The Significance Of Kokoda

The Significance of Kokoda
The significance of Kokoda for Australian's can be seen in many different ways. In a strategic sense
and also in a symbolic sense. Firstly, the Kokoda Campaign saved Australia from possible invasion,
or more precisely from being isolated from the United States of America . Secondly, Kokoda was
the battle that lead to victory in the Second World War, as well as to improvement of Australia's
post–war practices and military operations. Symbolically, the Kokoda Track will be remembered
when Australia's think of the Second World War, just like when you think of the First World War, the
landing at Gallipoli looms large, both have captured the Australian imagination. Each year five
thousand Australians take up the mentally and physically ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
As the Kokoda fighting began in July 1942 , the scheme of both sides was in transition. The
Japanese felt it was time to defend their gains, and halt the fighting and advancing. But the Allies
were thinking differently. Having massive amount troops, ships, aircraft and supplies in New
Zealand and Australia, they made the decision to launch a counterattack to defend and retake some
of the islands that were occupied by the Japanese. Papua had no particular resource that they
desired, but it was a useful link in the chain of defences of the newly conquered area of Japan. So
because Japan was quickly gaining new lands closer to Australia, posing a threat to Australia's
safety, the battle of Kokoda was the most important Australian–fought victory, in terms of winning
the war. The campaign helped to shape Australia's post–war training practices and military
operations. Although it was not they first victory against Japan, it allowed the allies to make thrust
forward through 'island hopping' and ultimately win the war. Kokoda was the battle that ended
Japan's dominance and permitted the Allies to go on the offence. Australia greatly learned from their
Kokoda experience, and subsequently improved their strategic thinking. They learned to not purely
rely on naval defences, and realised that they cannot just let other countries dot the fighting. "...the
modern Australian professional army was
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Europe Geography And Geography
The Spanish were able to overtake the Incas, who´s population were in the millions, while they were
a mere few hundred. How did they do it? Civilizations started off from the beginning as inequal. The
geography predicted the success of the civilization. The climate produced the growth of beneficial
agriculture. Domesticated animals were also invented, which allowed them to develop immunity.
The production of steel was invented as a huge advantage. They did not develop at the same pace
because of this. Europe was thriving and dominating because of nearly pure luck with their
geography which lead to effects on food, animals, sickness, and inventions that boosted their power.
It all starts with geography. The geographical location and latitude will influence the climate of an
area. The climate effects what crops will grow. Locations that grow plentiful food can leave more
time open for development. The Fertile Crescent is semi arid with 4 seasons. It's located north of the
equator. The climate allows the area to sufficiently grow wheat. Wheat is a very easy crop to grow,
farm, and harvest. Wheat is also full of protein and calories and can be stored for multiple years.
Papua New Guinea is a rain forest in the tropics. The wet and warm climate only grows one
essential crop, the sago trees. This crop requires hard work to cut down, open, and mash into a
dough. After baking in the sun the food is completed after days of harvesting. This long process
produces food that only lasts about a week and is low in protein and calories. Those in the Fertile
Crescent spend little time harvesting food and have plenty of time to develop technology and new
ideas instead of hunting or gathering. Those in Papua New Guinea are constantly hunting and
gathering because of their unstable food source and have no time to think of anything but survival
and can't develop at the same rate as civilizations with more abundant climates. The agriculture in
Europe was successful because of their climate. Europe was able to think of other things once they
decided to become sedentary and settle down and farm. Papua New Guinea was unable to do that
and had to migrate to find food sources, limiting their development. Europe had more time to

How Did The Kokoda Trail Attack Australia
Kokoda trail was one of the most significant battles Australia had fought in World War two. There
are many reasons to why the Kokoda trail was significant as it denied the Japanese to attack
Australia. This campaign began when the Japanese landed in Papa New Guinea on July 1942. There
were two countries involved in this campaign Australia and Japan and also troops from America
supporting the Australian force. This event took place in Papua New Guinea on the significant
Kokoda trial. The Kokoda trial lead Australia to victory in World War 2. The Japanese troops first
landed on Gona, north coast of Papua New Guinea and began their invasion on July 21, 1942. After
many months of trying to capture Port Moresby the Japanese were denied every time by the
Australia force. The Japanese attempted to attack by sea but the Australian Navy denied them for
reaching Port Moresby. Papua New Guinea was crucial to the Japanese, as capturing Port Moresby
would enable the Japanese to set up an airfield in the Pacific. If they had concerned Port Moresby
then Australia would of go under threat and many Australian lives would have been lost. A quote
from Lawrence Downs of the 36 Infantry Battalion "...The rest of them are ... Show more content on
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"Bullets everywhere, hell on earth amongst the clouds in the mountains" a quote from Private
Steward John Clarke. If we did not win this battle Papua New Guinea would be in the hands of the
Japanese and also Australia would have gone under threat and maybe over run by the Japanese. On
the Kokoda Trail a total of 1647 Australia lives were lost including 66 missing and also 1023
wounded in action. "...He said he thought I was dead but in any case he'd patch me up. He got out
what cat gut he had and sewed me up..." a quote from Colin Richardson showing how he thought he
almost

Kokoda Campaign Essay
Of all battles fought by the Australians in World War ll, the Kokoda campaign, like the Gallipoli
campaign in World War l, has received the most attention and is very well known. The Kokoda
campaign lasted from 7 July to 1 November 1942. The campaign was a part of a wider campaign in
Papua New Guinea which lasted until January 1943. The village of Kokoda is in the middle of New
Guinea but the whole campaign was named after it. The campaign was fought on the 96–kilometre–
long track in New Guinea. This essay will be covering the event that was the Kokoda campaign in
1941 and the events that happened within it.
By 1941, Japan needed raw materials, space and respect. Japanese land was never rich with natural
resources so japan had to import everything ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A tradition of the Japanese was to never surrender. In response, the Australian troops attacked the
Japanese at their bases on the beachheads. The Australians also had the help of the American troops
who were very inexperienced. In turn, the Australians and Americans defeated the Japanese over the
period of a month. At this time the Japanese where very weak due to lack of food. The war in Papua
New Guinea was over and the Australians had won. However, the win came with a large cost. The
casualty rates where high for Australians and higher for the Japanese. About 5,866 Australians were
either killed, missing, died from wounds, wounded in action or died due to tropical diseases. Japan
lost about 13,600 men due to the same reasons but also many Japanese soldiers would commit
suicide instead of

Papua New Guinea: Religion, Tradition and the Ensuing...
A small nation with widespread brutality and domestic violence, Papua New Guinea, located in the
southwestern Pacific Ocean, struggles with multiple developmental challenges. It is one of the
poorest countries on the planet per capita, as well as one of the most culturally diverse with over 800
languages are spoken there (Campano). According to ReCom, a research and communication on
foreign aid organization, it is ranked at 148 on the Human Development Index and most human
well–being indicators show that the conditions there are similar to those in Sub–Saharan Africa
(Stewart). The country is in desperate need of social services for the many abused and battered
woman and the vengeful violent acts that take place for accused witchcraft ... Show more content on
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In addition, most societies have stories which describe how superhuman beings created the natural
world and society, inventing food and plants, pigs and pig exchanges, male and female cults,
sorcery, and other aspects of culture ("Culture of Papua New Guinea"). It is also commonly accepted
that with age and maturity most people will develop supernatural powers and abilities. As
Christianity has spread throughout the country, most Papua New Guineans fail to see a contradiction
between traditional views and practices and Christian beliefs, continuing to practice both side by
side. Christian missionaries arrived in the country of Papua New Guinea in the late 19th century.
The first mission in eastern New Guinea was the London Missionary society in 1871, which set up
mission teachers from the Loyalty Islands on islands adjacent to and on the Papuan mainland
("Culture of Papua New Guinea"). While there was some resistance to the early missionaries, many
welcomed the missionaries and an opportunity to earn money, power and to achieve better gender–
based relations. Currently, the churches in Papua New Guinea have an extensive network covering
the entire country. The focus of these church networks and religious organizations began with basic
health and education services in an attempt to engage the community. The government of Papua
New Guinea (GoPNG) has formal control of these

Papua New Guinea Essay
The remote Island of Papua New Guinea can be extremely hard to travel or
research as this remote island has limited infrastructure with very little information to
read about in magazine and websites, in short it is like stepping into the great unknown.
This is exactly why people are intrigued with trying to save the culture of its people, its
wild life and its beautiful rain forest, which are in sever danger of deforestation.
The industrial revolution is destroying the Papua New Guinea Rainforest and its
way of life, the end result is climate changes around the globe.
Located North of Australia sit's the island of New Guinea, home to the third
largest rainforest in Asian. The island is populated by a tripe of savages called the
Haywau. The Haywau are know to be canabals and will kill each other with knives,
hachets and spears. They live off wildlife they kill and bugs they catch. These people
could be considered savages in every meaning of the word as eating a rival tribe member
is considered to be a common form of punishment. With that being said the most
ironic thing is most Haywaulong long for a peaceful life and will not hunt
strangers..(Survivorman, Season 3, Episode 6) It is to us a strange and bizarre
culture but it is a culture that must be presurved as it is a culture of our past. Like an
antique in a museum for all of us to study and observe it is a living breathing piece of us.
2 In this country 7000

Inequality In The 1960's Papua New Guinea
Why is it that in the 1960's Papua New Guinea was still using stone tools while Eurasia had stronger
and more improved steel tools? Inequality is all over the world. Do we know what started it?
Inequality isn't something that can happen overnight, it takes thousands of years to develop.
Geography is the biggest reason we have inequality, depending where you're at on the latitude line
controls your climate. Europe's geographical location allowed their civilizations to have access to
better agriculture, domesticated animals, immunities to germs and steel. These early advantages
propelled Europe into an unprecedented position of power which allowed them to control and
decimate other cultures throughout the world.
Latitude plays a big part in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With those weapons Eurasia was able to conquer and decimate less fortunate countries. Eurasia was
lucky with their geographical placement that had a semi arid climate and had four seasons, that
enabled them to have a stable food source and all the right resources to have a strong and healthy
civilization. Since they had a steady and reliable food source they were able to develop specialist.
Specialists are people who have expertise in a certain jobs or professions. On the other hand Inca's
lived at such high elevation without seasons they were unable to sustain a strong food source and
couldn't provide enough for too many specialist. But the Inca's had potatoes and llamas to help with
transportation and farming. While Eurasia had more domesticated animals and grew wheat which
provided for specialist. Eurasia had forests and were able to have fires that could burn for a long
period of time. With that and having extra time on their hands they had specialist experiment and
ended up creating plaster which lead to figuring out that carbon and iron create steel if they had a
long burning fire. With the knowledge of creating steel, specialists were able to learn how to forge
steel to make weapons like swords. Instead of having steel Incas had gold which lead to a gold
deposit. By that time Eurasia had

Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea: a Lasting Society
The people of the Trobriand Islands in Papua New Guinea have been a source of interest to
anthropologists since the early 1900s, when Bronislaw Malinowski first studied them. In a time
when anthropology was "barely established as a formal discipline" (Weiner, 1988), Malinowski had
an intense interest in ethnographical field work as well as the fascinating culture of the natives of
what was then called Papua, the southeastern part of mainland New Guinea. The Trobriand way of
life is extremely different from that of typical western or eastern cultures. In addition to being a
matrilineal society, the Trobrianders engage in markedly different courtship and marriage activities,
and have been able to preserve much of their culture despite ... Show more content on
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This respect is not limited to chiefs; "A woman of chief's rank, married to commoner, retains her
status, even with regard to her husband, and has to be treated accordingly" (Malinowski, 1922: 55).
Courtship and marriage in Trobriand society is also interesting and unique. According to
Malinowski, "Chastity is an unknown virtue" (1922: 53) among Trobriands. Though this description
is dated, there is a marked difference in the courting rituals of Trobrianders and early twentieth–
century Europe. Trobriand children begin playing "erotic games" around age seven or eight, and
typically begin to pursue sexual partners in earnest around ages eleven to thirteen. As they mature,
the Trobrianders have longer and less casual affairs, until a couple is ready for marriage. When a
couple decides to wed, they appear together in public outside of the male's house as a way to
announce their engagement. The wedding ceremony occurs later that day, when the bride's mother
brings cooked yams for the couple to eat together in order to formalize their marriage. After the
wedding, the groom's sister gives the bride longer skirts to replace her short ones (and to signal the
end of her sexual freedom), and the bride's father and maternal uncle give uncooked yams to the
groom. (Malinowski, 1922 & Wiener, 1988) The Trobrianders are matrilineal, so the maternal line is
followed for inheritance and

The Melanesian Arc Of Papua New Guinea
The Melanesian arc initially formed from at least ca. 45 Ma, at which time the Pacific plate
subducted to the southwest beneath the Australian plate (Fig. 4) (e.g. Hall, 2002; Petterson et al.,
1999; Schellart et al., 2006). This subduction and arc development is one of the most poorly
understood elements of the southwest Pacific. The Melanesian arc comprised New Britain, New
Ireland and Bougainville of Papua New Guinea, much of the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and Fiji
(e.g. Abbott, 1995; Kroenke, 1984; Musgrave, 1990; Petterson et al., 1999). Since the time of arc
formation, however, these terranes have undergone complex tectonic reorganizations within the
southwest Pacific by multiple episodes of arc/forearc collision, subduction cessation and subsequent
subduction polarity reversal to displace and reorientate the fragments of arc–basement (Hall, 2002;
Petterson et al., 1999; Schellart et al., 2006).
It is well understood that New Britain was previously part of the Melanesian arc where the Pacific
plate subducted to the southwest at the Melanesian trench (Fig. 1 and 4; Petterson et al., 1999).
However, the timing for initial arc formation is poorly constrained. The main body of New Britain is
composed of typical island arc magmatic rocks of Eocene and Oligocene age (Fig. 5). The Baining
Volcanics represent the initiation of arc magmatism at the convergent plate boundary between the
Australian and Pacific plates (Lindley, 2006; Madsen and Lindley, 1994), and deposited between

Oceania Research Paper
Oceania is a region composed by Australia, the smallest continent, and islands close to it, which are,
Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federate States of Micronesia, Nauru, New Zealand, Palau, Papua
New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Cook Islands and Niue. This region
is located on the center of the Pacific Ocean, it is divided in subregions, which are Melanesia,
Micronesia and Polynesia. Oceania's main climates are tropical, which is a non–arid climate and
through entire year has a mean of at least 64 degrees, and change from humid to seasonally dry. The
most humid parts of the islands presents tropical and subtropical forest and in the driest parts,
tropical dry forest predominates. Due to an historical isolation, ... Show more content on
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Australia has a big number of animals and plants, atolls that are sparsely vegetated. Many people
believe that Polynesians were the first people to reach America by sailing in small canoes, this
theory is called, the Polynesia theory. Oceania was colonized by a different type of colonization
called "wastes of colonization", this region began to be explore in the 16th century by the
Europeans. Ferdinand Magellan and James Cook are the most famous Europeans to reach Oceania.
Micronesia started to be settled about 4,000 years ago and they had a decentralized chieftain system,
in Melanesia, the first people arrived about 40,000 years ago, they moved from Southeast Asia,
Indigenous Australians, which refers to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders, were the first settlers
of Australia and arrived there about 70,000 years ago, coming from Africa and Asia. Australia was
colonized by the British, and, at first, the Australian territory was used as a prison. New Zealand was
and still is occupied by the Maori, Abel Tasman was the first European to reach this island in

Papua New Guinea Inventions
In the year 1960, the hunters and gatherers of Papua New Guinea still had only stone axes to chop
down their sago trees. In that same decade, an American man set foot on the moon. Why is that?
Modern Americans never stop to think why, both in the past and now, white Europeans were
conquering the world and inventing modern life while some societies still had to chase down wild
animals to eat. It wasn't because they were smarter, it wasn't because they tried harder, it wasn't
because they were white. The reason some societies are so technologically and socially advanced
was because of geography, where they're located on a map. Geography determines climate, and
climate determines the presence of easily farmed crops and domesticated animals, which ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Those who lived in Eurasia got easily farmed crops and easily domesticated animals, then their
abundance of food gave them the time to invent steel, and their contact with animals gave them the
disease immunity to conquer the world. Being able to get their food easily snowballed, giving them
the time to invent steel and then swords and then ships and then cars, all of which made it easier for
them to spend less and less time on food. Meanwhile, the people of Papua New Guinea were stuck
spending their lives struggling to stay alive, and still are. This is why some countries are so much
poorer than others, to this day. Not because of race, or intelligence, or religious beliefs; global
inequality is purely because of

Obstacles In The Kokoda Campaign
For the Australian soldiers fighting in the Kokoda campaign, the major obstacle, to an extent, was
their inexperience. During the 1942 campaign, inexperience, along with illness and the terrain were
the major obstacles faced by the Australian soldiers.
One of the main obstacles faced by the Australians of the 3th Battalion in the Kokoda campaign was
the inexperience of the soldiers. During World War II, there was a sudden threat to Australia as we
faced a fear of invasion by the Japanese. Due to this conscription was reintroduced and the 39th
Battalion was formed out of conscripted teenagers. They were sent to Papua New Guinea extremely
outnumbered, with an estimated 10 Japanese soldiers to 1 Australian soldier. Going into the Kokoda
campaign, the Australians were not mentally prepared to face the hardships of war, including
watching their friends die and become victim to illnesses like malaria and dysentery. During some of
the first battles the 39th Battalion were a part of their officers were killed, leaving them without
leaders during and directly after the battle. The Australian soldiers were inadequately trained, which
in contrast with the Japanese soldiers training, which focused on jungle and night fighting. The 39th
Battalion also did not use any artillery equipment, apart ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The terrain on the Kokoda Track was very mountainous, with frequent mist and heavy rain. The
dense jungle of Papua New Guinea was good at concealing big groups of men, which worked in
both sides favour, as a result of this the Australian soldiers could not see and communicate with each
other properly and they often got lost in the jungle. Fighting in the jungle resembles fighting at
night, as they couldn't aim properly through the foliage. These reasons support the fact that terrain,
along with inexperience, were obstacles faced by the Australians on the Kokoda track in

Life In Papua New Guinea
Long ago, us humans were using stone tools. This "Long ago" was the 1960s, in Papua New Guinea.
Why was it the people of Papua New Guinea were still using stone tools, but places like Europe
were developing planes, cars, and other technologically advanced machines? The big factor to
inequality was geography. Europeans were given certain very important geological advantages,
being flourishing crops with bountiful harvests, hardy animals rich with protein, an invisible weapon
the Europeans didn't know they had in germs, and strong, flexible steel, they abused the power of all
of these gifts to dominate the world, and take the resources of places they dominated. A must for any
developing civilization is a steady, reliable food source, which ... Show more content on
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Papua New Guinea, however, wasn't so lucky, as the people of Papua New Guinea didn't have
enough food to feed work animals, even if there was work animals available for them. The
Europeans, living in such close proximity with their animals, undoubtedly picked up smallpox, and
this virulent disease spread through the entire population of the Europeans, slowly killing them off.
The Europeans who survived, however, were able to have children, this new generation of
Europeans had an innate resistance to smallpox, but were still able to carry it. This carrying of the
dormant disease was exactly what allowed the Spaniard Conquistadors to decimate the Andes
dwelling Incas, who raised the llama, but rarely interacted with the llama. This "never touching"
effect with Incas and llamas made the Incas not immune to smallpox, and, when the Conquistadors
brought it with them, an invisible army of chariots known as smallpox decimated the Inca, wiping
them out to the point of 5% of their population was left when the Spaniards finally arrived. Steel
was the final factor on how the Europeans were able to destroy, conquer, and appropriate the
resources of other, rivaling or new countries. With steel, Europeans could make steel swords, which,
due to its strength and flexibility, could easily overpower and slice through copper, bronze, or gold
shields, swords, and armor, which the Inca used when the conquistadors assaulted

Gender Roles In 'The Trobrianders Of Papua New Guinea'?
The main idea of "The Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea" is to provide the reader with an
understanding of gender roles and the accumulation of gender specific wealth, as well as, how that
wealth is used to further social and political agendas within society. It is important to note that the
Trobrianders are a matrilineal society. This has a major effect on how wealth is accumulated and
distributed and also serves to reinforce family ties. The Trobriand society functions as a chiefdom,
though unlike other chiefdoms, their chiefs only have absolute authority within their own hamlets.
They are capable of spreading their power by marrying into a matrilineage of other villages or by
showing that they are strong leaders but if this doesn't happen then the majority of the power falls to
hamlet leaders. Therefore, a chief has to earn the right to influence people outside of their own
hamlet. One of the most important ways that chiefs, as well as, common people are able to influence
others is with a display of wealth; mainly yams. The growing and distribution of yams by fathers
and brothers to be presented to their married daughters and sisters is one of the most common forms
of wealth. Yams are most often used as a form of currency, distributed as payment following a death
and are given to a woman's relatives upon her marriage. While the yams are a non–gender specific
form of wealth, the majority of the work to grow them is done by the men and has an effect on a

Develope Geography And Geography Of Papua New Guinea
The Spanish was able to overtake the Incas who´s population was millions while they were a mere
few hundred. How did they do it? The geography predicted the success of the civilization. They did
not develop at the same pace because of this. Europe was thriving and dominating because of nearly
pure luck with their geography. The geographical location and latitude will affect what climate an
area has. The climate affects what crops grow. Locations that grow plentiful food can leave more
time open for development. The Fertile Crescent is semi arid with 4 seasons. It's located north of the
equator. The climate allows the area to sufficiently grow wheat. Wheat is a very easy crop to grow,
farm, and harvest. Wheat is also full of protein and calories and can be stored for multiple years.
Papua New Guinea is a rain forest in the tropics. The wet and warm climate only grows one
essential crop, the sago trees require hard work to cut down, open, and mash into a dough. After
baking in the sun the food is completed after days of harvesting. This long process produces food
that only lasts about a week and is low in protein and calories. Those in the Fertile Crescent don't
spend long harvesting food and have plenty of time to develop technology and new ideas instead of
hunting or gathering. Those in Papua New Guinea are constantly hunting and gathering because of
their unstable food source and have no time to think of anything but survival and can't develop the
same. The agriculture in

Questions On Global Development Of Papua New Guinea, By...
1. The Overarching questions about global development that Professor Jared Diamond wished to
answer were as follows: How did Europeans develop advantages in the first place?, Why did the
world ever become so unequal?, What separates the haves from the have–nots?, and How have guns,
germs, and steel shaped the history of the world? He was prompted to begin exploring these issues
when he was visiting Papua New Guinea. He enjoys bird watching and began going to Papua New
Guinea when he was twenty–six. He began making regular trips there since then. On one of these
trips he met a man on the beach named Yali, and Yali asked him "Why you white man have so much
cargo and we New Guineans have so little?" This threw Diamond for a loop and from that moment
on he began researching and trying to find an answer to Yali's question.
2. Diamond makes a statement in the documentary in which he says "The power of Europeans rests
on geography." When he comes to this conclusion he addresses many reasons as to why this is true.
The first being the specific geography of people in Papua New Guinea compared to people of
Eurasia in the Stone Age period. The people of Papua New Guinea are isolated on an island that is
dense with jungle and is wet. In Papua New Guinea there are limited resources for hunting and very
limited sources of nutritious food. The main source of food for New Guineans is sago. Sago is
stripped from the sago trees that grow in the jungles and even though it is edible it

The Mae Enga Essay
The Mae Enga
Over the centuries the Enga people of Papua New Guinea have adapted certain cultural
characteristics to cope with varying environmental and social changes. Some aspects of the Enga
peopleís lives that have shown the most cultural adaptation to the surrounding ecosystem are their
horticultural practices, system of tribal warfare and clan organization. Through these adaptations,
the Enga have gained ways to regulate their population, reduce their risk, control, communal
resources, and regulate the environment through rituals. In our paper, we will look at each of these
aspects of Enga culture and how they allow the Enga people to live within the environment
constraints they are faced with.
The western ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This area is also home to the headwaters of the four greatest rivers of Papua New Guinea. Natural
forested regions cover the less populated areas in the north and west sections of the Enga province.
In the drier months of the year, May through August, the nightly temperatures, in area above 1600
meters, drops to near freezing. The average rainfall in the Enga province for this time of year is
3051 mm. The western highlands also hold a precious and valuable gold deposit (PNG ON LINE).
The Enga people do not live in villages: instead families live in rather permanent houses that are
scattered throughout their specific clan region. This dispersal works to improve clan security. In the
clan system there is no hereditary chief, rather an appointed Big Man. Males and females, even
within the same family share separate dwellings. From the age of eight or nine the Enga male
resides in a separate dwelling from all females (PNG ON LINE). Gender segregation is a very
important part of the Enga culture and the women are considered autonomous and self–sufficient
(Meggitt, 1977). The traditional origin belief held by the Enga people is that they are descendants of
the sky people. The first man and woman on earth were the daughter of the moon and the son of the
sun (Meggitt, 1977).
Many changes have occurred in Papua New Guinea since the end of World War II. Both educational
and business opportunities rose for the Enga people. Local governments were also

How The Low Income Of Countries Such As Chad And Papua New...
Introduction
This report is to help introduce the low income of countries such as Chad and Papua New Guinea,
and comparing them to a country such as Sweden who has no income. For years, certain countries,
as the two listed above cannot maintain a lifestyle with the incomes that are available to them. Using
incomes will help to see where the problem is occurring and how it might be approached to aid the
countries. Reporting on the countries will give insight into a historical background including
independence of the countries, along with education, literacy, life factors, and poverty by using the
GINI to show how wide the gaps can be and become.
Historical Background In 1946 Chad became an Overseas Territory of France and on August 11,
1960 obtained independence, but short lived, because of a tyrant dictator, Francois Tombalbaye, who
never really released them from his grip, and Chad had been in a civil war, until 1990 when Idriss
Deby, a military commander, took control and with his rule, multi–party politics has returned to
Chad, giving some freedoms back to its citizens (Chad 's long road to independence, 2010).
Papua New Guinea was under the government of Australia, and the UN pushed Australia to give
Papua New Guinea independence and help create a group that would be able to run a government
through social and educated influences. On September 16, 1975 Papua New Guinea obtained their
independence with a monarchy ruled by Queen Elizabeth II as head of state represented

Austalian Struggles During the Kokoda Battle
Although the Australians eventually pushed back the Japanese in the Battle of Kokoda. They were
not always certain to win the war. Owing to a combination of factors such as, the Incompetence of
Australian Command, the Discipline and Attitude of Japanese soldiers, difficult terrain and weather,
Early Errors and an outbreak of diseases, the Australians would have been defeated. There was a
real threat of defeat. The incompetence of the Australian/American command nearly lost the
Australians the battle of Kokoda. The Australian troops of the Battle of Kokoda were an army of
Militia (Army Reserves), who were known as the chocolate soldiers by the Australian Imperial
Force (AIF). The term chocolate soldiers referred to the Militia as being unexperienced and
untrained, resembling they would melt in the heat of battle. "It's not the man with the gun that gets
shot, it's the rabbit that runs away"–Sargent General Blamey. The AIF were busy fighting in North
Africa, and when their commander heard about the war in Kokoda, they took their time to get back
and assist. Eventually the Militia managed to hold the Japanese at Isurava when the AIF came and
brang with them, cigarettes, water and food. The Japanese had strong discipline and a war attitude,
which they brought with them to the Battle of Kokoda. The odds were always in the Japanese
favour, there was approximately four Japanese to every one Australian. "The Japanese warriors – the
samurai – had always lived to die, if you won,

Why Is The Kokoda Trail A Turning Point In Australia
The battle of the Kokoda Trail ,21 July 1942–January 1943, was a turning point in World War Two
because it brought Australia into the World War Two and if they can't join the war and fight in Papua
New Guinea the likelihood of Japan taking over Papua New Guinea and then invading Australia was
considered high The orthodox point of view is that the reason for Japan invading Papua New Guinea
was if Japan took Port Moresby they could if they wanted to bomb Australia and invade the country.
Australia was disadvantaged at the start of the battle because they had no high powered weapons
were Japan had heavier artillery but at the end of the battle the Australians had the advantage
because they could carry the light weaponry through the dense ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Australians were disadvantaged first but hung in there and luck turned there way and the
Japanese became disadvantaged. The Kokoda trail was considered a turning point in World War Two
because it brung Australia into there war. The Kokoda trail happed between 21 July 1942 – January
1943. Firstly a quote from ABC news tells us why that Australians were disadvantaged in the battle
of the Kokoda trail and this quote is trust withy because it corroborates with my other research
notes. "They had artillery and we had nothing like that at all, we only had machine guns and rifles,"
(Grassby in ABC news, 2018, online). This primary quote gives us an idea of why the Australians
were disadvantaged from a Australian perspective. Secondly another quote from ABC news tells us
why the Japanese were disadvantaged in the battle of the Kokoda trail. "Later in the fight the
Japanese were disadvantaged because they had to drag there heavy artillery through the mud and
dense jungle" (ABC news, 2018, online). This secondary quote that is trust worthy because it
corroborates with other sources gives us a deeper idea into how that Japanese were disadvantaged in
the battle of the Kokoda trail in World War Two. These two quotes give me a much deeper idea of
how they were both disadvantaged in the Kokoda trail and also how this event was a turning point in
World War

Speech On Kokoda Ceremony
Kokoda Ceremony
I would like to propose a ceremony for the end of Kokoda. Kokoda was a thrilling and terifiying
event that happened from July 21st 1942 to the 16th of November 1942. Australia, America, Japan
and the people of Papua New Ginuea fought is this war. The Kokoda Track campaign or Kokoda
Trail campaign was part of the Pacific War of WW2. The campaign consisted of a series of battles
fought between July and November 1942 between Japanese and allied–primarily Australian–forces
in what was then the Australian territory of Papua. Following a landing near Gona, on the north
coast of New Guinea, Japanese forces attempted to advance south overland through the mountains
of the Owen Stangley Range to seize Port Morseby as part of a strategy of isolating Australia from
the United States.
The battle of Kokoda needs a ceremony to commemorate his history and the events that happens
during this war. The ceremony could be a source of intense pride for Australia and Papua New
Guinea. It will also provide a strong incentive for Australians to visit the War memorial as well as
Papua New Guinea for the commemoration and all it represents. But more importantly it provides a
status of recognition for the Papua New Guinea wartime carriers – the unsung heroes of the
campaigns they supported ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This victory would not have been possible without the vital support of these carriers across the
Kokoda Trail. In addition to their contribution to the war effort, hundreds of Australian soldiers owe
their lives to the sacrifice of the carriers who guided and carried them to safety over the jungle
terrain in the most adverse of

The Importance Of Technology In Papua New Guinea
How is it that people in Papua New Guinea are still using stone tools and in other countries are
using such advanced technology? The Europeans had the right climate for farming, access to
domesticated animals, an immunity to germs and steel. This allowed them to dominate countries that
didn't have these advantages. Latitude and geographic location controls climate. Climate will control
how well a country grow crops and what crops will actually grow, this will also affect how much
time a civilization have to advance. Geographic location affects what crops can grow because people
who live in the tropics are going to get a lot of rain so plentiful crops like wheat will not survive in
those conditions. Food like wheat needs a dry location because when the crop gets wet it molds.
Wheat is high in protein and can be stored for years, the crop also doesn't much effort to grow and
harvest. The europeans have a lot of spare time to focus on developing new technology. Papua New
Guinea can only grow sago which is low in protein and can only be stored for a couple of days.
Sago takes hours to collect, you have to cut down a sago tree and harvest the sago in the middle. The
people of Papua New Guinea are spending all their time collecting sago they don't have time to
worry about acquiring better technology. The geographic location of a civilization controls climate
and what crops you can grow. What you can grow affects what animals a civilization can have. If a
civilization has

Does Geography Affect The Civilization Of Papua New Guinea
In the 60s there was a lot of life changing inventions like the first commercial satellite being sent
into space, the first robot was made to help companies. But Papua New Guinea is still hunting with
stone weapons. These people are way behind were a lot of countries were in developing the country.
If we go back a few thousand years ago, Papua New Guinea was still behind other civilizations.
They didn't have things that other civilizations had. This is inequality which means that the world is
unequal. And what makes is more unequal is that geography controls it. Geography controls what
crops people can grow, what animals can be domesticated. With animals they can give them time to
have specialists to experiment with stuff. And also with those ... Show more content on
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Its geography. Geography controls climate and climate controls what foods people can grow. What
foods people can grow impacts a civilization a lot, some can't even have food for a week. They can
be a civilization like the Fertile Crescent with wheat and they harvest it easy to do other things. Or
be like Papua New Guinea constantly working for food and can't do much else than that. The Fertile
Crescent is in the Middle East and there they live in a semiarid area which means it's dry but still get
seasonal rain. And so their main food source is wheat. Wheat is a great food, it can be stored for
several years and it's high in protein. So when people go to harvest it it won't take a long time. With
the extra time they have, they can have specialists to experiment with things like steel. Over the
years they learned to farm so they have more than enough food and even more time. But Papua New
Guinea can't do that. They live in the tropics so they can't grow the same thing as the Fertile
Crescent. One of their main food sources is Sago. Sago is a tree that takes a few days to harvest.
First cut it down with stone tools, hollow it out, take the pulp of the inside of the tree and make it
into a paste that has hardly any protein. It can't be stored for a long time and the process of getting
the tree cut down uses more calories than the food provides. So the people of Papua New Guinea are
constantly working for food and they are a hunter gather civilization so they are on the move
following their food.. Wheat and Sago are two completely two different foods. One takes a couple of
minutes, the other takes a couple of days. So with Wheat the people of the Fertile Crescent have
plenty of time to invent more or new tools. Papua New Guinea can't invent stuff, plus they are on
the move a lot of the time. Their a hunter and gatherer civilization. This leads to inequality in the
world. Some

Papua New Guinea Geographic Location
In the 1960's The United States of America was getting ready to put people on the moon, meanwhile
in Papua New Guinea they are still hunting and gathering and working with stone tools. Geography
is the root cause of inequality in the world. geography controls climate which in turn controls what
crops a civilization can grow and what animals can thrive, with productive crops and domesticated
animals civilizations have time to develop new ideas and invent new tools that can help them
develop new cultures. The geographic location is very important for growing crops and the
development of a civilization. The location of a civilization will determine weather like Papua New
Guinea they stay in the hunter–gatherer stage in development and stay ... Show more content on
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Exposure in small doses for example by domesticated animals can help keep a civilization immune
and thriving. But on the other hand, exposure in large doses with never coming in contact with it
before can wipe out an entire civilization. The Spanish and other Europeans developed a resistance
to smallpox by the simple fact they had domesticated animals. Animals carry these disease so when
they drink the milk or eat the meat they got vaccinated. This happens by the fact that the animals
hold these disease so with a small intake of the virus every time they drank or ate animal products
their body learned how to fight off the disease so that when their body came in contact with a large
dosage of the virus their body already knew how to fight it off. The Incas, on the other hand, did not
have the same immunity as the Spanish because they did not have the same contact with
domesticated animals. They had one domesticated animal they had the llama and unlike the Spanish
they did not milk, eat, or sleep with the llamas. so they never came in contact with the smallpox
virus. Because they did not come in contact with the smallpox virus when the Spanish came
smallpox wiped out the entire Inca Empire. Exposure to the virus affects both sides. On the Inca
side, it completely killed off the civilization, but that can benefit too. It benefits the Spanish because
once the Inca were gone they got all of the Incan Empires not only land

Dr. Jared Diamond's Response To Papua New Guinea
According to the Merriam Webster dictionary, the word 'geography' is defined as "a science that
deals with the description, distribution, and interaction of the diverse physical, biological, and
cultural features of the earth's surface." This simple word with its inquisitive definition were the
answer to Papua New Guinea native, Yalle's question for Dr. Jared Diamond on the success of white
people. Papua New Guinea is a country in the Pacific that has existed for over 40,000 years. Jared
Diamond has spent many months with the natives, learning their way of life but has never
understood why the people have not been as successful as the Europeans were. Yalle had the same
question for Diamond. At first when Diamond was faced with this thought–provoking ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Europeans brought their guns and wars, yet they also brought something that made their death
toll even higher, new diseases. The first ever new disease to come to the new world was smallpox.
Smallpox was transferred from the Europeans animals. It infected the natives when they breathed in
the virus and it travelled to their lungs and throat. The infection caused blisters to form on the
victim's skin and if they are popped, the virus spreads onto the nearest thing it contacts. This old
world disease costs the lives of a myriad of the Native Americans. Despite the casualties from
smallpox in the Americas, it did not affect Africa the same way. Scientists and scholars believed
smallpox originated in the Tropics of Africa, it was transmitted from cattle to man. Over the many
years, the cattle became resistant, thus the Africans were not being as much threat in developing
smallpox. The Africans even found vaccines and ways to immunize them from smallpox. A disease
that hit hard in Africa, although, and the settlers could not protect themselves from it like the native
Africans could. This disease, known as "one of the most virulent diseases on Earth" said by Dr.
Jared Diamond, is now the number one killer of African kids under 5. The disease is malaria.
Malaria is carried by mosquitoes and a human gets infected when the mosquito bites them,
transferring the virus. Africans were savvy. They knew how to avoid it by settling in

Comparing The Two Stories From Joyful Strains, By Paolo...
"Compare what the two stories (from Joyful Strains) suggest about gaining a sense of belonging
and/or establishing an identity."
Joyful Strains is a collaboration of short memoirs written by a group of expatriates about their
experiences moving to Australia, and the struggles they faced that shaped them into the people they
are today. Deborah Carlyon moved to Australia from her birth country of Papua New Guinea when
she was 12–years–old, and has written the story 'Hidden by the Dream'. Paolo Totaro moved from
Italy to Australia when she was only a child and has contributed to the book with her short story
'Pointing North'. Joyful Strains follows the authors as they explain how they navigated the process
of finding a sense of belonging in Australia and establishing their own identities.
In the memoir 'Pointing North', Paolo Totaro finds that despite having barely any memories of Italy
and having spent most of her life in Australia, "fitting in" is not easy. Paolo Totaro pointed out that
many of her hardships originated in the schoolyard – "They too figured it was too hard to
pronounce, so Greasy Wog became my moniker." She noticed that throughout her child, many
people overlooked her feelings and simply labelled her as a "hysterical Italian". Paolo stated that she
doesn't "remember any other non–Aussie kids at school" and wondered whether she would have felt
as if she belonged if she were not the only foreigner. She found that as others treated her as an
outsider, she clung

Papua New Guinea ( Png ) : The Quest For Development
Papua New Guinea (PNG) – the quest for development
Economic growth is supposed to distribute the prosperity to all people across a country. The higher
economic growth means more income to pursue a better life. Economic growth is the precondition
for improving the development. No sustained economic development can occur without economic
growth (Perkins et al. 2012, p 14). As a result, maintaining the sustainability of growth is crucial to
sustain economic development, for example improvements in health, education, and other aspects of
human welfare. However, creating the sustainable economic growth is a challenge for a natural
resource dependent nation. This is because a resource curse term points out to a country that relies
on natural resources faces sluggish economic growth (Sachs & Warner, 2001). The resource curse
also refers to a negative correlation between development of a country and its natural resources
abundance. Thus, it is hard to improve the economic development when the countries experience the
natural resource curse.
Being a natural resource dependent country threats its economic growth sustainability, and then will
deteriorate the economic development. Papua New Guinea (PNG) is one of countries that rely on
natural resources which is reflected on World Development Index data whereas PNG had 30.2%
total natural resources rents of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2012 (World Bank, 2014).
However, over the two past decades PNG has experienced unstable

Kokoda Campaign Essay
The Kokoda Campaign was a four month struggle that involved battled relationships between the
Japanese Forces and Allied Forces. The Japanese Forces landed in Papua New Guinea in the early
months of 1942 and had conceived a plan to take over Port Moresby through the Kokoda Track,
which was a 96km long trail, and from there they could carry out an advance towards Australia.
As you can see in the source above, Papua New Guinea is relatively close to Australian country with
roughly 6 km between the two at the nearest point. If the Japanese forces held Port Moresby under
their influence and then use the airfield there and create a base, they can launch an attack on
Australia, so Port Moresby has its strategic importance. The risk of an attack ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The Battle of the Coral Sea, was among one of two Japanese attempts of isolating Australia from
USA. This was unsuccessful after a conjoined American and Australian naval force defeated the
Japanese Forces. The , was the second attempt of increasing Australia's isolation, this is again
unsuccessful as the 39th Australian Infantry Battalion and the AIF troops of the first Brigade, 7th
Division again stopped the Japanese Forces. Because of the soldiers and battalions that fought
against the Japanese forces during this time, and helped to keep Port Moresby away from Japanese
control, they have impacted Australia by decreasing the risk of Australia's isolation with the

The Development Of Rural Development
3.2 Rural Development
According to Oyeleye, D.A.(1987) he defines rural development as process in which development in
social infrastructures such as better roads, water supply, electricity, schools and hospitals spreads out
from the urban centres or communities and moves into the rural villages and communities.
Abumere S.I. (2002) stated that if rural development is defined as a means to help improve the
physical, cultural, social and economic status or life of the rural people then that means that
infrastructures such as roads, clean water, electricity, telecommunication and other facilities must be
carefully planned and delivered to the rural people in a consistent manner. It doesn't matter whether
these infrastructures are built from the urban centres and move into the rural areas or vice versa. The
delivery mechanisms must be very consistent.
Inorder for any country to develope and progress both socially and economically, it must have the
necessary infrastructures that are needed to facilitate such development, in both urban and rural
areas of the country.
However studies have shown that in most developing countries, rural areas/villages are mostly
neglected therefore these rural areas don't have these basic infrastructures that are needed for
development. Therefore there is a huge demand for building infrastructures into rural areas.
That is very true for Papua New Guinea where the bulks of the population live in the rural areas.
The Gena villagers are one of the

Guns Germs And Steel Out Of Eden Analysis
In Guns, Germs, and Steel, Out of Eden, it took place in Papua New Guinea. During this video it
told us a little about Jared Diamond and his journey. Diamond was a professor at the University of
California, Los Angeles. He is a biologist and and a specialist in human physiology. Even though he
was a professor, his real passion was to study birds. He has been studying bird since he was seven
years old in the United States and has now been going to Papua New Guinea ever since he was
twenty–six years old and he continues to take frequent trips to Papua New Guinea to learn more
about the New Guineans life style. It also told us that Diamond is a leading expert on bird life on the
island. With Diamond's frequent visits he realized he is just as

Why Do Civilizations Like Papua New Guinea?
Ever wonder why civilizations like Papua New Guinea don't have modern day resources, when other
civilizations like the Eurasia have a lot more resources. Geography is the main factor for this
inequality. Due to the world having land with different latitudes, that causes a variety of animals and
natural resources to occur in different parts of the world. Geographic location affects how well crops
grow, because different latitudes create their own climates with their own corresponding
temperature. In places like Papua New Guinea, the New Guineans only have sago trees because of
their geographical location. Other places like Fertile Crescent can grow much more food than places
like New Guinea because such as grains and wheat. Having wheat made it possible to store a huge
supply of food and advance the Fertile Crescent's civilization, while having sago, such as the New
Guineans, they could only eat the sago after it was made, not able to store it. Different climates
make for different crops, contributing to inequality because, the more crops available to a
civilization, the farther that civilization could last.
In the Fertile Crescent, agriculture gave an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Spanish had the immunity to the disease, since they had already encountered the animals much
earlier than other civilizations. This gave them a big advantage for being a thriving civilization. The
Incas were not around animals for a long time, like the Spanish. The Spanish got to domesticating
animals a really long time ago. They had the advantage of being around animals for a really long
time because they were able to build up an immunity to Smallpox, and carry the germs and get their
enemies who fought them sick. The Spanish having germs made them be a successful civilization by
being able to use the germs to kill off their enemies, in addition to all the resources they already

A Case Study Of Bangladesh And Papua New Guinea
Introduction:
The world climate is degrading in different ways to strive with the human need. Standing in this
situation, we are trying to organize the natural resource management through the utilization of
scientific knowledge (research based) as well as other knowledge like local or indigenous
knowledge system. On the other hand, to keep a continuous food supply for every living body along
with a stable climate, are the concerning parts of the natural resource management. When increasing
production of food and stable resource management is not compatible with each other at this
moment, different knowledge systems are promoting for resource management all over the world to
solve this problem. Integrated different knowledge under one umbrella is a challenge because
diverse way gives diverse solution and satisfying local people with the scientific solution is more
difficult where they keep in–depth knowledge about resources in a specific area. A case study of
Bangladesh and Papua New Guinea will present a brief example of the topic. Though it is
problematic to use diverse knowledge in a holistic manner, only government can do this job and we
don 't have any alternative to save ourselves from the wrath of nature.
What is NRM:
At starting, we need to clarify what is NRM. Natural resource management is different in different
area, even among people, but as a scientific explanation, – "Natural resource management is an
interdisciplinary field of study. Mainly reflects the

Papua New Guinea Video Analysis
Natural gas windfall that's destroying a country. Papua New Guinea has one of the fastest growing
economies in the world. Just couple decades ago, the local peoples main form of currency were pigs.
Now that the modern industries have arrived to harvest natural resources, the local peoples live's
have been turned upside down. The locals are very angry about this change. Since Exxon has
arrived, the locals are out of work and as one of the locals states: "If the situation does not change,
there will be fighting." I definitely think that it is wrong for a major company to come in like this
and destroy their native land, creating war over money. The government made this thirty–year deal
and did not think about how this would affect the locals. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The video states that the people in power in Texas, do not even believe in climate change. What? I
don't understand how is this even possible, there are clear signs that our climate is changing, just
look at the rising sea levels for example. The video showed a water resurvar in Texas which is
supposed to hold water for the people living in a nearby city, to my surprise, the water resurvar has
turned into the locals mudding spot. I couldn't believe that the people living in Texas, standing right
next to the water resuarvar were stating that they do not believe in the Climate change. Did they not
see the mud next to them? The mud that has been there for the past three years and used to be a
water resurvar. Honestly, this was kind of upsetting to watch. To me it seemed as there were clear
signs of climate change in this second part of the video, even the farmer said that the rain he used to
experience a century ago, he does not experience today. Also the factories were closing, cattle was
being sold and relocated and cities were turning into ghost towns. I can only hope that soon these
people will open their eyes and realize that there clearly is a change in the

Coming of Age Rituals Essay
Coming of Age: The Passage to Adulthood Rituals around the world all teach valuable lessons that
help initiates see the value and importance of life. Each culture has different rituals that provide
experiences for their youth to learn these valuable lessons of life. Many coming of age rituals are
intense procedures. The Amazon's Satere Mawé youth enter adulthood through the bullet–ant glove
initiation, teaching courage and endurance, and the crocodile scaring ritual that the men from the
Sepik River in Papua New Guinea participate in teaches them pain and accomplishment.
Bullet Ant Glove Initiation The Amazon tribe, known as the, –Satere Mawé, practice the bullet–ant
ritual that young men participate in enabling them to enter adulthood. ... Show more content on
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6) This ritual is one of many unique traditions that initiates who endure the procedure learn the
valuable lesson of courage.
Learning Courage
The bullet ant glove ritual teaches initiates courage, for they must complete this procedure to be
considered an adult. This coming of age ritual is painful, and to have to go through with such a task
will enable the young men to learn how to be brave. The bullet ant glove ritual is not a one–time
occasion. According to Bre Cruickshank (2012) "If they complete the ritual without crying out or
wincing they have become a man. The most respected men who want to obtain the status of being a
strong warrior, repeat the ritual 20 times." (Cruickshank, 2012, para. 8) Through experiencing the
bullet ant glove that many times, it is evident that initiate's learn courage. In the Webster dictionary,
courage is "the ability to do something that frightens one" (Webster Dictionary). As a Satere–Mawe
tribe member being able to endure these stinging gloves is considered horrific to many people, and
being able to complete this ritual instills courage in every young man that participates. As they
willingly participate they begin to learn that what they want, in this case; to be known as a man,
takes a lot of courage to go through such a painful process. The strength it would take to endure
such a painful tradition causes these young men to look beyond the pain and focus on

Papua New Guinea
People in Papua New Guinea used stone tools in 1960 while in America we were able to shop for
groceries and buy metal tools. How did countries like Papua New Guinea become so unequal to
other countries such as the Fertile Crescent. Europeans had Fertile Crescent (Eurasia) that let them
conquer other cultures and take their supplies. Eurasia had the agriculture, domesticated animals, the
immunity for germs and the steel.
Geographic location affects what crops a civilization can grow and how they develop because of
where they are located, climate, and what crops they are able to grow. In Papua New Guinea, the
location of the area is dense rainforest, active volcanoes, very drenched. Since it is such a wet area
filled with rainforest, they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This affects civilizations because if there are certain things in your geographic location that don't
meet a certain animals need to survive, needless to say that that animal will not live. (HOW
ANIMALS HELP DEVELOPMENT). In Africa, there is a lot of animals to look at and see, but they
aren't domesticable animals, but they aren't able to meet the requirements to be a domesticated
animal. For example; animal needs to be 100+ pounds, being able to get along with humans,
maturing quickly and no tendency to panic. In Eurasia, they have cows, horses, goats, pigs, sheep,
etc. All of those animals meet the domesticated requirements perfectly. They also have benefits for
living in Eurasia, it is not too hot or too cold, they have a lot of protein in their foods, they transport
easy, they can be trained easy to work and they also have more productivity. (EXPLAIN WHY
THIS MATTERS!!! WHAT DOES MORE PRODUCTIVITY LOOK LIKE) Availability of
domesticated animals is controlled by geography because of the way the climate is which controls
how the animal lives. People who also were able to have the animals were developed much faster
than those who didn't have domesticated

Australia 's Involvement For The Australian War
During the Second World War over a seven month period between July 1942 and January 1943, the
events of the Kokoda Trail Campaign and the Battle of the Beachheads took place on what was once
the Australian territories of Papua and New Guinea. Good morning, I am Lee Varnes, and I am
representing the Australian War Memorial to inform you of the significance of Australia's
involvement in the Papua Campaign. I will be discussing the reasons behind Japan's invasion of
Papua, the course of the campaign, the outcome of the campaign and the significance it had on the
Australian people and the soldiers involved.
Port Moresby was an extremely important tactical position for both allied forces and the Japanese;
as it would allow Japan to fulfil "Operation FS" and allow allied forces to attack north over the
Kokoda trail towards the Japanese base at Rabaul (Austrialian Goverment: Department of Veterans '
Affairs, 2015). Through the completion of Operation FS, the Japanese would be able to "throttle
Australia into submission by cutting off communication and supply lines with the US", they planned
to do so through the gradual extension of Japanese control over the islands in the South–East Pacific
around continental Australia (Pacific War Historical Society, n.d.). Japanese Prime Minister, Tojo
Hideki, was opposed to the direct amphibious invasion of Australia, though with Port Moresby
under Japanese control it would allow them to terrorise Australia's eastern coast as Japanese medium

Taking a Look at Papua New Guinea
Approximately 100 miles (160km) north of Australia, situates the second largest island in the south
pacific called Papua New Guinea; occupying the eastern half of the rugged tropical island of New
Guinea and some 700 offshore islands. With its comparative area size slightly larger than California,
Papua New Guinea is about 287,595 miles in total area, of which 281,394 miles is land and 6,201
miles is water and accumulative of 3,201 miles of coastline. The central part of the island is
composed of the Highlands, a chain of mountains and river valleys which run the whole length of
the island and majority of its land covered in condense tropical rainforest. The name Papuan New
Guinea derives from the Malay word papuwah meaning "fuzzy hair" and New Guinea from the
origin of the land settlement. Papua New Guinea's diversity relies greatly upon its geographical
location, historical of settlers, resent society practices and the numerous adopted lifestyles.
I. Geographic Resource Papua New Guinea's diverse terrain and year round tropical weather has
supplemented its land with varieties of enriched natural resources as well as numerous species and
livestock. A large mountain range divides the mainland, with summits reaching heights of 2,485
miles that introduces cooler temperatures not commonly associated with tropical weather, and
lowland composed of dense tropical rainforest and wetlands. The Island varies in natural activities
such as volcanic eruptions, landslide,

Papua New Guinea Advantages And Disadvantages
People in Papua New Guinea have no phones, computers and no sky scraping buildings. while in
most other parts of the world we have all of that and a lot more, in fact, people in Papua New
Guinea were still using stone tools in the 1960s and that's was there most advance tools back then.
Unlike in places like the fertile crescent were developing metal 7000 years ago why is Papua New
Guinea so behind? Societies have to be given the same applies to be able to develop at the same rant
as everywhere else. If you're lacking those things you it can be very hard in advance. The
geographical advantages of Eurasia allowed civilization to develop productive agriculture and
domesticated animals. As a result, the Europeans had a food surplus developed immunity to
pandemic disease and forged steel. These inherent advantages allowed them to decimate other
civilizations and appropriate their resource, making them even more powerful. Depending on your
geographic location and latitude it can affect what kind of climate you have at your location. Your
climate affects what crops you are able to grow if you're able to grow food with high protein,
surplus calories and easy to harvest can gave a society more time to advance. For example Papua
New Guinea is located at the Tropics. The tropics have a very wet climate with no change in seasons
throughout the year because of its location. Even though Papua New Guinea is mostly dense jungle.
There are very few edible crops that are able to grow

The Significance Of Kokoda

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The Significance Of Kokoda