Cmps 260, fall 2021 programming assignment #3 (125 points)

CMPS 260, Fall 2021
Programming Assignment #3 (125 points)
All coding to solve the following problem is to be done by you
and only you. You may
discuss the requirements of this project, Java, or Intellj with
anyone, but you must code your own
solution. You may use text, class notes and examples, and
online Java resources. You may discuss
your code with the instructor, TAs or mentors, but no one else.
You may not provide your solution
to anyone else. The project is to be created using IntelliJ and
Azul Zulu Java 11.
Assignment Purpose
This assignment estimates the value of pi by calculating the
percentage of times two
random numbers are relatively prime. A more in-depth
theoretical explanation and the
inspiration for this assignment can be found at the following
video link.
Assignment
Follow the numbered instructions below.
1. First, create an IntelliJ Java project and name it pa3-ULID,
replacing the term ULID
with your University-issued ULID (e.g., C00000000).

2. Starting at the topmost line of the file, insert the following
minimally required documenta-
tion, filling in your name, ULID, the assignment number, due
date and a brief description
of what the program will do. You must select one of the two
forms of certification of Au-
thenticity. (And, no, it is not permissible to substitute your own
form.) Submissions not
including a certification of authenticity will not be graded. Note
that IntelliJ auto-saves
only when the program is run.
// Your Name
// Your ULID
// CMPS 260
// Programming Assignment : [insert assignment number here]
// Due Date : [insert date here]
// Program Description: [insert brief description here]
// Certificate of Authenticity: (choose one from below)
// I certify the code in method functions main, createArray, and
// percentageRelativelyPrime of this project are entirely my own
work.
(or)
// I certify the code in method functions main, createArray, and
// percentageRelativelyPrime of this project are entirely my own

work,
// but I received assistance from [insert name].
// Follow this with a description of the type of assistance.
This document is copyrighted by Nicholas Lipari, PhD and is
meant for the sole use of students
enrolled in CMPS 260 at UL Lafayette. No reproduction or
posting of any portion is permitted.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RZBhSi_PwHU
CMPS 260 Programming Assignment #3 © Nicholas Lipari, PhD
— Fall 2021
For example, if you consulted a book, and your solution
incorporates ideas found in the
book, give appropriate credit; that is, include a bibliographical
reference. Note: You do
not have to list the course textbook or the instructor’s examples.
3. In the main method, write the Java code that computes an
estimate of pi based on the
percentage of numbers from a random sampling that are
relatively prime (e.g., coprime).
The instructions for createArray and percentageRelativelyPrime
along with the source
code for gcd are given below.
(a) Prompt the user for two integers: a number of samples
(numSamples) and a
maximum random number (maxRandom).

(b) Make two calls to createArray to populate two arrays
(array1 and array2 ) with
numSamples integers from 1 to maxRandom, including the
endpoints.
(c) Call the method percentageRelativelyPrime with the actual
parameters array1
and array2, storing the return value in a double variable percent.
(d) Print the result of the following equation with six (6)
positions after the decimal.
πestimate =
√
6.0
percent
(e) Ask the user if they would like to continue. Repeat the
above steps until the user
elects to stop.
4. Write a new method in the same class as the method main to
create an array of random
integers and return the reference of the array.
(a) The public and static method named createArray accepts two
(2) integer formal
parameters and returns an integer array reference variable.
(b) The two formal parameters define the size of the array to be
created and the
maximum value to be stored in the array.

(c) Declare an integer array reference variable and array object
with the number of
elements from the size parameter. Should the size parameter be
zero or negative,
create an array of size one hundred (100).
(d) Fill the integer array with random values based on the
following expression:
R∗ maxV al+1, where R is a call to Math.random() and maxV al
is the maximum
value parameter. Should maxV al by zero or negative, replace
the maximum value
parameter with one hundred (100).
(e) Return the array reference variable to the calling method.
5. Write a new method in the same class as the method main to
repeatedly call the gcd
method (given below) for every corresponding pair of elements
from two integer arrays
and return the percentage of pairs that were relatively prime.
(a) The public and static method named
percentageRelativelyPrime accepts two
(2) integer array formal parameters and returns a double value.
2 of 4

— Fall 2021
(b) The two formal parameters A and B are arrays of equal
length. Iterate through
the elements of the arrays and increment a counter whenever Ai
and Bi are
relatively prime (i.e., their greatest common divisor is 1).
(c) Compute and return the counter divided by the number of
elements in an array.
public static int gcd(int number1, int number2) {
int smaller = Math.min(number1,number2);
for(int lcv = smaller; lcv > 1; lcv--) {
if(number1 % lcv == 0 && number2 % lcv == 0)
return lcv; //the gcd of number1 and number 2
}
return 1; //number1 and number2 are relatively prime
}
Example Program Executions
The examples below contain only minimal prompts and output.
User input is indicated as
red text. Output computed by the program is indicated in blue
text.
Number of samples to test: 1234567
Maximum number to test: 12345

pi is approximately 3.141111
Would you like to try again? (Yes/No) Yes
Would you like to try again? (Yes/No) No
3 of 4
— Fall 2021
Additional Requirements
The following coding and implementation details must be
present in your solution to
receive full credit for Programming Assignment #3.

1. A reference variable and instance object of class
java.util.Scanner must be used to read
the input from the user.
2. Identifiers must be descriptive (i.e., must self document).
3. Indention of all code blocks (compound statements, code
inside braces), including single
statements following selection or while statements, is required.
Submitting
In Intellij, select File, Export, Project to Zip File, navigate to a
location outside the the
project folder, then click OK to save the ZIP file. Be sure to
name the file pa3-ULID.zip,
replacing the term ULID with your University-issued ULID
(e.g., C00000000). Finally,
upload the ZIP file to Moodle.
Helpful Hint: Keep a backup copy of your project folder on a
Google Drive, a Drop Box
Account, a USB memory device, etc., or even on Moodle.
Finally, once you turn in your
final version, create a copy before the due date and do not
change this copy in any way.
This final copy can be consulted if there is an upload disaster,
but only if the “.java” files
have not been changed in any way after the due date.
4 of 4

Running head: WEB DEVELOPMENT ON COMMERCE
1
WEB DEVELOPMENT ON COMMERCE
21
Web Development on Commerce Comment by James Morgan:
I told you to change this to in
Sri Charan Kotary
Wilmington University
Table of Contents Comment by James Morgan: Should be
black font.
Web Development on Commerce4
1.0 Introduction4

Background of the study4
Statement of the Problem5
Methodology6
Advantages of Action Research8
Action Research and the Development of Web Designs in E-
Commerce9
Action Research Justification9
2. 0 Literature Review on Web Development in Commerce10
Introduction10
Primary Features of The Web-based Development in E-
commerce11
A Philosophy12
Scope12
Technique and Tools13
Framework13
Web Management Strategy14
Characteristics of Web Development in E-commerce15
E-commerce and SMEs16
Factors Determining Web Development in E-commerce16
Emerging Challenges and Trends in Web Development in E-
commerce19
Perceived Benefits19
E-commerce Strategy19
E-commerce Law20
Requirements Analysis Techniques of the Web Development
Application20
Functional Requirements21
Design Phase21
Comparison of Web Development Applications in E-commerce
with other Web Developments22
Evaluation of the Web Development Applications and
Techniques24
Limitations of Web Developments in E-commerce24
Proposal25
Iteration 1: Statement of the Problem/Topic of Discussion26
Iteration 2: Determination of Study Objectives26

Iteration 3: Research Methodology and Data Analysis26
Iteration 4: The Research Findings, Results, Reporting and
Recommendations for Future Research27
Iteration 1: Statement of the Problem/ Discussion Topic28
Plan28
Action29
Observe30
Reflect31
Iteration 2: Study Objectives and Action Plan32
Plan32
Action33
Observe34
Reflect34
Iteration 3: Collection of Data and Analysis35
Plan35
Action36
Observation37
Reflect37
Iteration 4: Findings, reporting and further research38
Plan38
Action39
Observe40
Reflect40
Summary of Learning41
Research Conclusion42
References43

Web Development on Commerce
1.0 Introduction Comment by James Morgan: Numbering
heading and sub-headings is not in compliance with APA 6.
Background of the Study
E-commerce is the maintenance of business information,
sharing of business information and conducting transactions in
business through web-designed applications (Scharl, 2012).
Based on figures that were obtained from the Forrester research,
it is clear that the conduction of business transactions through
web-designed applications is on the increase (Ariyani, Hanantjo
& Purnama, 2015). Additionally, internet adoption by Small and
medium-sized enterprises is very crucial to thin their busi ness
dealings generation of important information for electronic
commerce. Moreover, the internet has established itself as a
primary resource especially when it comes to the modern day
commerce since so many businesses are developing their own
web presence. In this case, a business that has developed a
website can use it as a storefront for its business operations
(Shaw, Blanning, Strader & Whinston, 2012). Furthermore,
development costs and time needs to be taken into consideration
whenever any business wants to create an e-commerce website
hence, a number of implementation options need to be factored
in as well. International standards have been developed in the
past to help website developers with some simple guidelines
that might be helpful in implementing simple e-commerce
websites. In such situations, it is a requirement that the business
decides the designer of the website while at the same time
determining how the business will like the website to appear
(Shaw et al., 2012).
Apart from IT companies, one way a business can develop
a website is through in-house development. In this case, in-
house development can be carried out with the assistance of a
software package in the form of an e-commerce construction
application kit. Besides, some web designs in e-commerce
should be incorporated with graphic designs that possess
databases embedded with functions to sell goods and products

online very effectively. For instance, the catalog areas of the
developed websites should be established in such a way that
they can be arranged into product categories together with their
respective searching functionality that is modeled to suit the
demands of the company.
Statement of the Problem
There is an increasing consensus in the modern day
research regarding the need to explain and observe the
paradoxes related to e-commerce when dealing with the issue of
Information System research and information assurance in a
networked economy. It is such concerns that raise the need for
web development and the success of smaller Information and
Technology companies (Ariyani, Hanantjo & Purnama, 2015).
Additionally, development on its own is the backbone of e-
commerce, which indicates that so many aspects revolving
around it are still undergoing some changes. In other words, a
decision to adopt web development design in commerce is not
taken lightly most especially when it comes to SMEs.
Apparently, some few factors inhibit or encourage the
implementation of e-commerce depending on the current
commerce situation (Shaw Et al. 2012). Nevertheless, as much
as some researchers have indicated that these enterprises are
using e-commerce and the internet, there have been minimal
systematic research works that try to explore on how such
enterprises are really adopting e-commerce. Besides, some
scholars such as Malić, Makitan & Petrov (2016) acknowledged
that more collaboration with SME owners might try to establish
a method that can be used to deal with the challenges that
revolve around the adoption of e-commerce. In response to the
need of more research, the purpose of this research is to explore
some of the factors that can inhibit or facilitate web
development in e-commerce. Comment by James Morgan:
(Ariyani et al., 2015)
Fix this and subsequent errors. Comment by James Morgan:
(Shaw et al., 2012) Comment by James Morgan: and

Methodology
The purpose of this research revolves around the
exploration of some of the factors that may act as barriers or
facilitators to web development in commerce as well as
comprehend how this factors impact web development
implementation process in commerce. To realize this objective,
an Action Research study on an SME in Galway (River Deep
Mountain High-RDMH) will be very appropriate (Ariyani,
Hanantjo & Purnama, 2015). In this research, RDMH will be
used in the context of research because one of the research
assistant was working with RDMH as from February 2013 to
May 2015. RDMH is retail SME that specializes in outdoor
equipment and clothing since the year 1991. It possesses
approximately 20 employees. Additionally, before the
implementation of this research, Galway had no working
official website thus there were no electronic transactions.
Since the research assistant who is apparently, their former
employee has revealed that RDMH has plans of adopting e-
commerce, it has made it a very suitable place to conduct this
research (Shaw et al. , 2012). Moreover, in order to establish
customer awareness and in the process grow their business
operations, the retail shop has seen e-commerce as an avenue of
achieving their goal with an objective of growing their online
shopping facilities within a span of two years. Therefore, the
research will be conducted between October 2016 until October
2017 and it will go through three distinct Action Research
process cycles as shown in the diagram below. Comment by
James Morgan: (Shaw et al., 2012)
Figure 1:Action Research Plan Cycle(Source: web image.
Retrieved from:
sttps://www.google.com/search?q=Action+research+plan+cycle
&biw=1366&bih=657&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ah
UKEwjlk-PwrI7PAhWDupQKHeCpBUMQ_AUIBigB)
Comment by James Morgan: Should be:

Figure 1. Action Research Plan Cycle. Reprinted from An
Action research approach to curriculum development by Authors
P. Riding, S. Fowell, & P. Levy (1995). Retrieved
from Information Research, 1(1) at:
http://InformationR.net/ir/1-1/paper2.html
All of your figure citations should be in this format.
Historically, Action research was discovered in the 1940s
and it was firs applied by Kurt Lewin. Additionally, Kurt Lewin
was a renowned sociological father. In other words, as much as
Action research developed into other sectors, Kurt Lewin is
acknowledged as its founding father. Besides, this research
approach expanded its roots into the United States and became
more popular for a certain period until when politics,
economics, and culture fostered its decline. Action plan concept
started existing again in the late 1970s in Britain under the
mentorship of Lawrence Stenhouse. In simple terms, the concept
of action research was modeled around higher education
academicians
Advantages of Action Research
Action research is more advantageous because the
maximum interaction and collaboration of the researcher with
other research respondents will give room for easy accessibility
to in-depth research information (Malić, Makitan & Petrov,
2016). Additionally, Action research will see to it that the
researcher is able to overcome the challenges of trying to
comprehend the fuzzy, ill-structured world of complex Small
and medium-sized enterprises through the application of action
research since it deals with real-life challenges and the
immediate issues faced by practitioners. Additionally, since the
topic in this context revolves around technology, there is a high
chance that it will be very significant to a very large section of
the commerce industry most especially when it comes to
communication assurances. In other words, the applicability of
the action research approach to this issue provides a singular
opportunity to gather information from those individuals in the

organization facing certain challenges that can later lead to very
significant research opportunities (Malić, Makitan & Petrov,
2016). As a result, the problem-solving approach will be
employed in this research work to make it possible for this
research to obtain funds for research work. In simple terms, AR
is participative in nature, which is the implication, that the
research client and the research will try as much as possible to
work together effectively (Scharl, 2012). Furthermore, action
research approach, in this case, will be chosen because it is
more occupationally relevant and more satisfying as compared
to other research approaches (Malić, Makitan & Petrov, 2016).
In this case, action research will be able to eliminate the
challenges that are experienced with adopting traditional
research in the following ways: First, it will be able to
contribute to theory. Second, action research is very applicable
to integrative and unstructured issues. Third is that it possesses
a wider relevance to research practitioners. . Comment by
James Morgan: (Malić et al., 2016)
Fix this and subsequent errors.
Commerce Comment by James Morgan: Double-space.
Information assurance systems seem to be a very relevant
research avenue to use action research approach (Scharl, 2012).
Additionally, e-commerce in the modern century is one of the
major contributors to the global economy. Action research
techniques are acknowledged as being very clinical and hence,
may place e-commerce in an assistance role within the business
company in which they are studied (Ariyani, Hanantjo &
Purnama, 2015). Given the fact that the web development
should be more relevant to e-commerce and communication
assurance practice, then action research is the best approach of
making this aspect more significant. In other words, it is able to
bond practice with research hence producing research findings
that are in line with organization’s objectives. Apparently, such
research results are the most appropriate determinant of

research importance.
Action Research Justification
Because this approach encourages a collaborative
relationship between the researcher and the research
respondents, it will be the most appropriate approach in
developing a web design in e-commerce (Scharl, 2012).besides,
Action research will as well assist in determining the
deficiencies that exist in the development of a web design in
commerce. Moreover, being a participatory approach of
research, it will as well involve various business stakeholders
who will benefit a lot from the developed website. Comment by
James Morgan: E-commerce Comment by James Morgan: Fix
this.
However, just as any other methodologies used in research,
action research is at times very challenging to practice and very
easy to perform atrociously. On some occasions, this type of
research approach is very difficult to justify and report. In
simple terms, action research should be done close to perfection
so that even if the supervisors of the project do not agree about
how the project research was conducted, they would have no
otherwise but to accept that the researcher used adequate
rationale (Ariyani, Hanantjo & Purnama, 2015). Moreover, AR
requires heavy participation in the actual research situation
hence as much as it offers the individuals participating in the
research a chance of expanding their knowledge but at a cost of
objectivity.

2. 0 Literature Review on Web Development in Commerce
Comment by James Morgan: No numbering
Should be bold typeface
Introduction Comment by James Morgan: Should be bold
typeface
The most common assumption in the modern day research
is that methods, techniques, and processes that are employed in
applications developments have radically changed as the
concentration of applications has transformed from the ancient
information systems to the modern day world wide web
(Bryman & Bell, 2015). As a result, there has been need for a
research that will ensure that an internet commerce development
methodology that deals with the intensity and the challenges
that come with the issue of online marketing. In essence, the
internet and the global website have had significance
implications on the operation and the nature of the modern day
business operations. At the same time, the changing demands,
tastes, and preferences of customers has as well played a critical
role on the requirements of the approaches used in developing
these systems (Bryman & Bell, 2015). Any web application in
commerce should focus on business in such a way that it should
be driven by the strategy of the business and not necessary the
technological, implementation. Besides, the web application
should as well take into consideration the external focus in the
name of customers. Apparently, the rapidly changing
environment of businesses establishes the need for evolutionary
developments and development cycles approaches.
On a general perspective e, some scholars may argue that
the issues rose as far as the internet and commerce are
concerned are not new to humankind (Uzun, 2013). However,
rather than classifying commerce as a new parading in
development, then it is important to categorize it as a new

subject in the information system discipline (Bryman & Bell,
2015). Nevertheless, based on scholarly articles that revolve
around the topic of e-commerce, it is assumed that the ancient
development techniques are no longer applied in the modern
development framework.
Primary Features of The Web-based Development in E-
commerce
The web based development application attempts to deal
with the issues related to emphasizing the focus of the business,
the speed of change and the external focus in terms of
customers. The web based development application will be
made up of the following primary features.
A Philosophy Comment by James Morgan: Should be bold
typeface
A web based development application views e-commerce
developments as initiatives put in place by an organization and
in the process, it ensures that it takes into consideration the
need to deal with managerial (Stringer, 2013). Organizational
and strategic cultural, issues coupled with the technical details
of implementation and design. In this case, it is wise for the
development application to offer a subjective holistic
perspective in the sense that, the e-commerce development
applications can never be effective if the organizational culture
and management are not conducive for the forthcoming web
development change (Bryman & Bell, 2015). In simple terms,
the definition of an e-commerce strategy revolves around a
range of information opinions and sources (Hajli, 2013).
Moreover, a web-development application takes into
consideration an e-commerce environment in such a way that
the political, functional boundaries and cultural nuances are
merged in the process. Therefore, a web development
application in e-commerce can be implemented successfully if
only its context of implementation is effective and appropriate.
Scope Comment by James Morgan: Should be bold typeface
A web development application in e-commerce can act as
development methodology as well as a business analysis.

Additionally, many traditional information systems cover only
those technical aspects of e-commerce systems development and
in essence, they do not engage in any form of business analysis
(Stringer, 2013). On the other hand, internet commerce in its
own right is a business direction and in the process, it needs a
comprehensive analysis of the overall business strategy. In
simple terms, it takes into consideration an extensive range of
factors including the conduction of SWOT analysis of the area
in which the business is operating (Bryman & Bell, 2015). In
other words, the changing consumer preferences and tastes are
also influential in the development of the web application in
commerce. Therefore, it is important for a management
structure that will be capable of supporting internet commerce
in an organization (Gregor & Hevner, 2013).
Technique and Tools
A web development application in commerce is believed to
have a number of component phases that are able to guide the
development evaluation strategy together with the application
website (Stringer, 2013). In this case, all the business issues
that relate to the internet database connections, Web page
design, security issues, methods, and implementation tools are
also taken into consideration.
Framework
An internet development methodology can provide a
framework that can be easily be adopted in the establishment of
a web development in e-commerce (Uzun, 2013). In the process,
it is applicable to a wide range of situations most especially
where business organizations are looking to gain net revenues
based on e-commerce.

Figure 1: issues that are factored in web development in e-
commerce ( source: web images, 2016. Issues that are factored
in web development in e-commerce. Retrieved from:
https://www.google.com/search?q=overview+of+ICDM+(INTER
NET+COMMERCE+DEVELOPMENT+METHODOLOGY)&biw
=1366&bih=657&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKE
wiGoYOBiZzPAhWKv48KHVWzC6UQ_AUIBigB#imgrc=go-
I45J5RFPdRM%3A) Comment by James Morgan: This goes
beyond the left margin Comment by James Morgan: This
can’t be figure 1.
Your figure citations should be in accordance with APA 6
formatting guidelines. Fix this figure and ALL subsequent
figures and tables in this paper.
Web Management Strategy
The internet Commerce methodology recommends that the
development and implementation of a web development ion e-
commerce should be done in three phases. In this case, the
management and the overall development of the internet
application can be viewed as an ongoing task and in the process,
it can be considered as a functional component of a web
application(Uzun, 2013). The first phase or rather the first tier
of the web development is acknowledged as a management and
meta-development perspective that offers the framework
necessary for development. Additionally, the second tier
involves the development of the website components. In this
case, it is important to note that at each stage, the work that is
done should be classified as evolutionary in order to cope with
any modifications, challenges, and changes that will have to be
encountered (Bryman & Bell, 2015). Moreover, the final and the
third tier in the development and the management structure
encompasses the implementing and developing systems and in
this case, it includes the analysts, technical teams web
development consultants and content specialists as shown in the
figure below Comment by James Morgan: need a space after

the word application
Organizational web management team
Website of component production
team
Analysts/ discipline specialists/programmers/ web consultants
Figure 2: web management strategy (Source: web images,
2016.web management strategy. retrieved from:
I45J5RFPdRM%3A)
Characteristics of Web Development in E-commerce
Internet has been transformed in a number of ways since
its origins in terms of the business facet and the social facet.
Additionally, in one hand, it can be argued that the internet has
evolved into a facet to transmit information between
organizations and persons and in the process; it permits
socializing and communication (Bryman & Bell, 2015). On the
other hand, it can be said to have benefited companies,
organizations, and corporations in conduction of their business
operations through the ability to carry out better and faster
business activities such as promotion, buying and selling among
others.
The business aspect of the internet is believed to have
come into existence in the early stages of Electronic Fund
Transfer around the 1960s. Together with the Electronic Data
Interchange, they became the talk of the town around 1968.
Nevertheless, its existence was not taken seriously until the
year 1984 when the issue of the internet became popular
because of the introduction of Netscape. Additionally, the issue
of e-commerce started existing around the 1990’s when the
practitioners and companies became are of the benefits and the

potential associated with the application of the internet into
business operations. As a result, the popularity of e-commerce
and its application has become popular since then.
Web development in e-commerce falls in the umbrella of
an extensive are that is acknowledged as the e-business
(Bryman & Bell, 2015). Additionally, this concept top some
people can be relatively new but on a large4 scale, it is
acknowledged as the rise of the tech industry and the internet
applications in general around 1995 to the year 2000. Within
this time, it can be argued that so many companies were
established to adopt the internet use in reaching to an extensive
base of customers. Moreover, quite a number of internet-born
business companies were either small or medium size
enterprises or were experiencing their conception stages
E-commerce and SMEs
SMEs are generally accepted as one of the most crucial
sectors in the economy since they play a crucial role in the
economic growth, employment, and social cohesion as well as
local and regional development (Wirtz, Piehler & Ullrich,
2013). Additionally, communication and information
technologies are uniquely modifying the nature of business
around the globe. In other words, innovations in technology like
ICTs and e-commerce are as of recent becoming more diffuse
among business operations since most barriers are reduced
substantially by the advent of open standards, lower costs and
more ubiquitous Internet-based technology. Moreover, the
adoption of the internet is crucial to the generation of an
extensive base for customers but on the contrary, a number of
scholars argue that a wide number of benefits are not being
realized.
Factors Determining Web Development in E-commerce
It is universally known that there are factors that inhibit or
facilitate the implementation of web development in e-
commerce (Bryman & Bell, 2015). Additionally, there are also
some factors that can be classified as intermediaries in the sense
that, they are either inhibitors or facilitators of web

development in e-commerce. Some of the well-known factors
based on literature reviews are as in the table below.
Factor
Reference
Inhibitor/facilitator
Organizational readiness
On a general level, this can be taken to mean the extent that
accompany is willing and ready to adopt a new advancement in
technology. In this case, the knowledge and skills of the
technology coupled with the support of IT vendors is crucial to
the readiness of a company (Bryman & Bell ,2015)..
Lack of resources and time
Most companies lack the willingness and need to implement
innovations like e-commerce and information technology. In so
doing, it prevents most business companies to exploit new
business opportunities or exploit new resources (Wirtz, Piehler
& Ullrich, 2013).
inhibitor
Lack of understanding
The lack of comprehension of the necessity and need to adopt
certain technological innovation s in commerce inhibits the
progress of most companies of adopting them in bridging the
gap that exists within their company (Bryman & Bell ,2015)..
Organizational structure
The failure for most organizations to plan the exploitation and
introduction of an advance3d technology occurs because of the
limitations facilitated by the management (Wirtz, Piehler &
Ullrich, 2013)
Either
Web champion
The person in charge of the implementation of the e-commerce
may not necessarily be the owner of the SME (Hajli, 2013).
facilitator

Table1 : facilitators and inhibitors of web development in e-
commerce Comment by James Morgan: Facilitators and
Inhibitors of Web Development in E-commerce
commerce Comment by James Morgan: Should be bold typeface.
Perceived Benefits
It is argued that, the aspect of perceived benefits of web
development plays a very crucial role in the adoption of e-
business as its strategy. Additionally, the reviewed literatures
indicated that the issue of perceived benefits is the major
driving force in the adoption of e-commerce.
E-commerce Strategy
As in any new venture, the initial step in producing good
returns is establishing goals. Additionally, once a business has
established its goals, then the next potential step is setting the
business plans. In such a case, conducting a SWOT analysis is
vey influential in assessing the company’s weaknesses,
strengths, opportunities, and threats of the current business
environment. Moreover, it is important for the company to
review its entire operations and not just segments of its day-to-
day operations (Bryman & Bell, 2015). Comment by James
Morgan: very
After the conduction of the SWOT analysis, it is important
for the company to evaluate and find out whether the web
development fits into the company’s overall vision (Bryman &
Bell, 2015). As a result, it will ensure that business objectives
for the current annual year in which the company established
objectives for customers, sales, new systems, profits, customers,
and new staff. Apparently, after the company objectives have
been set up, it is then the right time to conduct a web
development consultant. Moreover, other relevant tools that can
ensure that the web development in your business is effectively
implemented based on the need and demand is PEST, MOST and
Porters Five Forces analysis.
E-commerce Law
Besides having a good business strategy, it is crucial to

have a fundamental comprehension of e-commerce law. In this
case, those individuals who sell online most especially those
who engage in global business face various financial and legal
considerations as far as the security, copyright and privacy is
concerned (Wirtz, Piehler & Ullrich, 2013). The Federal Trade
Commission controls most e-commerce activities. In this case,
all the activities revolving around online advertising, consumer
privacy, commercial emails and business staffs privacy (Bryman
& Bell, 2015). Apparently, business retain and collect personal
information that is sensitive about their clients and i n the
process, the company is subject to stearate and federal privacy
laws based on the type of data they request from their clients
(Bryman & Bell ,2015). Furthermore, across many states, there
are various laws that govern online advertising and in an effort
of controlling and protecting the privacy of consumers and help,
the country in ensuring truthful buying and selling practices
online. Comment by James Morgan: (Wirtz et al., 2013)
Requirements Analysis Techniques of the Web Development
Application
There are information collection techniques that especially
relevant to the web applications definition of requirements.
Additionally, these techniques are important for projects where
a tendency of innovation can substantially improve the system
success by ensuring that it offers a competitive edge for the
business. In this case, by employing communication, techniques
can enhance the definition of the logical requirements that are
needed for web development in e-commerce. For instance, the
two group communication methods employed in the ICDM-
Internet Commerce Development Methodology are the Group
Requirements Sessions and brainstorming. Apparently,
brainstorming is employed in the definition of alternative ways
of applying internet commerce in e-commerce and GRS is used
in ensuring that detailed requirements in a very fast manner
with the inclusion of suppliers, customers and internal staff. On

the other hand, prototypes can be put in place to help in
defining the needs and requirements. Particularly, the detailed
information and data transaction requirements and marketing
systems can on a business scale be trialed with clients.
Furthermore, the prototypes employed in this web development
will be employed largely when it comes to design phase of
development.
Functional Requirements
The methods used in the design phase of a web
development application in e-commerce depend on the
functionality and the type of system. In this regard, three known
web systems can be developed in an e-commerce setting
(Bryman & Bell, 2015). The types of web systems include; basic
interactive systems, document publishing systems and complex
transactions systems. Apparently, it is not always a requirement
that web projects that are meant to transform an organization
need to be embedded with complex transaction systems. In
simple terms, any useful information that is effectively and
clearly presented coupled with simple database interactivity is
acknowledged to possess the potential to ensure that the
business works effectively.
Design Phase
As much as this section has not been explored in so many
literature reviews, it can be argues that this aspect involves
designing the web development network infrastructure,
developing security controls and developing the business
website (Wirtz, Piehler & Ullrich, 2013). In the process, the
design of the web development in e-commerce should take into
consideration some of the following factors: the desired Image,
promotion, usability, and evaluation with customers.
Implementation and evolution phases of the web development
application
The web development implementation is closely associated
with meta-development strategies. Additionally, it is not easy to
implement and design a web application in one project lifecycle
unless the web site involved in ecommerce is small. In other

words, a web development application goes through an
evolution phase and rarely do they have an established project
completion. In this case, the continual evolution of the web
application in e-commerce should be managed and controlled by
the web development management team of the business
company. Apparently, the web management team should
comprise of senior administrators from each functional
department of the organization (Bryman & Bell, 2015). In
simple terms, it is their responsibility to take control and ensure
that the implementation of the web development strategy in e-
commerce and any associated changes in the direction of the
organization strategy is done based on the objectives of the
company. Besides, they should as well establish policies on the
individuals who can add to the established web development
applications, the design guidelines and the content in the web
development.
Comparison of Web Development Applications in E-commerce
with other Web Developments
To show the importance to f web development sin e-
commerce, some literature reviews have compared its
application to other web development methodologies.
Additionally, philosophy, tools key techniques, features and the
focus of the web development application as the comparison
frameworks. Web development in e-commerce is accepted as the
only business strategy model that emphasizes on the business
analysis and strategy. Moreover, the concentration is equally on
conducive organizational culture and developed management
structure coupled with web applications development. On the
contrary, the other web development applications do not deal
with the significance of evolutionary development directly since
they take a more ancient approach to development. Therefore,
on an e-commerce point of view, it is necessary that web
development applications encompass ways of realizing a
customer-centered approach and outside output in the design,
requirements, and evaluation stages. Hence, only web
developments in e-commerce deals with such matters

effectively.
Web developments in e-commerce Comment by James Morgan:
E
Howcrofft and Carroll 2000
Fournier, R 1998
philosophy
subjectivist
Structured/objectivist
objectivist
Scope
Organizational change, business analysis, design
implementation and analysis
Analysis and implementation
Analysis to implementation
Key tools and techniques
SWOT,BPR group requirements, team composition, management
structure, design guidelines, user involvement framework
Web site design, objectives analysis
Joint facilitated solutions, technical architecture design
Methodology focus
Web development application, organizational infrastructure
Web application
Information infrastructure
External /internal emphasis
external
Internal
internal
Systems development view
evolutionary
Project view
Project view
Comment by James Morgan: What’s the purpose of this
table.

Where’s the table caption?
Evaluation of the Web Development Applications and
Techniques
The effectiveness of a web development application in e-
commerce can be measured and determined in a number of
ways. Additionally, it can be measured based ion the rationale,
requirements, or the need to determine whether the issues in
question have been met through the employment of the web
development approach. One advantage of employing these
criteria revolves around the fact that the system developers can
conduct it and in end, this exercise is inexpensive and it takes
very little time to carry out. Another potential method of
evaluating web development application is through focus
groups. Based on literature reviews, many focus groups have
indicated the fact that web development application in e-
commerce has an advantage of collecting data from a number of
people hence increasing the chances of reaching out to so many
customers.
Limitations of Web Developments in E-commerce
Internet employment in e-commerce like many applications
possesses weaknesses and merits (Wirtz, Piehler & Ullrich,
2013). In this case, as much as much as cultural consideration is
one of the main factors to consider before the implementation of
a web development, it was noted that more comprehensive
details need to be embedded in web development applications in
e-commerce especially as far as culture is concerned. In other
words, establishment of an innovative organizational culture is
a very challenging task most especially given the fact that web
development in every company is at a different initiation point
(Wirtz, Piehler & Ullrich, 2013). On general terms, it can be
argued that, perhaps unrealistic preferences and expectation are
made on web development applications in e-commerce but in

real sense, it tries to indicate the acknowledged given by
scholars and business practitioners to the internet
implementation in commerce and the challenges faced in the
process.
A recurring issue as far as web development in e-
commerce is concerned is offering sufficiently flexible internet
application guidelines and in the process offering support for
company specific factors. Additionally, most corporations use
e-commerce mainly for business-to-business transactions.
However, as much as the web developments offer some
information in this regard, it can be termed as limited. Besides,
for small business companies, much of the web development
application methodology would be outsourced.
Proposal
The main purpose of this research paper is to explore the
methodology of a web development in e-commerce.
Additionally, the focus of this research will revolve around an
Internet Commerce Development Methodology that will act as
the reference point for the establishment of a web development
in commerce. In essence, an action research is important in this
regard because of the realization of business organization that
most of the business transactions in the modern world are
conducted online and so many customers and suppliers prefer
carrying out their transactions online (Bryman & Bell, 2015).
Besides, they have also realized that the traditional information
systems do not offer data assessment options. In this case,
therefore, this proposal also seeks to establish some of the tools
that can be embedded in the web development design so as it
may make it easier to manage and assess data.AS a result, this
action research on web development in commerce will be made
up of four iteration as discussed below.
Iteration 1: Statement of the Problem/Topic of Discussion
The topic under discussion in this research “web
development in commerce” will be defined and discussed in
brief. Additionally, the reasons why the study needed to be
conducted will; also be stated. In simple terms, in so doing, the

action research will gain some momentum and direction hence
in the process; a timeline of research will also be postulated.
Iteration 2: Determination of Study Objectives
The objectives of research in which the action research
will be based will be determined in this section. Additionally,
the plan of action will be described in detail tom ensure that the
research will have a framework to base on. In this case, the
objectives of research will act as the baseline of the research
study and the plan of action will be the backbone of the
necessary steps that will be followed in the research.
Iteration 3: Research Methodology and Data Analysis
In this action research study, this iteration will revolve
around gathering and collection of relevant data to the topic
under study and most especially on the problem of research
using the research objectives as the baseline (Bryman & Bell,
2015). After the collection of the data, they will as well be
analyzed under this iteration using a number of statistical
methods and tools. Apparently, the methods of data collection,
tools of research analysis and evaluation will be determined
based on the nature of the action research.
Iteration 4: The Research Findings, Results, Reporting and
Recommendations for Future Research
The final iteration in this research will be iteration 4.In
this category, the discussed of the data that was collected and
analyzed will be conducted. Additionally, the findings of this
research will be explored and analyzed in a report format. In
this case, discuss content synthesis findings will also in order to
identify some of the research gaps that were evident in this
action research.AS a result, suggestions on the future research
works will be made based on the limitations of this action
research. The visual representation of all the iteration stages is
as shown below Comment by James Morgan: Iteration
Action research

Iteration 1: Study topic/problem
Iteration 4: Findings, further research
Iteration 3: Data collection, analysis
Iteration 2: Objectives/action plan
Figure 3: visual representation of the iteration step. (Source:
web images, 2016.visual representation of the iteration step.
Retrieved from:
I45J5RFPdRM%3A) Comment by James Morgan: Your figure
and its caption are beyond the left margin.
Iteration 1: Statement of the Problem/ Discussion Topic
Plan
One of the most significant phases of action research
revolve around outlining the things that needs to be carried out,
when they will be conducted, and the procedure on how they

will be done. Additionally, a plan can be acknowledged as a set
of procedural activities involved in a project or a process of any
particular kind. In other words, the ultimate arrangement of the
sequence of events starting from the first activity to be carried
out to the last project activity is what makes up a plan. One of
the significance of the plan in any projects revolves around the
fact that it is very crucial in aiding the research topic and the
definition of the statement of the problem. In essence, the
planning stage in this case will be very helpful in establishing a
sequence of activities that will help in defining the problem of
the statement or rather the concept of web development in e-
commerce. Therefore, the set of activities that need to be
planned in order to realize the objective of web development in
e-commerce include the following:
· The timeline required to carry out each web development
activity. Comment by James Morgan: Your bulleted list should
be indented .5 inch from the left margin.
· The objectives and goals of the topic of research
· Determination of the field of research
· Expected results of the project
· Determination of the reliability and validity of the topic of
research Comment by James Morgan: of the
· The necessary steps that will be followed
· The required resources and information sources regarding the
research topics
In order to complete all the above-mentioned activities for
this iteration, a timeframe of 12 hours was deemed enough in
order to realize the outcome of the iteration. Additionally, the
main area of concern revolved around the individuals that will
be in charge of the web development program and what is
needed to realize the objective of research topic.
Action
An action is acknowledged as the actual implementation or
rather performance of the procedural activities that were

identified during the planning stage. In other words, the actual
materialization, implementation, or actualizati on of the
identified activities is carried out during this phase. In other
words, in this research, the research topic revolves around the
web development in e-commerce. Some of the resources that
were identified as relevant the research topic were stated as
books, online sources, and journals that revolves around the
topic of research. One of the ultimate objectives of this iteration
was the statement of the problem or rather definition of the
research topic. Therefore, the resources that were chosen were
employed in the actualization of the research topic in terms of
its definition using already existing literature reviews.
The action plan activities were as follows:
· Web development in e-commerce was identified as the topic of
research
· Data collection resources were reviewed and the relevant
information about web development in e-commerce was
gathered and analyzed.
· The reference subject in this research was established as E-
commerce
· All the data regarding E-commerce and the internet were
collected from the identified journals, books, and online
sources. In other words, this information was the foundation
line for the concept of web development in e-commerce.
· A number of other web development applications that can be
used in e-commerce were also identified.
In order to realize the overall objective of this research,
these activities were very crucial. Additionally, the
actualization of these activities took into consideration the
necessary changes and modifications that may be made in the
course of the project. For instance, cutting in on the identified
concepts and methodologies depending on the nature of research
direction was one key consideration in for the future.
Observe
In an action plan research, observation can as well be
acknowledged as the learning phase since it focuses on gaining

an insight on the previous issues developed in the former stages.
Additionally, it focuses on determining whether the right
procedure or the right things are being done. For instance, the
observation stage tries as much as possible to establish whether
the expected outcomes are being realized, the deviations from
the expected outcome or if everything was explored in the
action phase. In other words, its sole focus is learning and
studying the procedures employed.
One of the most critical observation that were made
revolved around the fact that the resources employed in
exploration of the research topic were indeed sufficient for the
whole action stage. Additionally, the main reason of performing
the action phase iteration was realized and the statement of the
problem was precisely identified. Furthermore, the concepts,
methodologies, and web development applications in e-
commerce were necessary in addressing the research topic.
During the first phase of research, it can be said that the
research work did not encounter any challenges since each
every outcome was according to the expected research outcome.
Detailed monitoring, observation and recording ensures
that the researcher to assess the implications of the research
intervention or action phase and in the process facilitate the
effectiveness of the proposed research changes. If any areas
need change, then all the individuals involved in research
should keep a journal where additional information and other
research insights are kept regularly to guarantee the
effectiveness of the project.
Reflect
One of the integral elements of an action research is a
reflection. Additionally, the project innovations can be refined
as the activity proceeds if the individuals taking part in the
research meets up regularly. In other words, it is important to
critically reflect on everything that has happened in the course
of the observation phase and the action phase. For instance, it is
important to analyze how effective were the changes made in
the project? What were some of the challenges involved in the

project? How can the project be improved?
One primary element that needed to be reflected upon
revolved around the numerous challenges the researchers
experienced .Additionally, it was established that information
revolving around e-commerce and the internet was hard to come
by because of the scattered nature of data in the resources that
were chosen. In other words, the researchers had to gather
information from so many sources, use different key search
words. Moreover, another critical area as far as the resources
were concerned was the fact that the concept of web
development in e-commerce was presented using different
notions and perspectives hence so much time was used to
chosen the relevant information. Therefore, benchmarking
practices were very influential in determining the effectiveness
of the action research in developing the best web application in
e-commerce. Comment by James Morgan: experienced.
Additionally
Iteration 2: Study Objectives and Action Plan
Plan
Iteration 2 of research focuses on the objectives of the
action research coupled with the action of research.
Additionally, the planning phase encompasses the process of
determining on how to carry out all the things that needs to be
researched and the course of action. In other words, the action
plan research entails laying down the things that needs to be
researched. Additionally, this includes deciding on the reference
company and the topic that is most suitable for the reference
company. Moreover, the sequence of activities that the project
needs to go through in determining the best step in terms of the
course of action from the many available alternatives is also
taken into consideration during the planning phase.
Action
The action phase is acknowledged as the stage where the
actual performance of the project activities that were laid and

identified during the planning phase. In essence, during this
action phase, relevant literatures to the identified topic of
research were reviewed to obtain an insight into the concept of
web development in e-commerce as applied in practice and in
theory. In so doing, the researcher was able to establish a
starting point for this research and in the process, obtain an
appropriate course of action relevant to the identified
applications. Apparently, the objectives of research were
identified as follows:
· Establish what the term web development in e-commerce
implies
· Offer definition to the identified concepts of research coupled
with other research terminologies.
· Gather primary data revolving around web development in e-
commerce from the reference company to gain first hand
applicability of the internet and e-commerce.
The research course of action was as well identified and the
activities that needed to be factored in included:
· Review of relevant literature regarding the concept of web
development in e-commerce
· Data collection on web development implications in e-
commerce and related subjects
· Conduct field research on some of the web development
methodologies in e-commerce that are already existing
· Gather, compile, and analyze the data that was collected to
enable further compiling of the report on the topic of research.
· Identify, establish, and analyze research gaps that will be
important in carrying out future research.
Observe
One of the most influential lessons that can be learned
from this iteration phase is the fact that the iteration phase
carried some baseline as far as the research is concerned. In this
case, this can be attributed to the fact that all the other project
iteration phases relied on the results of this iteration phase.
Additionally, the actions in the other action research iterations
will be modeled to meet the requirements and activities

identified during this iteration phase. Moreover, the action
phase modified some of the activities as far as the things that
were required. Furthermore, in the research topic determination,
relevant literature was reviewed to establish some of the ways
in which web development in e-commerce has manifested itself
in previous research works and the repetitive action that needs
to be established in line with the project objectives.
Nevertheless, the iteration phase 2 as compared to iteration
phase 1 can be said to be more narrow and straight to the point
whereas the other iteration phase was broad and involved so
many activities.Reflect
By looking back at the activities identified in this iteration
phase, it can be asserted that the objectives mentioned in each
iteration phase are the primary determinants of the direction and
the success of this research. In this case, while the second
iteration may have achieved a high mark in terms of rating, its
main challenge emanated from its planning phase since the
iteration itself was a research plan. As a result, less emphasize
was accorded to the planning phase as opposed to the action
phase which received greater attention.

Iteration 3: Collection of Data and Analysis
Plan
This iteration phase entails the actual data collection
process coupled with the consequent data analysis process.
Additionally, the planning phase in this iteration stage is
believed to have so much activities that it needs to consider and
it is made up of the following activities.
· Determination of the type of data that needs to be collected
· Determination of the data collection methods, tools, and
instruments of research that will be employed in the data
collection process and data analysis
· Budgeting of the costs and expenses that will be incurred in
the analysis and collection of data
· Determine the period in which data will be collected coupled
with establishment of a timeline for other project activities
· The data collection location
The data that was to be collected in the planning phases was
both primary and secondary data. In this case, secondary data
was retrieve d from already existing literature, scholarly
articles, and previous research works about the topic of
research. Besides, primary data as far as web development in e-
commerce is concerned was to be collected from the field in
some of the industries that have already applied a web
development methodology application in their online business.
Apparently, the data that was collected was meant to assist in
deriving and explaining the concept of web development in e-
commerce.
Action
This stage involves the real actualization of what is
postulated in the planning phase. In this case, a field research
work and literature reviews revolving around web development
in e-commerce was conducted using a number of key search

words. In this case, the main iteration purpose was to collect
information on the concept of web development in e-commerce
hence the review of literature and fieldwork research based on
the definitions, explanations, and examples of web development
in e-commerce. The aim of the field research that was
conducted was to identify some of the already existing web
development in e-commerce applications. To realize these
objectives, semi-structured interviews were conducted and
questionnaires were issued to some of the workers that were
found across the surveyed companies. The internet was also
used to Google more inform on the concept of web development
in e-commerce. In the analysis section, the questionnaire and
interview responses were scrutinized and important points from
the activity noted for further analysis. Furthermore, the analysis
section also focused in getting Reponses to the following
questions:
· What is the meaning of the concept web development in e-
commerce?
· -What are some of the implications of web development in e-
commerce?
· What are the already existing web development applications in
e-commerce? What are its advantages and shortcomings to
business operations?Observation
After the completion of activities mentioned in this
iteration phase, it was mentioned that the concept of web
development in e-commerce is a wide scope. In fact, based on
the fact that this iteration phase focused on the explanation,
definition and applicability of the concept of web development
in e-commerce , then it can be said that this research was more
elementary and general since it exploited so many resources just
to establish an explanation of web development in e-commerce.
Moreover, the research activities went according the planning
phase sequence without being tempered with in any manner. In
other words, as an action research trying to explore a new
technological concept in e-commerce, the review of relevant
literatures about the topic of research can be said to be

important in justifying the data that was collected in the
research and in so doing, it can be said to have justified the
requirements of an action research. However, the data regarding
the definition, explanation and the application of the web
development in e-commerce was adequate and the objective
questions were explored efficiently. Comment by James Morgan:
E-commerce,
Reflect
This iteration phase entailed most of the work that had to
be done in this action research. In this case, it can be
acknowledged as the core iteration of this project as far as the
real actualization of plan of action and research objectives.
Additionally, the actions in this research are configured based
on the research need and uncertainties encountered during the
planning phase. Additionally, the planning phase in this
iteration phase establishes the future actions and the way
forward but one challenge it faces is the fact that the future is
always uncertain. Moreover, one of the most notable
uncertainties revolved around the kind of responses that the
workers of various organizations will give about the concept of
web development in e-commerce. However, in this action
research, it was assumed that the research would obtain the
right kind of data that will help it move forward in its analysis
procedure. Therefore, the bottom line is that, despite the fact
that there were a few shortcomings in the course of this
iteration phase, it can as well be deemed a success based on the
research outcomes.
Comment by James Morgan: You didn’t cite this figure.
Figure 1: System model of action research Comment by
James Morgan: Another figure 1?
Iteration 4: Findings, reporting and further research
Plan
This iteration phase was the last phase of the research
iterations and included presentation of data findings, report

drafting, and recommendations for further research woks. In
this case, the planning phase involved an outline of how all
things will be carried out in the research. In fact, the primary
plan in this iteration phase is to gather all the data, compile the
data findings in a report format, and in the process, and suggest
future research works. In essence, the research findings that will
be presented will revolve around the concept of web
development in e-commerce as well as other related significant
concepts.
Action
This phase entails the actual presentation of the data that is
refined from the previous iteration phases. Additionally, the
objectives of research in this iteration phase were to discuss and
define the details of the web development in e-commerce and
the definitions and explanations were derived from the activities
of iteration 3.Some of the action plan refined data encompassed
some of the following activities: Comment by James Morgan:
3. Some
· Web development in e-commerce is those internet application
services that help online business to conduct their business
transactions more effectively.
· The field work research offered a comprehensive view on the
fact that the web development in e-commerce applications
employed in most organizations ensure that the issues of
networking, database maintenance, database management and IT
infrastructure security is dealt with effectively.
Further research action was also established and this resulted
from the fact that the initial iteration phases did not take into
consideration the potential services and benefits that can be
accrued from web development in e-commerce. In the process,
there was a growing doubt about the applicability of the web
development companies across organizatio ns as afar as the
organization sizes are concerned. In simple terms, based on the
literature review findings, it was also acknowledged that the
concept of content customization was also evident as far as the
web development in e-commerce is concerned.Observe

Comment by James Morgan: Why is this italicized?
This research phase revolved around looking at some of
the preceding iteration phases and in so doing, there were some
potential notable observations. One sure thing is the fact that
this iteration phase main objective was to offer the final
solution for the entire action research process and in the
process, present the research findings and suggest some
potential areas that can be improved to make future research
works more successful. In this case, it can be said that the
action research objectives were realized owing to the fact that
some of the challenges that were identified will be considered
in the planning and the conduction of the next phase of the
action research. Nevertheless, this is the last research iteration
but bearing in mind that this research will also lay a foundation
for further research works, it is important to offer observation
analysis.
Reflect
Taking into consideration the planning phase activities
coupled with the action plan outcomes, it can be said that this
iteration phase went according to plan. In so doing, the overall
objectives were realized. However, in any research works most
especially an action research, there is always an opportunity of
exploring research gaps in a manner that makes the research
study a continuous learning process.
Comment by James Morgan: Where’s the citation for this
figure?
Figure: Action Research Iteration Stages Comment by James
Morgan: You didn’t number this figure.

Summary of Learning
It is universally acknowledged that technology related
research applications has been previously conducted in almost
every information and technology disciplines and related
disciplines for over a decade now. In this case, the web
development in e-commerce action research can be said to be a
technology related research on the web application technologies
in e-commerce. From the research, there were a number of areas
for learning that I believe that were very important.
Additionally, right from the research topic, literature reviews
and the nature of action research, there were various learning
points. In this case, I was able to learn the following aspects
about an action research:
· Action research is a participatory type of research that implies
that the interdependencies between the respondents and the
research respondent are very important.
· Action research looks to the future in the sense that it
associates closely with the planning process.
· Action research takes into consideration the situational
happenings meaning that the person in charge of the research
needs to comprehend that most relationship between people,
events and things that in the end can be taken as a function of
the situation Comment by James Morgan: that most
IT was also clear from the research that web development
in e-commerce entails a number of Information and Technology
related conglomeration. In so doing, it can be said that web
development is crucial in online transactions, updating customer
profiles and ensuring the security of the buyers and sellers.
Customer relationship management can as well be conducted by
the web development application in e-commerce as well as some
several banking and retail services.
Research Conclusion
Based on the research iteration phases, it can be noted that

the main objective of this research will be how the web
development in e-commerce can improve online business
transactions and how it can help an organization to realize
positive net revenues not only through its overall business
transaction performance but also through its social demographic
elements. Owing to this fact, it can be noted that the most
effective research technique will be an action research process
since being an internship member; it will be possible for me to
participate in the documentation of the research. In this
research, the four iterations employed in the research process
moved the researcher closer towards the research objective as
soon as each iteration was completed. In this case, through
determination of the topic of research, statements of the
objectives, data collection and analysis and reporting and
presentation of findings were the main guiding principles of the
researcher in this research. It is through this iteration phases
that the concept of web development in e-commerce was
explored and explained effectively in terms of definition, and
its applicability in e-commerce. Comment by James Morgan:
E-commerce Comment by James Morgan: E-commerce
Comment by James Morgan: E-commerce Comment by
James Morgan: E-commerce
References
Ariyani, W., Hanantjo, D., & Purnama, B. E. (2015). E-
Commerce web development in Wiga Art. International Journal

of Science and Research (IJSR), 4(5). Retrieved from:
http://www.ijsr.net/archive/v4i5/SUB154122.pdf
Bryman, A., & Bell, E. (2015). Business research methods.
Oxford University Press, USA. Comment by James Morgan:
Should be against the margin.
Gregor, S., & Hevner, A. R. (2013). Positioning and presenting
design science research for maximum impact. MIS quarterly,
37(2), 337-355. Comment by James Morgan: Quarterly
Hajli, M. (2013). A research framework for social commerce
adoption. Information Management & Computer Security, 21(3),
144-154.
Kats, Y. H. (2014). Enabling intelligent agents and the semantic
web for e-commerce. International Journal of Computing, 2(3),
153-159.Retrieved from:
http://www.computingonline.net/index.php/computing/article/vi
ew/246
Malić, M., Makitan, V., & Petrov, I. (2016). Change control in
the project of web application development in an e-commerce
environment. Retrieved from: http://eprints.fikt.edu.mk/152/
Comment by James Morgan: E-commerce
Scharl, A. (2012). Evolutionary web development. Springer
Science & Business Media. Comment by James Morgan:
Should be against the margin.
Shaw, M., Blanning, R., Strader, T., & Whinston, A. (Eds.).
(2012). Handbook on electronic commerce. Springer Science &
Business Media. Retrieved from:
https://books.google.co.ke/books?hl=en&lr=&id=L0NuCQAAQ
BAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=web+development+on+commerce&o
ts=hl6ZLdGYzg&sig=9z-
975Agai5IZO9NX6qVEzWAbyI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=w
eb%20development%20on%20commerce&f=false
Stringer, E. T. (2013). Action research. Sage Publications.
Comment by James Morgan: Should be against the margin.
Uzun, A. (2013). A novel e-commerce web portal: a student led
co-creation case within an SME and a University of Applied
Sciences.

Wirtz, B. W., Piehler, R., & Ullrich, S. (2013). Determinants of
social media website attractiveness. Journal of Electronic
Commerce Research, 14(1), 11. Research
Running head: WEB DEVELOPMENT IN E-COMMERCE1
WEB DEVELOPMENT ON COMMERCE43
Web Development in E-Commerce
Sri Charan Kotary
Wilmington University
Table of Contents
4Web Development on Commerce
41.0 Introduction
4Background of the study
5Statement of the Problem
6Methodology
8Advantages of Action Research
9Action Research and the Development of Web Designs in E-
Commerce
9Action Research Justification
102. 0 Literature Review on Web Development in Commerce
10Introduction
11Primary Features of The Web-based Development in E-
commerce
12A Philosophy
12Scope
13Technique and Tools
13Framework
14Web Management Strategy
15Characteristics of Web Development in E-commerce
16E-commerce and SMEs
16Factors Determining Web Development in E-commerce
19Emerging Challenges and Trends in Web Development in E-

commerce
19Perceived Benefits
19E-commerce Strategy
20E-commerce Law
20Requirements Analysis Techniques of the Web Development
Application
21Functional Requirements
21Design Phase
22Comparison of Web Development Applications in E-
commerce with other Web Developments
24Evaluation of the Web Development Applications and
Techniques
24Limitations of Web Developments in E-commerce
25Proposal
26Iteration 1: Statement of the Problem/Topic of Discussion
26Iteration 2: Determination of Study Objectives
26Iteration 3: Research Methodology and Data Analysis
27Iteration 4: The Research Findings, Results, Reporting and
Recommendations for Future Research
28Iteration 1: Statement of the Problem/ Discussion Topic
28Plan
29Action
30Observe
31Reflect
32Iteration 2: Study Objectives and Action Plan
32Plan
33Action
34Observe
34Reflect
35Iteration 3: Collection of Data and Analysis
35Plan
36Action
37Observation
37Reflect
38Iteration 4: Findings, reporting and further research
38Plan

39Action
40Observe
40Reflect
41Summary of Learning
42Research Conclusion
43References
Web Development In Commerce
Introduction
Background of the Study
E-commerce is the maintenance of business information, sharing
of business information and conducting transactions in business
through web-designed applications (Scharl, 2012). Based on
figures that were obtained from the Forrester research, it is
clear that the conduction of business transactions through web-
designed applications is on the increase (Ariyani, Hanantjo &
Purnama, 2015). Additionally, internet adoption by Small and
medium-sized enterprises is very crucial to thin their business
dealings generation of important information for electronic
commerce. Moreover, the internet has established itself as a
primary resource especially when it comes to the modern day
commerce since so many businesses are developing their own
web presence. In this case, a business that has developed a
website can use it as a storefront for its business operations
(Shaw, Blanning, Strader & Whinston, 2012). Furthermore,
development costs and time needs to be taken into consideration
whenever any business wants to create an e-commerce website
hence, a number of implementation options need to be factored
in as well. International standards have been developed in the
past to help website developers with some simple guidelines
that might be helpful in implementing simple e-commerce
websites. In such situations, it is a requirement that the business

decides the designer of the website while at the same time
determining how the business will like the website to appear
(Shaw et al., 2012).
Apart from IT companies, one way a business can develop a
website is through in-house development. In this case, in-house
development can be carried out with the assistance of a software
package in the form of an e-commerce construction application
kit. Besides, some web designs in e-commerce should be
incorporated with graphic designs that possess databases
embedded with functions to sell goods and products online very
effectively. For instance, the catalog areas of the developed
websites should be established in such a way that they can be
arranged into product categories together with their respective
searching functionality that is modeled to suit the demands of
the company.
Statement of the Problem
There is an increasing consensus in the modern day research
regarding the need to explain and observe the paradoxes related
to e-commerce when dealing with the issue of Information
System research and information assurance in a networked
economy. It is such concerns that raise the need for web
development and the success of smaller Information and
Technology companies (Ariyani, et al., 2015) Additionally,
development on its own is the backbone of e-commerce, which
indicates that so many aspects revolving around it are still
undergoing some changes. In other words, a decision to adopt
web development design in commerce is not taken lightly most
especially when it comes to SMEs. Apparently, some few
factors inhibit or encourage the implementation of e-commerce
depending on the current commerce situation (Shaw et al.
2012). Nevertheless, as much as some researchers have

indicated that these enterprises are using e-commerce and the
internet, there have been minimal systematic research works
that try to explore on how such enterprises are really adopting
e-commerce. Besides, some scholars such as Malić, Makitan and
Petrov (2016) acknowledged that more collaboration with SME
owners might try to establish a method that can be used to deal
with the challenges that revolve around the adoption of e-
commerce. In response to the need of more research, the
purpose of this research is to explore some of the factors that
can inhibit or facilitate web development in e-commerce.
Methodology
The purpose of this research revolves around the exploration of
some of the factors that may act as barriers or facilitators to
web development in commerce as well as comprehend how this
factors impact web development implementation process in
commerce. To realize this objective, an Action Research study
on an SME in Galway (River Deep Mountain High-RDMH) will
be very appropriate (Ariyani, Hanantjo & Purnama, 2015). In
this research, RDMH will be used in the context of research
because one of the research assistant was working with RDMH
as from February 2013 to May 2015. RDMH is retail SME that
specializes in outdoor equipment and clothing since the year
1991. It possesses approximately 20 employees. Additionally,
before the implementation of this research, Galway had no
working official website thus there were no electronic
transactions. Since the research assistant who is apparently,
their former employee has revealed that RDMH has plans of
adopting e-commerce, it has made it a very suitable place to
conduct this research (Shaw et al., 2012). Moreover, in order to
establish customer awareness and in the process grow their
business operations, the retail shop has seen e-commerce as an
avenue of achieving their goal with an objective of growing
their online shopping facilities within a span of two years.

Therefore, the research will be conducted between October 2016
until October 2017 and it will go through three distinct Action
Research process cycles as shown in the diagram below.
Figure 1: Action Research Plan Cycle (Source: web image.
Retrieved from: An Action research approach to curriculum
development by Authors P. Riding, S. Fowell, & P Levy (1995)
Retrieved from:
sttps://www.google.com/search?q=Action+research+plan+cycle
&biw=1366&bih=657&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ah
UKEwjlk-PwrI7PAhWDupQKHeCpBUMQ_AUIBigB)
Historically, Action research was discovered in the 1940s and it
was firs applied by Kurt Lewin. Additionally, Kurt Lewin was a
renowned sociological father. In other words, as much as Action
research developed into other sectors, Kurt Lewin is
acknowledged as its founding father. Besides, this research
approach expanded its roots into the United States and became
more popular for a certain period until when politics,
economics, and culture fostered its decline. Action plan concept
started existing again in the late 1970s in Britain under the
mentorship of Lawrence Stenhouse. In simple terms, the concept
of action research was modeled around higher education
academicians
Advantages of Action Research
Action research is more advantageous because the maximum
interaction and collaboration of the researcher with other
research respondents will give room for easy accessibility to in-
depth research information (Malić et al., 2016). Additionally,
Action research will see to it that the researcher is able to
overcome the challenges of trying to comprehend the fuzzy, ill -
structured world of complex Small and medium-sized
enterprises through the application of action research since it
deals with real-life challenges and the immediate issues faced
by practitioners. Additionally, since the topic in this context

revolves around technology, there is a high chance that it will
be very significant to a very large section of the commerce
industry most especially when it comes to communication
assurances. In other words, the applicability of the action
research approach to this issue provides a singular opportunity
to gather information from those individuals in the organization
facing certain challenges that can later lead to very significant
research opportunities (Malić, Makitan & Petrov, 2016). As a
result, the problem-solving approach will be employed in this
research work to make it possible for this research to obtain
funds for research work. In simple terms, AR is participative in
nature, which is the implication, that the research client and the
research will try as much as possible to work together
effectively (Scharl, 2012). Furthermore, action research
approach, in this case, will be chosen because it is more
occupationally relevant and more satisfying as compared to
other research approaches (Malić, Makitan & Petrov, 2016). In
this case, action research will be able to eliminate the
challenges that are experienced with adopting traditional
research in the following ways: First, it will be able to
contribute to theory. Second, action research is very applicable
to integrative and unstructured issues. Third is that it possesses
a wider relevance to research practitioners.
.
Commerce
Information assurance systems seem to be a very relevant
research avenue to use action research approach (Scharl, 2012).
Additionally, e-commerce in the modern century is one of the
major contributors to the global economy. Action research
techniques are acknowledged as being very clinical and hence,
may place e-commerce in an assistance role within the business
company in which they are studied (Ariyani, Hanantjo &

Purnama, 2015). Given the fact that the web development
should be more relevant to e-commerce and communication
assurance practice, then action research is the best approach of
making this aspect more significant. In other words, it is able to
bond practice with research hence producing research findings
that are in line with organization’s objectives. Apparently, such
research results are the most appropriate determinant of
research importance.
Action Research Justification
Because this approach encourages a collaborative relationship
between the researcher and the research respondents, it will be
the most appropriate approach in developing a web design in E-
commerce (Scharl, 2012). Besides, action research will as well
assist in determining the deficiencies that exist in the
development of a web design in commerce. Moreover, being a
participatory approach of research, it will as well involve
various business stakeholders who will benefit a lot from the
developed website.
However, just as any other methodologies used in research,
action research is at times very challenging to practice and very
easy to perform atrociously. On some occasions, this type of
research approach is very difficult to justify and report. In
simple terms, action research should be done close to perfection
so that even if the supervisors of the project do not agree about
how the project research was conducted, they would have no
otherwise but to accept that the researcher used adequate
rationale (Ariyani, Hanantjo & Purnama, 2015). Moreover, AR
requires heavy participation in the actual research situation
hence as much as it offers the individuals participating in the
research a chance of expanding their knowledge but at a cost of
objectivity.

Literature Review on Web Development in Commerce
Introduction
The most common assumption in the modern day research is
that methods, techniques, and processes that are employed in
applications developments have radically changed as the
concentration of applications has transformed from the ancient
information systems to the modern day world wide web
(Bryman & Bell, 2015). As a result, there has been need for a
research that will ensure that an internet commerce development
methodology that deals with the intensity and the challenges
that come with the issue of online marketing. In essence, the
internet and the global website have had significance
implications on the operation and the nature of the modern day
business operations. At the same time, the changing demands,
tastes, and preferences of customers has as well played a critical
role on the requirements of the approaches used in developing
these systems (Bryman & Bell, 2015). Any web application in
commerce should focus on business in such a way that it should
be driven by the strategy of the business and not necessary the
technological, implementation. Besides, the web application
should as well take into consideration the external focus in the
name of customers. Apparently, the rapidly changing
environment of businesses establishes the need for evolutionary
developments and development cycles approaches.
On a general perspective e, some scholars may argue that the
issues rose as far as the internet and commerce are concerned
are not new to humankind (Uzun, 2013). However, rather than
classifying commerce as a new parading in development, then it
is important to categorize it as a new subject in the information
system discipline (Bryman & Bell, 2015). Nevertheless, based
on scholarly articles that revolve around the topic of e-
commerce, it is assumed that the ancient development

techniques are no longer applied in the modern development
framework.
Primary Features of the Web-based Development in E-
commerce
The web based development application attempts to deal with
the issues related to emphasizing the focus of the business, the
speed of change and the external focus in terms of customers.
The web based development application will be made up of the
following primary features.
A Philosophy
A web based development application views e-commerce
developments as initiatives put in place by an organization and
in the process, it ensures that it takes into consideration the
need to deal with managerial (Stringer, 2013). Organizational
and strategic cultural, issues coupled with the technical details
of implementation and design. In this case, it is wise for the
development application to offer a subjective holistic
perspective in the sense that, the e-commerce development
applications can never be effective if the organizational culture
and management are not conducive for the forthcoming web
development change (Bryman & Bell, 2015). In simple terms,
the definition of an e-commerce strategy revolves around a
range of information opinions and sources (Hajli, 2013).
Moreover, a web-development application takes into
consideration an e-commerce environment in such a way that
the political, functional boundaries and cultural nuances are
merged in the process. Therefore, a web development
application in e-commerce can be implemented successfully if
only its context of implementation is effective and appropriate.
Scope

A web development application in e-commerce can act as
development methodology as well as a business analysis.
Additionally, many traditional information systems cover only
those technical aspects of e-commerce systems development and
in essence, they do not engage in any form of business analysis
(Stringer, 2013). On the other hand, internet commerce in its
own right is a business direction and in the process, it needs a
comprehensive analysis of the overall business strategy. In
simple terms, it takes into consideration an extensive range of
factors including the conduction of SWOT analysis of the area
in which the business is operating (Bryman & Bell, 2015). In
other words, the changing consumer preferences and tastes are
also influential in the development of the web application in
commerce. Therefore, it is important for a management
structure that will be capable of supporting internet commerce
in an organization (Gregor & Hevner, 2013).
Technique and Tools
A web development application in commerce is believed to have
a number of component phases that are able to guide the
development evaluation strategy together with the application
website (Stringer, 2013). In this case, all the business issues
that relate to the internet database connections, Web page
design, security issues, methods, and implementation tools are
also taken into consideration.
Framework
An internet development methodology can provide a framework
that can be easily be adopted in the establishment of a web
development in e-commerce (Uzun, 2013). In the process, it is
applicable to a wide range of situations most especially where

business organizations are looking to gain net revenues based
on e-commerce.
Figure 2: Issues that are factored in web development in e-
commerce ( source: web images, 2016. Issues that are factored
in web development in e-commerce. Retrieved from:
I45J5RFPdRM%3A)
Web Management Strategy
The internet Commerce methodology recommends that the
development and implementation of a web development ion e-
commerce should be done in three phases. In this case, the
management and the overall development of the internet
application can be viewed as an ongoing task and in the process,
it can be considered as a functional component of a web
application (Uzun, 2013). The first phase or rather the first tier
of the web development is acknowledged as a management and
meta-development perspective that offers the framework
necessary for development. Additionally, the second tier
involves the development of the website components. In this
case, it is important to note that at each stage, the work that is
done should be classified as evolutionary in order to cope with
any modifications, challenges, and changes that will have to be
encountered (Bryman & Bell, 2015). Moreover, the final and the
third tier in the development and the management structure
encompasses the implementing and developing systems and in
this case, it includes the analysts, technical teams web
development consultants and content specialists as shown in the
figure below

Organizational web management team
Website of component production
team
Analysts/ discipline specialists/programmers/ web consultants
Figure 3: web management strategy (Source: web images,
2016.web management strategy. retrieved from:
I45J5RFPdRM%3A)
Characteristics of Web Development in E-commerce
Internet has been transformed in a number of ways since its
origins in terms of the business facet and the social facet.
Additionally, in one hand, it can be argued that the internet has
evolved into a facet to transmit information between
organizations and persons and in the process; it permits
socializing and communication (Bryman & Bell, 2015). On the
other hand, it can be said to have benefited companies,
organizations, and corporations in conduction of their business
operations through the ability to carry out better and faster
business activities such as promotion, buying and selling among
others.
The business aspect of the internet is believed to have come into
existence in the early stages of Electronic Fund Transfer around
the 1960s. Together with the Electronic Data Interchange, they
became the talk of the town around 1968. Nevertheless, its
existence was not taken seriously until the year 1984 when the

issue of the internet became popular because of the introduction
of Netscape. Additionally, the issue of e-commerce started
existing around the 1990’s when the practitioners and
companies became are of the benefits and the potential
associated with the application of the internet into business
operations. As a result, the popularity of e-commerce and its
application has become popular since then.
Web development in e-commerce falls in the umbrella of an
extensive are that is acknowledged as the e-business (Bryman &
Bell, 2015). Additionally, this concept top some people can be
relatively new but on a large4 scale, it is acknowledged as the
rise of the tech industry and the internet applications in general
around 1995 to the year 2000. Within this time, it can be argued
that so many companies were established to adopt the internet
use in reaching to an extensive base of customers. Moreover,
quite a number of internet-born business companies were either
small or medium size enterprises or were experiencing their
conception stages
E-commerce and SMEs
SMEs are generally accepted as one of the most crucial sectors
in the economy since they play a crucial role in the economic
growth, employment, and social cohesion as well as local and
regional development (Wirtz, Piehler & Ullrich, 2013).
Additionally, communication and information technologies are
uniquely modifying the nature of business around the globe. In
other words, innovations in technology like ICTs and e-
commerce are as of recent becoming more diffuse among
business operations since most barriers are reduced
substantially by the advent of open standards, lower costs and
more ubiquitous Internet-based technology. Moreover, the
adoption of the internet is crucial to the generation of an

extensive base for customers but on the contrary, a number of
scholars argue that a wide number of benefits are not being
realized.
Factors Determining Web Development in E-commerce
It is universally known that there are factors that inhibit or
facilitate the implementation of web development in e-
commerce (Bryman & Bell, 2015). Additionally, there are also
some factors that can be classified as intermediaries in the sense
that, they are either inhibitors or facilitators of web
development in e-commerce. Some of the well-known factors
based on literature reviews are as in the table below.
Factor
Reference
Inhibitor/facilitator
Organizational readiness
On a general level, this can be taken to mean the extent that
accompany is willing and ready to adopt a new advancement in
technology. In this case, the knowledge and skills of the
technology coupled with the support of IT vendors is crucial to
the readiness of a company (Bryman & Bell ,2015)..
Lack of resources and time
Most companies lack the willingness and need to implement
innovations like e-commerce and information technology. In so
doing, it prevents most business companies to exploit new
business opportunities or exploit new resources (Wirtz, Piehler
& Ullrich, 2013).
inhibitor
Lack of understanding
The lack of comprehension of the necessity and need to adopt
certain technological innovation s in commerce inhibits the
progress of most companies of adopting them in bridging the

gap that exists within their company (Bryman & Bell ,2015)..
Organizational structure
The failure for most organizations to plan the exploitation and
introduction of an advance3d technology occurs because of the
limitations facilitated by the management (Wirtz, Piehler &
Ullrich, 2013)
Either
Web champion
The person in charge of the implementation of the e-commerce
may not necessarily be the owner of the SME (Hajli, 2013).
facilitator
Table1: Facilitators and Inhibitors of Web Development in E-
Commerce
commerce
Perceived Benefits
It is argued that, the aspect of perceived benefits of web
development plays a very crucial role in the adoption of e-
business as its strategy. Additionally, the reviewed literatures
indicated that the issue of perceived benefits is the major
driving force in the adoption of e-commerce.
E-commerce Strategy
As in any new venture, the initial step in producing good
returns is establishing goals. Additionally, once a business has
established its goals, then the next potential step is setting the
business plans. In such a case, conducting a SWOT analysis is
very influential in assessing the company’s weaknesses,
strengths, opportunities, and threats of the current business
environment. Moreover, it is important for the company to

Cmps 260, fall 2021 programming assignment #3 (125 points)

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