,
and multiplied that by the average cost per Kwh in residential regions, $0.11. Then, it takes into
account the cost to get a charging station at your home. This really drives up the cost of electric
vehicles because it cost $50 to $90 for a subscription every month. After that, the emissions per mile
was calculated for all three cars by calculating the average. The regional average for hybrid cars ' 35
Kwh per 100 miles. It also took into account the regions power plant GHG emissions from natural
gas and coal. Source #2 In the second article, Emissions from Hybrid and Plug–In Electric Vehicles,
the types of energy used to make power for PHEVS, gas cars, and EVs

Power Quality Issues Of A Grid Connected Micro Grid
POWER QUALITY ISSUES OF A GRID CONNECTED MICRO GRID
PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
Zeeshan Ahmed Mohammed
CWID – 11612268
MASTERS OF SCIENCE in Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Oklahoma State University
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
LIST OF TABLES 3
LIST OF FIGURES 3
ABSTRACT 4
INTRODUCTION 4
SECTION 1 – General Description of the Grid 5
SECTION 2– Challenges of Micro Grid 6
SECTION 3 – Line and Block diagram of Proposed Model 7
SECTION 4 – Equations for Modeling 9
SECTION 5 – Simulation Diagram and Analysis 10 5.1– Working Algorithm 11 5.2– Use of ...
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If the power quality is poor, it will have drastic effect on the appliances associated with the power
distribution network. A micro grid is a local grid that has the ability to operate by itself even when it
gets disconnected from the main grid. It provides backup in case of emergencies that render the
main grid nonfunctional. This paper provides a detailed study of the changes in power quality for a
grid connected micro grid in the various scenarios. MATLAB/Simulink is used to integrate the
power sources with the loads. The variable nature of power with distributed generators is examined.
Key words – Micro grid, Photovoltaic, Distributed generators, Wind Turbine, Capacitor bank,
Inverter.
INTRODUCTION:
The process of maintaining sinusoidal power, and voltage at rated magnitude and frequency is called
power quality. The imbalance in voltage and harmonic

What Is The Performance Of The Proposed Control Algorithm...
This section investigates the performance of the proposed control algorithm of DSTATCOM by
means of computer simulations in MATLAB/Simulink environment. Tracking and harmonic
decomposition capability of the proposed AANF are evaluated in this section, and the performance
of the whole system for load balancing, the harmonic compensation, the neutral current
compensation, and the power factor correction will be investigated in Section 5.
4.1 Initiatory performance
Consider the input signal of the proposed AANF as: y(t)=sin⁡
(ω_0 t+φ_1 )+0.2 sin⁡
(5ω_0 t+φ_5 )+0.3
sin⁡
(7ω_0 t+φ_7 )+0.3 sin⁡
(30ω_0 t+φ_30) (21) where〖 ω〗_0=100 π rad/s and the initial phase
angles φ_i's are selected randomly between zero and 2π rad. The response of the system ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
8.
DSTATCOM Simulation Results
The performance of the four–leg DSTATCOM using AANF–based control algorithm is
demonstrated for power factor correction and voltage regulation along with harmonic reduction,
load balancing, and neutral current compensation. The model is analyzed for linear and non–linear
loads under non–ideal supply conditions.
The three–phase unbalanced distorted source voltages consisting of the negative–sequence
component and harmonic voltage components are expressed in (23).
{█(V_a=〖250 sin〗⁡
(ωt)+25 sin⁡
(ωt)+3.7 sin⁡
(3ωt)+18.6 sin⁡
(5ωt–〖120〗^° ) @+4.5 sin⁡
〖(7ωt)+3.1 sin⁡
(11ωt–〖120〗^° ) 〗 @V_b=〖250 sin〗⁡
(ωt–〖120〗^° )+25 sin⁡
(ωt+〖120〗^°
)+3.7 sin⁡
(3ωt)+18.6 sin⁡
(5ωt) @+4.5 sin⁡
〖(7ωt–〖120〗^° )+3.1 sin⁡
〖(11ωt)〗〗 @V_c=〖250
sin〗⁡
(ωt+〖120〗^° )+25 sin⁡
(ωt–〖120〗^° )+3.7 sin⁡
(3ωt)+18.6 sin⁡
(5ωt+〖120〗^° )@+4.5 sin⁡
〖(7ωt+〖120〗^° )+3.1 sin⁡
〖(11ωt–〖120〗^°)〗〗 )┤ (23)
5.1 PFC operation of DSTATCOM under linear lagging power factor load condition (Case A)
The power factor correction and load balancing simulation results for the proposed AANF–based
control algorithm of the four–leg DSTATCOM under unbalanced distorted supply voltages is
discussed here. At t= 0.4 s, phase 'A' and at t= 0.5s phase 'B' are disconnected, respectively, and at t=
0.7 s and t= 0.8 s phases 'A' and 'B' are applied again. Fig.

How It 's Made And How We Get It
ELECTRCITITY – How it's made and how we get it.
Introduction
The world runs on electricity, almost everything we own needs it. But where does it come from and
how do we get it? Power plants are responsible for supplying the world with electricity to run
everything from major factories to house–hold appliances such as toasters. A power plant is quite
simple and works similar to a large scale steam engine. The steam generated from the heating of
water is used to turn a turbine which then turns a coil which sits in–between a set of magnets, as the
coils Electromotive force is created and a current is made. The rotating of the coil creates a change
within the magnetic field of the magnets thus creating a voltage. There are many types of ... Show
The thermal energy from the oxidization of coal turns the water to steam in a process called
vaporization.
Figure 2 –
On one side is high pressure and the other side is low difference the high pressure is trying to
equalise and reach –
Smaller surface area increases volume.
The high temperate water vapour travels through the pipes and then turns blades that are attached to
a shaft, as the turbine spins an armature is rotated which rotates a coil inside the generator, the
mechanical energy also known as kinetic energy is then converted into electrical energy.
(http://www.explainthatstuff.com/powerplants.html) (Turn that to in text reference). This happens
because of the pipes begin to narrow just before reaching the blades which increases pressure
difference. (As shown in figure 2). (DOUBLE CHECK THIS) The reason pressure increases
because as Bernoulli's law states the flow of air acts like fluid, thus as the air is flowing through the
pipes it acts like liquid. The air is trying to push through the narrow pipe which turns the blades on
the turbine. (http://www.britannica.com/science/Bernoullis–theorem)The blades are placed at a point
where pressure will be the highest making the use of steam more efficient.
The turbine wastes a large amount of energy which is converted into other forms of energy such as
heat, friction and sound. In order to keep the cost minimal and efficiency of the power plant high,
the steam is then condensed and cooled

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Inverter
Abstract: Nowadays an Inverter is most commonly used device in almost every field. An inverter
gives ac square wave output. The objective of this paper is to obtain a three–phase ac voltage output
of 3–phase inverter in Simulation. An inverter receives dc supply as input and generates an ac
output. The dc input of 3–phase inverter is obtained by constant dc source. The inverter circuit
consists of six IGBTs which are used for conversion of dc to ac supply. Simulation of 3–phase
inverter is done in MATLAB software.
Keywords: 3 phase inverter, constant dc source, MATLAB software, simulink, THD.
Introduction: An inverter is a DC to AC converter, used to convert a dc input voltage into a
symmetrical ac output voltage of desired magnitude and frequency. The waveshape of output ac
voltage of inverter should be sinusoidal. However, practical inverters give output voltage that are
non–sinusoidal and contain harmonics. The waveshapes of output voltage are square, quasi–square
or distorted sinusoidal. Inverters used in low and medium power applications normally give square
or quasi–square wave output. However, in high–power applications sinusoidal waveform is
required, so inverters are carefully designed to give sinusoidal output with low distortion. ... Show
Basically inverters are divided into two types – Voltage Source Converter (VSI) and Current Source
Converter

Electric Power Transmission Line Faults Using Hybrid...
Solving Electric Power Transmission Line Faults Using Hybrid Artificial Neural Network Modules
Chukwuedozie N. Ezema1, Patrick I. Obi 1 and Chukwuebuka N. Umezinwa 2
1 Department of Electrical /Electronic Engineering, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University
(COOU), Uli, Anambra State, Nigeria
2 Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Imo State Polytechnic Umuagwo, Imo
State, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
This paper examined solving electric power transmission line faults using hybrid artificial neural
network modules. This paper focuses on detecting, classifying and locating faults on electric power
transmission lines. Fault detection, fault classification and fault location have been achieved by
using artificial intelligence (hybrid artificial neural–network modules). To simulate the entire power
transmission line model and to obtain the training data set, MATLAB R2010a has been used along
with the Sim Power Systems toolbox in Simulink. In order to train and analyze the performance of
the neural networks, the Artificial Neural Networks Toolbox has been used extensively. Feed
forward networks have been employed along with back propagation algorithm for each of the three
phases in the fault diagnosis process. Analysis on neural networks with varying number of hidden
layers and neurons per hidden layer has been provided to validate the choice of the neural networks
in each step. Simulation results have been provided to demonstrate that artificial neural network
based methods are

Electricity and Magnetism
Electricity and Magnetism
History
Electromagnetism
Originally electricity and magnetism were thought of as two separate forces. This view changed,
however, with the publication of James Clerk Maxwell's 1873Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism
in which the interactions of positive and negative charges were shown to be regulated by one force.
There are four main effects resulting from these interactions, all of which have been clearly
demonstrated by experiments: 1. Electric charges attract or repel one another with a force inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between them: unlike charges attract, like ones repel. 2.
Magnetic poles (or states of polarization at individual points) attract or repel one another in a ...
Figure 2: Electric field lines of a positive charge
Power and Magnetic Fields
An electricity and magnetism phenomenon apparently unrelated to power are electrical magnetic
fields. We are familiar with these forces through the interaction of compasses with the earth's
magnetic field, or through fridge magnets or magnets on children's toys. Magnetic forces are
explained in terms very similar to those used for electric forces: * There are two types of magnetic
poles, conventionally called North and South * Like poles repel, and opposite poles attract
However, this attraction differs from electric power in one important aspect: * Unlike electric
charges, magnetic poles always occur in North–South pairs; there are nomagnetic monopoles.
Later on we will see at the atomic level why this is so.
As in the case of electric charges, it is convenient to introduce the concept of a magnetic field in
describing the action of magnetic forces. Magnetic field lines for a bar magnet are pictured below.
Figure 3: Magnetic field lines of a bar magnet
One can interpret these lines as indicating the direction that a compass needle will point if placed at
that position.
The strength of magnetic fields is measured in units of Teslas (T). One tesla is actually a relatively
strong field – the earth's magnetic field is of the order of 0.0001 T.
Magnetic Forces On Moving Charges
One basic feature is that, in the vicinity of

Measure The Similarity Of Each Two Successive Cycles For...
To measure the similarity of each two successive cycles for the same electrical signal
(current/voltage/power), the author proposes to apply the correlation concept [21–24]. The
correlation coefficient (r) is computed between a window with a certain number of samples (m) in a
signal (X) and another window with the same number of samples in the same signal but shifted from
each other by a time interval of hΔt, where m is the number of samples per window, h is the number
of samples between the two windows which are shifted from each other and Δt is the sampling
interval time. Equation (1) shows the correlation coefficient (r) for signal X. When hΔt = 0, then h
=0 and the correlation function (r) calculated between the two same windows of signal Xk is unity.
Our proposed technique uses two windows in the same signal shifted from each other by one cycle
time, this means the time interval hΔt = Ns Δt = 20 m Sec (for power system frequency = 50 Hz),
where h = Ns = 50 samples (the number of samples per cycle used in the simulation), Δt is the
sampling interval time = 0.4 m Sec. The number of samples per window (m) is an adjustable value
for controlling the window size and the relay speed. m 1 m m [ xk xk ht   xk  xk ht ]
r  k 1 m k 1 k 1 (1) m 1 m m 1 m [ ( xk ) 2  ( xk ) 2 ] [  ( xk ht ) 2  ( xk
ht ) 2 ] m m k 1 k 1 k 1 k 1 Where, r: The correlation

An Interconnection Of Distributed Generations ( Dgs )
A microgrid is an interconnection of distributed generations (DGs), either a set of dispatchable
generating sources such as, gas turbines and fuel cells or non–dispatchable generators such as, wind
turbines and photovoltaic sources, integrated with electrical and thermal energy storage devices to
meet the customers' local energy needs, operating as a single system and small–scale, on low–
voltage distribution systems providing both power and heat. To ensure that the microgrid is operated
as a single aggregated system and meets power quality, reliability and security standards, power
electronic interfaces and controls need to be applied [1–2]. A microgrid should be capable work in
two modes, grid–connected or islanded. The DGs are usually power electronics interfaced and in the
grid–connected mode of operation, a microgrid is supported by the main grid's voltage and
frequency. In the island mode, the DG control is responsible for frequency regulation. Moreover, the
control is also responsible for managing the active and reactive power contributions of the DG
system, such that the load power is properly shared amongst the DG systems of the microgrid.
Centralized control approaches, however, require remarkable data transfer capacities and reliable
communication links [3], [4] and [5]. As such, they may be suitable for small–scale microgrid in
which the DG systems are close together. For DG systems that are scattered over a large geographic
span, decentralized droop control

Harmonic Analysis : Harmonic Suppression Techniques
Overview of Harmonic Suppression Techniques in an Inverter Induced Harmonics
Abstract– This paper provides an explanation of the various harmonic mitigation techniques
available to solve harmonic problems due to inverter operation in three phase power systems. As
number of harmonic mitigation techniques are now available including active and passive methods,
and the selection of the best–suited technique for a particular case can be a complicated decision–
making process. A classification of the various available harmonic mitigation techniques is
presented in this paper aimed at presenting a review of harmonic mitigation methods to researchers,
designers, and engineers dealing with power distribution systems.
Keywords– Reactors for inverter; High power factor converter; Power factor improving capacitor;
Transformer multi–phase operation; AC filter; Active filter
I. INTRODUCTION
A harmonic source can be any type of equipment where a distorted–wave current flows through an
application with a sine–wave commercial–power–supply voltage. The converter circuit (rectifying
circuit) of an inverter is no exception. These do not usually upset the end–user electronic equipment
as much as they overload neutral conductors and transformers and, in general, cause additional
losses and reduced power factor [1–5]. Large industrial converters and variable speed drives on the
other hand are capable of generating significant levels of distortion at the point of common coupling
(PCC),

electric cars
Electric cars vs the gas oh line cars
In the next ten years what the average American drives will be very different than today.
Electric cars may phase out gasoline (Gasoline is also known as petrol) in the next couple of decade.
Electric cars produce no tailpipe emissions and are much cheaper to fill up than the more common
gasoline vehicles. Switching to electric cars will have more benefits than drawbacks in comparison
to other fuels such as petrol and diesel. In order to switch to electric cars America 's electric capacity
will have to increase. In the next few years electric cars will also have new upgrades to increase
practicality, range and longevity which may convince people to switch. The only major concerns in
the market ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In America electric cars are in the beginning phase of catching on in the market. While there are
some negatives to electric cars such as "24 percent mention they have concerns about having access
to recharging stations"(Mealia). This is the biggest concern among people that are considering
switching to electric vehicles. Although some states are starting to put charging stations in cities
charging stations are still nowhere as available as gas stations nationwide. One misconception of
electric cars is that they have zero emissions. "They do however have upstream emissions"(Kliesch).
These upstream emissions can come from a coal fired power plant. Depending on where one lives
there may be no emissions produced. Only if the electricity generated is from a renewable resource
there will be no emissions. Right now, America does not offer the capacity to charge the amount of
electric cars needed on a mass scale. "states are working to get more power stations"(Wald). As
more states begin putting power stations the demand for electric cars will go up. More power
stations will make people consider purchasing an electric car for their next vehicle. Even the
government is giving people incentives to switch electric cars. "Obama 's stated goal of putting 1
million electric cars on the road by 2015"(Rascoe). While the government provides encouragement
and tax deductibles on people with high efficiency vehicles

Control System And Performance Of Dc Micro Grid Under...
Control System and Performance of DC Micro grid under Various Loads
Ya Min Soe#1, Soe Soe Ei Aung#2, Zarchi Linn#3
Ph.D Student, Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Yangon Technological University,
Yangon Technological University, InseinTownship, Yangon, Myanmar
1yaminsoe.lpt@gmail.com
2soesoeeiaung@gmail.com
3zclinn@gmain.com
Ph No: +95 95070091
Abstract: DC microgrid is the high quality electric power system focused on the development of
renewable energy resources. The dc distribution system is connected to AC grid, Photovoltaic
system and synchronous generator. Moreover, the power is transmitted through dc distribution line
and is converted to required AC or DC voltages by load side converters. Those converters do not
require transformers by choosing proper DC distribution voltage. The DC power line is 400V. This
distributed design of load side converters also contributes to provide supplying high quality power.
In this research, the configuration of DC microgrid system, control methods of distributed
generation will be presented. Moreover, stand–alone system and grid connected system of DC
microgrid will also be expressed. The model of DC microgrid system will be constructed with
MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulation results will be described.
Keywords: DC Microgrid, Distributed Generation, High Quality Power, Converters
Introduction: Myanmar has abundant renewable energy resources. Among these resources,
hydropower is being developed and utilized on a commercial

Folsom Powerhouse Accomplishments
Perched high above the shore of Lake Natoma, Folsom Powerhouse State Historic Park displays the
work of men who were critical to the creation of electric power systems in use today. The
Powerhouse, with its original 1895 equipment, illustrates how power systems were constructed in
the late 19th century. It is the work of a General Electric (GE) Corporation team of many brilliant
individuals whose contributions were not always recognized in their lifetimes. Many attempts have
been made to describe the significance and stunning accomplishments of the Folsom Powerhouse.
The word "first" is commonly used. This claim is sometimes incorrectly applied and does not do
justice to the GE team that brought together all the advanced technology of the day to create a
showcase hydroelectric power facility. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1884, Judge Lorenzo Sawyer's ruling against the North Bloomfield Mining and Gravel Company
(for the full story, see Malakoff Diggings) ended hydraulic mining and created a base of
unemployed workers with journeyman skills in hydro engineering. Their experience with penstocks
and monitor nozzles was invaluable, and they were eager for work. As mine shafts replaced
hydraulic mining, a power source was needed to operate water pumps, air pumps, stamp mills,
lighting, and other machinery. Steam power plants required boilers, piping, the ongoing costs of coal
or wood fuel, and a significant workforce to run the operation. Even with the cost of building dams,
hydroelectricity was a less expensive option. One of the first recorded uses of hydroelectric power
for mining in California was the 1889 DC powerhouse for the Dalmatia mine in El Dorado County.
Mine owners whose facilities were distant from a water source were eager to try the new AC
technology. Those that did began achieving milestone transmission distances. Poly–phase

Analysis Of Boost Converter And Interleaved Converter For...
Analysis of Boost converter and Interleaved Converter for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
of Hybrid Electrical Vehicle Arpita Moon Department of Electrical Engg. Priyadarshini College of
Engg. Nagpur, India Prof.(Mrs.)B.S.Dani Department of Electrical Engg. Priyadarshini College of
Engg. Nagpur, India Rahul Argelwar Department of Electrical Engg. Priyadarshini College of Engg.
Nagpur, India Abstract–Different converter topologies have been introduced for high power
applications in recent years. This paper shows Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor in Hybrid
electrical vehicle is proposed by an interface of boost converter, interleaved converter and inverter
as an integrated circuit. An inverter/converter circuit is designed in such a way so as to operate or
control the HEV during different modes of operation. The integrated circuit in HEV will operate as a
boost converter or interleaved converter depending on the load condition. The proposed integrated
circuit will reduce the current ripple and voltage ripple hence it will leads to reduction in switching,
conduction losses, and thermal stress on the motor. The effectiveness of proposed integrated circuit
is simulated in MATLAB/ Simulink. The simulation shows that the integrated circuit have a high
efficiency and can be used at high power application. Keywords–boost converter; interleaved
converter; ripple I. INTRODUCTION Electrical vehicles and Hybrid Electrical Vehicles are the
most commonly used drive

Variable Speed Control Techniques For Single Phase Ac...
ABSTRACT
This work presents a variable speed control techniques for single phase ac motor. A pulse–width–
modulation (PWM) AC chopper changes the value of the supply voltage applied to a single–phase
motor. The variable supply voltage gives better speed control of motor. Harmonics generated by unit
of speed control are filtered by an input filter circuit. Experimental results would be in 230V and
speed control of single–phase motor shows that PWM AC Chopper is simple and cost effective
control method compared to better control method to other methods in terms of simplicity and input
harmonic content. In this harmonics reduction techniques for designing a Pulse Width Modulation
(PWM) AC voltage controller is required. So that Total current Harmonics Distortion (THDi),
obtained for to be minimized. In the Main Circuit we have used Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor
(IGBTs) or MOSFET to obtain output waveform as we shown theory of AC voltage controller with
PWM techniques. We will be used at the end of project with Microcontroller are presented. We
obtained results by the analysis of the AC single phase motor and PWM AC chopper is derived and
its behavior of the system is studied by simulation using MATLAB and PROTEUS. The Mains
power factor, motor speed, and current are analyzed for different conditions as using many circuits
via op–amp, IC 555, optocoupler and ARDUINO. Harmonics analysis of the motor voltage and
current are given and compared with phase control techniques.

Principle Of Electric Cars
The principle of electric vehicles is to allow consumers to completely avoid the direct use of fossil
fuels in order to preserve the environment. Electric vehicles are enlarged toy cars. There are three
main components of the car. Similar to a radio–controlled car, EVs require an electric motor, a
controller, and a battery (What). In comparison to the internal combustion engine, these parts allow
the car to remain free of fossil fuels. The operation of the car follows a similar principle compared to
the conventional car. First, there is an energy source, such as an electric battery or gasoline. Next,
the components cooperate to convert potential energy into mechanical energy. Although the
concepts are similar, the procedure remains different between the two vehicles. An electric car relies
on controllers to operate.
"When you switch on the car, the current is passed from the battery. The controller takes power from
the battery and passes it on to the electric motor. Before passing the current to motor, the controller
converts the 300V DC into a maximum of 240 volts AC, 2 phase power which is suitable for motor.
The electric motor then converts electrical energy to mechanical energy" (How).
These three components work together using potentiometers in order to use energy more efficiently.
When the car needs recharging, owners may use a plug at home just like a cell phone
(conserve).These cars get power through grid electricity produced by power plants. Despite the
indirect

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Voltage-Source Inverter
Abstract– The Z–Source Inverter (ZSI) overcomes the disadvantages of the traditional Voltage–
Source Inverter (VSI) and Current–Source Inverter (CSI), it can buck and boost its output voltage by
utilizing the shoot–through state which is forbidden in traditional VSI. Different PWM techniques
are available for the control of Z–Source Inverters. In the traditional PWM technique equal shoot–
through time interval is considered for the three phase legs. Hence, the realization of the shoot–
through state is easy, but the main drawback of this modulation method is big inductor ripple and a
large inductor when the output frequency is low. In this paper, a novel Space Vector Pulse Width
Modulation (SVPWM) technique to reduce the inductor current ripple ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
According to equation (14), the eight switching vectors, output line to neutral voltage (phase
voltage), and output line–to–line voltages in terms of input DC voltage Vdc, are given in Table1
Space Vector PWM (SVPWM) refers to a special switching sequence of the upper three power
transistors of a three–phase power inverter. It has been shown to generate less harmonic distortion in
the output voltages and or currents applied to the phases of an AC motor and to provide more
efficient use of supply voltage compared with sinusoidal modulation technique. The biggest
difference from other PWM methods is that the SVPWM uses a vector as a reference. This gives the
advantage of a better overview of the system.
Out of the 8 possible switching states, two are zero switching states and six are active switching
states. These are represented by active (V1–V6) and zero (V0) vectors. Six nonzero vectors (V1 –
V6) shape the axes of a hexagonal and feed electric power to the load. The angle between any
adjacent two non–zero vectors is 60 degrees. Meanwhile, two zero vectors (V0 and V7) are placed
at the origin and apply zero voltage to the load. This is shown in Fig.

Control System And Performance Of Dc Microgrid Under...
Control System and Performance of DC Microgrid under Various Loads
Ya Min Soe#1, Soe Soe Ei Aung#2, Zarchi Linn#3
Ph.D Student, Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Yangon Technological University,
Yangon Technological University, InseinTownship, Yangon, Myanmar
1yaminsoe.lpt@gmail.com
2soesoeeiaung@gmail.com
3zclinn@gmain.com
Ph No: +95 95070091
Abstract: DC microgrid is the high quality electric power system focused on the development of
renewable energy resources. The dc distribution system is connected to AC grid, Photovoltaic
system and synchronous generator. Moreover, the power is transmitted through dc distribution line
and is converted to required AC or DC voltages by load side converters. Those converters do not
require transformers by choosing proper DC distribution voltage. The DC power line is 400V. This
distributed design of load side converters also contributes to provide supplying high quality power.
In this research, the configuration of DC microgrid system, control methods of distributed
generation will be presented. Moreover, stand–alone system and grid connected system of DC
microgrid will also be expressed. The model of DC microgrid system will be constructed with
MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulation results will be described.
Keywords: DC Microgrid, Distributed Generation, High Quality Power, Converters
Introduction: Myanmar has abundant renewable energy resources. Among these resources,
hydropower is being developed and utilized on a commercial

Arc Welder Research Paper
Are you doing an extension to your home, building something in your garage or needing to do some
minor repair and maintenance routines with parts and appliances at home, but lack the proper tools?
For this you need to get a reliable arc welder. This is a machine which converts 110 to 240 volts AC
electricity to welding voltage, normally 40 to 79 volts AC, and sometimes in a range of DC voltages.
A welder consists of a transformer, an internal cooing fan, a voltage regulator and an amperage
range selector. The kind of machine to shop for will depend on your welding skills and how you
intent to use it.
Arc welding utilizes an electric current which flows between an electrode and the welding material
to melt the metal and make the weld. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, small shop owners and homeowners can also greatly benefit from owning it. This welder
can be useful in numerous ways such as repairing appliances and other items around the home,
small metal projects or home extension. A modern arc machine is a must have for any serious and
independent person. Remember that you need to use protective gear when using this machine.
Looking at the blue arc of the welder with a naked eye can result in serious eye damage. It is also
important to wear protective clothing when using the machine because the intensity of the light and
high temperature created by the arc can lead to a severe skin damage on any exposed body

How Fast Charging Is Becoming The Leading Technology
Fast charging is becoming the leading technology used to reenergize electric vehicles in 30 – 60
minutes. With the ownership of EVs doubling each year, the need to implement efficient, fast
charging infrastructure is progressively increasing. There are two technical approaches to establish
fast charging 1. via a high power, 3–phase AC connection from an AC charging post at the charging
station to an on–board high power charger in the EV or 2. via a high power DC connection from a
high power DC charger at the charging station directly to the terminals of the battery in the EV. In
this section, we will review AC level 2, DC/AC level 3 charging stations to improve our knowledge
and the design of our project.
A. Durastation EV Charger
General ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It supplies 22 Kw at rated working voltage 400Vac and rated current of 32 amps to the vehicle
charging system. At those rates, it is capable of fully charging a 24kWh battery in 1 – 2 hours, thus
making it considerably faster than 230 Vac as well as Level 1 charging – which uses 120V AC,
supplying 1.9kWh at max. current of 16 amps, charging the same battery in 12–18 hours. The higher
voltage transfer of AC level 2 charging shortens charging time to roughly 60%. The components
used in an AC level 2 charging include:
1. The Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE), a general term used for any off–board equipment
used for the purpose of delivering energy from the premises wiring to the electric vehicle. The
interface between the EVSE and the Utility 's premises wiring may be a direct "hard–wire" or plug
and receptacle interface. EVSE includes: Vehicle Charge Cord, Charge stands (public or residential),
attachment plugs, power outlets, vehicle connector, miscellaneous infrastructure. The main functions
of Electric vehicle supply equipment include: Providing enclosure and method of attachment to AC
mains (plug or direct connect), generation of control pilot signal, protection from ground faults,
switching power to vehicle based on vehicle command, displaying the presence of AC input.
2. The EV battery located on–board the vehicle.
3. The Inlet, which is considered part of the

Voltage Limits and Currents on Power Systems Essay example
The various nonlinear loads like Adjustable Speed Drives (ASD's), bulk rectifiers, furnaces,
computer supplies, etc. draw non sinusoidal currents containing harmonics from the supply which in
turn causes voltage harmonics. Current harmonic causes increased power system losses, excessive
heating in rotating machinery, interference with nearby communication circuits and control circuits,
etc. It has become a vital importance to maintain the sinusoidal nature of voltage and currents in the
power system. Various international agencies like IEEE and IEC have issued standards, which put
limits on various current and voltage harmonics. The limits for various current and voltage
harmonics specified by IEEE–519 for various frequencies are given ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
For reverse voltage blocking a diode is used in series with the self–commutating device (IGBT) .
However, GTO–based configurations have restricted frequency of switching they do not need the
series diode. They are considered sufficiently reliable, but have higher losses and require higher
values of parallel ac power capacitors. Moreover, they cannot be used in multilevel or multistep
versions to improve performance in higher ratings. The other converter used is a voltage–fed type
Active filter structure, as shown in Fig 2.2. It is having a self–supporting dc voltage bus with a large
dc capacitor. It has become very much dominant, since it is lighter, cheaper, and expandable to
multilevel and multistep modes, with lower switching frequencies to improve the performance . It is
more popular in UPS–based applications, because in the presence of mains, the same Inverter bridge
can be used as an Active Filter to eliminate harmonics of critical nonlinear loads. 2.2.2 Topology
based Classification Based on the topology used the AF's can be classified as series or shunt filters,
and use a combination of both called unified power quality conditioners. Combinations of active
series and passive shunt filtering are known as hybrid filters. Fig 2.3 is an example of an shunt –type
AF, which is most widely used to eliminate current harmonics, reactive power compensation (also
known as STATCON), and balancing unbalanced currents. It is mainly used at the load end, because

Advantage And Disadvantage Of Bipolar
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Basic Introduction Now a days to travel in conventional
vehicle is too costly because of the rising the price of fossil fuel. So Automotive Industry is
searching a sustainable transportation for near future. Therefore are so many alternate option is
available for vehicle engine like hydrogen engine, air pressure engine ,electric engine, bio diesel
engine but among them a hybrid and electric vehicles are going to be popular due to their
sustainability, energy saving and zero emission. Electric motors play significant role in Electrical
vehicle. In–wheel motor technology is being used in modern electric vehicles to improve efficiency,
safety controllability and chipper vehicle nowadays. And BLDC motor have ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Ideal Back EMF, Phase Current And, Position Sensor Wave Forms for bipolar Fig–2.4 position
sensor and phase current waveforms for single phase In fig 2.4 waveforms of hall sensors output and
phase voltage of bldc motor for unipolar schmeme A method to drive a BLDC motor at high speed
with large starting torque by utilizing a bipolar–starting and unipolar–running algorithm. It develops
a novel inverter circuit to switch from bipolar to unipolar drive, or vice versa. It also develops a
controller –based BLDC motor controller not only to drive the BLDC motor with bipolar or unipolar
method, we can switch from one method to the other at any speed. 2.2. BLDC Motor Model In this
thesis a 3 phases, 2 poles, Y connected trapezoidal back–EMF type BLDC motor is modelled. Due
to mutual inductance between stator and rotor, back–EMF has trapezoidal shape. Therefore abc
phase variable model is more applicable and reliable than d–q axis. With the intention of simplifying
equations and overall model the following assumptions are made. Magnetic circuit saturation is
ignored. All phases Stator resistance, self and mutual inductance are equal and constant. Hysteresis
and eddy current losses are eliminated And

Generators Primary Heating Water Circuit Functioning
Generators–Primary Cooling Water Circuit functioning :
In order to distinguish the treated water from the secondary coolant (raw water, condensator etc.) it
is named as primary water because it is used for cooling stator winding, phase connectors and
bushings . The secondary cooling absorbs the heat from the primary cooler when water is circulated
in a closed circuit by the primary water cooler. The pump is supplied with in primary water cooler.
Water is supplied to the flow paths of the generator by supplying it to the primary water tank i.e by
supplying it to tht primary water cooler through the pump.
Flow path I :
Stator winding is cooled by Flow path I . This flow path passes through the stator bars via insulated
barbefor this it passes through the water manifold on the exciter end of the generator which is
connected to thestatus bars by a separate hose.Cooling water flows through hollow strands inside the
bars. At the turbine end, the water return to the primary water tank which comes from another water
manifold which in turn comes from the similar hoses.Minimum temperature rise is obtained for both
the bars and the coolers because the water folw is single pass through the stator. Movements are
relatively minimised which are caused due to the different thermal expansions between the bottom
and the top bars.
Flow Path II :
Phase connectors and the Bushings are cooled by Flow Path II . The cooling water is circulated
through the thick walled copper tubes of the

Arc Welder Essay
Top 10 Best Arc Welders 2016 Review
Are you working on an extension to your home, building something in your garage or do you need
to carry out routine maintenance and some minor repairs on parts and appliances at home? Do you
have the right tools for the job? A reliable arc welder is one of the important tools you need. This is
a machine which converts 110 to 240 volts AC electricity to welding voltage, which normally ranges
between 40 and 79 volts AC, and sometimes into an array of DC voltages. A welder consists of a
transformer, an internal cooling fan, a voltage regulator and an amperage range selector. The type of
machine you need depends on your welding skills and it's intended to use.
Arc welding utilizes an electric current which flows between a welding rod and the welding material
to melt the metal and make the weld. The location being welded is at times protected by filler
material or a semi inert gas. Arc welding is commonly used because it is cheap. It also the first type
of welding apprentices learns. Arc welders are extensively used in a wide range of application
ranging from industrial processes to home use.
10. Forney Arc Welder 100
http://goo.gl/PC9fIk
Are you interested in learning how to weld? This is arc welder is ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, small shop owners and homeowners can also greatly benefit from owning it. This welder
can be useful in numerous ways, such as the maintenance and minor repair of appliances and parts,
and small metal projects. A modern arc welder is a must have machine for any serious homeowner.
Remember that you need to wear protective gear when using this machine. Looking at the blue arc
of the welder with a naked eye can result in serious eye damage. It is also important to wear
protective clothing when working with the machine because the intensity of the light and high
temperatures created by the arc can lead to severe skin damage on any exposed body

Chapter Two: Literature Review. 2.1 Introduction . In This
Chapter Two: Literature Review 2.1 Introduction In this chapter, an overview of the state of the art
system of an induction motor is carried out. It looks at various induction motor control
methodologies utilizing current and voltage control to control the flux and the torque of the dynamic
system. Highlight of the current and future challenges of induction motor drives are presented. To do
that, a general principle of induction motor drives is discussed first follow by phase controlled of
induction motor drives, frequency controlled of induction motor, and vector controlled of induction
motor. 2.2 The Concept of an Induction Motor Drives In the past decade, electric machines evolves
slowly however it sustained its evolution over the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When operating an induction motor and at the start position, the stator and motor inductance of both
rotor and the stator has to be kept at low level. This will help in minimizing jerking during start up.
However, a higher value of rotor resistance makes the jerks to be small irrespective of the steady
state time. Dynamic modelling of an induction motor is used to analyze the transients' effect in
relation to the induction motor performance. For a three phase dynamic induction motor, the three
phase is transformed into two phase induction motor using various transformation techniques [20].
This can be done using [21] P_i=3/2 R_s i_s+2/P ω_s I_m [i_s λ_s ]+3/2 Re[i_s 〖d/dt λ〗_s] 2.1
where R_s is the stator resistance, i_s is the stator current, λ_s is the complex conjugate of the stator
flux linkage phase, and ω_s is the stator frequency. For a given induction motor, the flux linkage can
be controlled using the stator current which indirectly control the electromagnetic torque. Also for a
steady state, this rate of change of magnetic energy is zero. However, it has a finite magnitude value
during the transient state. 2.3 Induction Motor Phase Control Induction motor phase control is one
of the ordinary and uninterested method of electronic AC power control [22]. This method is
presented in Fig 2.2 [18, 23]. At the start position of the motor and during the first half cycle
operation of the AC sine wave, the switch in the electronic circuit becomes opened

One application of magnetic fields in household appliances.
One thing that uses magnetic fields is the electric motor, which is used in many household
appliances, such as electric fans, microwave ovens, and other small appliances. In this instance the
electric motor has an electric current, giving it also this magnetic field. An electric motor converts
electricity into mechanical motion. Most electric motors work by electromagnetism, but motors
based on electrostatic forces also exist. The overarching concept is that a force is generated when a
current–carrying element is subjected to a magnetic field. In a cylindrical motor, the rotor rotates
because a torque is developed when this force is applied at a given distance from the axis of the
rotor. Most electromagnetic motors are rotary, but ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The fundamental principle upon which electromagnetic motors are based is that there is a
mechanical force on any wire when it is conducting electricity while contained within a magnetic
field. The force is described by the Lorentz force law and is perpendicular to both the wire and the
magnetic field. In a rotary motor, there is a rotating element, the rotor. The rotor rotates because the
wires and magnetic field are arranged so that a torque is developed about the rotor's axis. In physics,
magnetism is a phenomenon by which materials exert an attractive or repulsive force on other
materials. ... An electrostatic motor or capacitor motor is a type of electric motor based on the
attraction and repulsion of electric charge. ... Piezoelectricity is the ability of certain crystals to
produce a voltage when subjected to mechanical stress. ... In physics, the Lorentz force is the force
exerted on a charged particle in an electromagnetic field. ... Most magnetic motors are rotary, but
linear types also exist. In a rotary motor, the rotating part (usually on the inside) is called the rotor,
and the stationary part is called the stator. The motor contains electromagnets that are wound on a
frame. Though this frame is often called the armature, that term is often erroneously applied.
Correctly, the armature is that part of

Gas Turbines' Sensitivity to Critical Speeds
Gas turbines are very sensitive to critical speeds affecting their low pressure blades. These critical
speeds may be close to the rated operating speed leaving a small margin on the allowed frequency
range before reaching a protective Changeover. Typically a protective instantaneous low–speed
Changeover on gas turbines may be set at 96% of the nominal system frequency. Furthermore,
system generation and stability are at risk as the frequency drops. This is specially the case for a
thermal generation plant where power output mostly depends on motor–driven auxiliary loads, such
as boiler feed water pumps, coal pulverizing, and draft fans. The drop in system frequency instigates
a rapid fall of power output to the auxiliary loads, causing further reduction of the energy input to
the turbine generator. This sequence of events further deteriorates the system frequency endangering
the entire plant stability. To halt the drop in frequency, it is necessary to intentionally, and
automatically disconnect a portion of the load equal to or greater than the generation deficiency in
order to achieve balanced power economics while maintaining system stability. Automated load
shedding systems are necessary for industrial power systems since sudden disturbances can plunge a
system into a hazardous state much faster than an operator can react. These automated schemes must
be designed and implemented to possess in–depth knowledge of system operating parameters and
must rely on time sensitive

Primary Heating Water Circuit At The Generators
Primary Cooling Water Circuit In The Generators :
The treated water used for cooling of the stator winding, phase connectors and bushings is
designated as primary water in order to distinguish it from the secondary coolant (raw water,
condensator etc.). The primary water is circulated in a closed circuit and dissipates the absorbed heat
to the secondary cooling in the primary water cooler. The pump is supplied with in primary water
cooler. The pump is supplied with in the primary water tank and delivers the water to the generator
via the following flow paths:
Flow path I :
Flow path I cools the stator winding. This flow path passes through water manifold on the exciter
end of the generator and from there to the stator bars via insulated bar is connected to the manifold
by a separate hose. Inside the bars the cooling water flows through hollow strands. At the turbine
end, the water is passed through the similar hoses to another water manifold and then return to the
primary water tank. Since a single pass water flow through the stator is used, only a minimum
temperature rise is obtained for both the coolant and the bars. Relatively movements due to the
different thermal expansions between the top and the bottom bars are thus minimized.
Flow Path II :
Flow path II cools the phase connectors and the bushings. The bushing and the phase connectors
consist of the thick walled copper tubes through which the cooling water is circulated. The six
bushings and phase connectors arranged

A Single Phase Smart Grid Zero Steady State Error Connected
A SINGLE PHASE SMART GRID ZERO STEADY STATE ERROR CONNECTED IN DC/AC
INVERTER WITH HERIC CONVERTORS S.Ayappan1, K.Arulprabha2, D.Priyanka3, Assistant
Professor1, PG Scholar2, 3,, Dept. of EEE, Jayshriram Group of Institutions, Tirupur1, 2, 3, ,
ayyappan.yes@gmail.com, arulprabhakalimuthu@gmail.com, priyanghaa3e@gmail.com. Abstract:
Feed forward control is a reliable for rejecting fast and dynamic voltage disturbances in the phase
grid. Mainly in this scheme implemented in phase voltages of the Wyes connected configuration.
Under this unbalanced and distorted grid conditions, the online conversion of line – to – line values
into the phase value is unworkable. In order to an exploit full advantages of feed forward controller
is a most appropriate modulator is needed. In this article the feed forward of grid line–to–line
voltages is used in phase voltages. The introduced feed forward method is implemented in Implicit
Zero Sequence Discontinuous Pulse Width Modulation (IZDPWM) technique that is compatible for
grid connected inverters. Regarding in the IZDPWM grid topologies distorted the harmonics of the
grid voltages. Hence, a sinusoidal current is injected to the grid. Moreover, the measuring grid line–
to–line voltages two sensors are required; hence an overall system costs is reduced and control
system reliability is increased. The time–domain simulations in MATLAB/Simulink and
experimental results from a Hardware based laboratory prototypes are in good agreements,

Solar Power Of Solar Energy Essay
MOVABLE SOLAR POWER PLANT CUM SOLAR PUMP
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to the solar power plant. More, particularly, this invention relates to a movable
solar power plant cum solar pump wherein the solar panels can be carried to one place to another
and can produce simultaneously solar electricity for solar pump as well as electricity for various
electrical equipment/apparatus.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
As fossil fuels put the planet in peril, hopes for future prosperity in the developing world now rest
on bold initiatives of use of renewable source of energy. Solar technology is evolving, costs are
coming down and grid connectivity is improving. The dream of universal access to clean energy is
becoming more real. This will be the foundation of the new economy of the new century. Solar
energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun harnessed using a range of ever–evolving technologies
such as solar heating, photovoltaic, solar thermal energy, solar architecture and artificial
photosynthesis. Solar panel refers to a panel designed to absorb the sun 's rays as a source of energy
for generating electricity or heating. A solar–powered pump is a pump running on electricity
generated by photovoltaic panels or the radiated thermal energy available from collected sunlight as
opposed to grid electricity or diesel run water pumps.
Solar energy, its conversion availability in each and every corner of the world is the main challenge
which is faced by not only the

Tips On Building A Home
Tips on Building a Home in Perth Western Australia Article 1 Choosing a Builder and Siteworks. On
deciding to build a home on your ideal block there are a number of things that have to be taken into
account from the very start. 1. The Right Builder – Choosing the right Builder. This is a tricky
business, on one hand if you look at builders Display Homes you may choose your builder based on
the design of the home you have seen. This is not ideal as the builder may not be to your liking but
the design you like is tied to the builder therefore you cannot take his design to another builder. The
other option is to choose a builder based on friends and or relatives experience, then try to find a
design of home that the builder has that will suit your needs. This can be an easy process as most
builders have many designs to choose from. Quality and Specifications of the builder and their
Range can vary vastly from Builder to Builder. One Builder may include Special Finished Bench–
tops where another might have the Standard Laminate for the bench–tops. Obviously this will end in
a different price for the home. So all may not be as it seems with any price difference you need to
compare Apples with Apples. 2. Warranty Considerations – Most builders in Perth have a standard
warranty period of 6 years. This time frame has been set by an Act of Parliament and cannot be
reduced. Some builders however, give a lifetime guarantee this is a good incentive to go with that
builder. It is

Advantages Of An Electric Vehicle
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1. Introduction of Electric Vehicle
An electric vehicle (EV), also referred to as an electric drive vehicle, is a vehicle that is powered by
electricity stored in the vehicle in battery through the use of one or more electric motors.An electric
vehicle is an alternative fuel automobile that uses electric motors and motor controllers for
propulsion, in place of more common propulsion methods such as the internal combustion engine
(ICE). EVs store electricity in an energy storage device, such as battery. The electricity powers the
vehicle's wheels via an electric motor. EVs have limited energy storage capacity, which must be
replenished by plugging into an electrical source. EVs can receive their power from different ...
1.5. Advantage over Traditional Method
An electric vehicle is a great way for a consumer to not only save money, but also help contribute
towards a healthy and stable environment we live in.However, there has so many different reasons
for buying an electric car in the modern day of technology.
Zero Emissions: Electric cars are fully (100%) eco–friendly as they run on electrically powered
motors. It does not emit toxic gases or smoke in the environment as it runs on green energy sources.
Reduce Noise Pollution:EV's create less noise than traditional vehicles.Electric motors are capable
of providing smooth drive with higher acceleration over longer distances. As EV's are much quieter
so they are very much helpful for reducing noise pollution.
Cost Effective:An electric vehicle is cost effective in both sense of fuel cost and maintenance
cost.An EV is far cheaper to run as it needs much fewer units of energy.Though electricity is not
free, fuel cost of an EV is very much lower than an equivalent conventional fossil fuelled vehicle
cost at current energy price.Maintenance costs are also much lower than conventional

Essay On Three Phase Inverter
Project objectives This project is aim to study the principle of pwm, single–phase inverter, three–
phase inverter which leading to design a three–phase inverter(DC–AC) by using the mbed to control
switch. This inverter will be intended to drive an induction motor which may need to drive. The
work will involve simulation study of PWM generators, induction motors and device selected from.
Introduction, motivation and problem statement. Introduction Nowadays, some electric cars which
use induction motor with inverters instead of use DC motor that can be powered directly from their
DC batteries. For example, tesla cars use ac motor instead of dc motor. In the world, there are three
main types of motors which be used in electric cars, Brush DC motor, Brushless DC motor and
induction motor. However, when companies design all the electric vehicles, they will think about
some parameters and these can be divided into 6 parts. Firstly, in the efficiency part, when use dc
controller with Brush DC motor, the efficiency of it is 94%. However, when Brushless DC motor
and induction motor use inverters, the efficiency of them are about 97%. Secondly, in the
wear/service part, Brushes are subject to wear and require periodic replacement and Brushless DC
motor and induction motor are lifetime. Thirdly, in the specific cost which includes cost of inverter
part, the Brush DC motor is very low, because motor and controller are generally inexpensive. The
cost of Brushless DC motor is very

Principles of High Voltage Generation, Transmission and Distribution

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