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Vitamins
1.
2. Definition
Vitamins are essential organic compounds that are needed in small
amount in the diet, both to prevent deficiency and to support
optimal health.
Vitamins- Vital Amines
Vital- Essential for life
Amines-These compounds contain an amine functional group
3. Classification
Fat Soluble Vitamin
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Water Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin C
Vitamin B Complex
Thiamine B1
Riboflavin B2
Niacin B3
Pyridoxine B6
Folate B9
Cobalmin B12
Biotin B7
Pantothenic acid B5
4. Facts About Vitamins
Vitamins are found in almost everything you eat
Processing affects vitamin content
Dietary supplements can boost vitamin intake
Not all of what you eat can be used by the body
6. Vitamin A
Vitamin A is absorbed through lymphatic system into blood
stream along with fat and stored in large amount in liver.
Recommended Dietary Allowance
for infants 300 µg, children 400-600 µg, adolescents 750 µg
Deficiency
Lack of vitamin A is called as vitamin A deficiency
Night blindness is one of the first sign of vitamin A deficiency
Xerophthalmia and complete blindness can also occur
7. Causes
Breast milk of mother with vitamin A deficiency contain little
vitamin A to baby
Malabsorption
Malnutrition
Zinc deficiency- can impair absorption, transportation and
metabolism of vitamin A because it is essential for synthesis
Iron deficiency
Clinical Feature
Night blindness
Xerophthalmia- eye fails to produce tears
Xerosis cornea- dryness
Bitot’s spot- grayish or white plaques
Phrynoderma- the skin becomes rough, dry
9. Other feature
Eyes-Blurred vision, bulging eye, cataract
Skin- acne, bedsore, dry skin
Hair and nails- dandruff, dry hair, hair loss
Management
1. Supplementation
Mild to moderate cases should be given 10,00 µg/daily
Sever cases should get 50,000 µg/daily for few weeks
2. Dietary consumption
Consumption of yellow or orange fruits and vegetable
Egg yolk
Dairy products
Carrots
Oils extracted from shark and cod liver
10. Vitamin D
It is absorbed in the presence of bile and fat through lymph and
is stored in liver
Vitamin D is also referred a sunshine vitamin, synthesized by
body in sun
lack of vitamin D leads to a disease called Rickets
Recommended Daily Allowance
200IU in infants per day
400IU in children’s per day
Risk Factors
children age (3month – 3 years)
lack of sun exposure
inadequate dietary intake of vitamin D
12. Clinical features
Rickets- characterized by bone deformities
Formation of small round unossified areas in the bone of skull
Delayed closure of anterior fontanels
Frontal and partial bossing
Delayed eruption of primary teeth
Osteomalacia- bone deformities occur due to weight of the
body on weak pelvis.
Other – muscle cramps, seizures, breathing difficulty, poor
growth
15. Diagnosis
History
Blood test for serum calcium and phosphorus level and vitamin D
level
X -ray
Management
Vitamin D is given in a dose of 1000-5000 IU orally for a month,
followed by 800IU daily for 6 month
Providing enough vitamin D diet
Exposure to sunlight
Administration of vitamin D to Nourishing mothers (human milk
contain 30-40 IU per liter)
16. Vitamin E
Vitamin E or tocopherol
is an antioxidant.
Vitamin E is absorbed
with fat in intestine
It is stored in liver,
muscle, and body fat
17. Recommended Dietary Allowance
infants 0-6 months old - 4 milligrams daily
infants 7-12 months - 5 milligrams daily
for children 1-3 years - 6 milligrams daily
4-8 years old - 7 milligrams daily
9-13 years old - 11 milligrams daily
18. Clinical Features
RBCs breakdown
Anemia
Neuropathy
Weakness
Difficulty in walking
Management
Vitamin E supplementation
Daily requirement of Vitamin E is 15IU
Diet rich in vitamin E i.e. cereals germ oils, green leafy
vegetables and nuts.
19. Vitamin K
Vitamin K is essential for synthesis of prothrombin, hence
is important for blood clotting
Deficiency of vitamin k interferes with Childs normal
physiological changes.
20. Recommended Dietary Allowance
Age Male Female Pregnancy Lactation
Birth to 6
months
2.0 mcg 2.0 mcg
7–12 months 2.5 mcg 2.5 mcg
1–3 years 30 mcg 30 mcg
4–8 years 55 mcg 55 mcg
9–13 years 60 mcg 60 mcg
14–18 years 75 mcg 75 mcg 75 mcg 75 mcg
19+ years 120 mcg 90 mcg 90 mcg 90 mcg
21. Causes
Inadequate intake of vitamin K during pregnancy
Reduced dietary intake of vitamin k
Malabsorption- inadequate absorption, pyloric or intestinal
obstruction
Clinical features
Abnormal bleeding even from small cut
Spontaneous nose bleeding
Bleeding gums
Blood in urine and stool
Management
Dietary intake of vitamin K rich food items like spinach,
cabbage, egg yolk, liver and fish
Administration of oral suspension of vitamin K
Injection vitamin k can be given IM
23. Vitamin C
Vitamin C is ascorbic acid
It has strong reducing properties
It is absorbed from intestine and passed on through portal to
general circulation
Scurvy is the disease which occur due to deficiency of ascorbic
acid
Deficiency of vitamin C usually present between 6 moth to 7
years of life
Recommended Dietary Allowance
for infants 30-40 mg
for children 40-70 mg
25. Clinical Features
Loss of appetite and listlessness
Infant cries when arms and legs are moved
Swelling is seen at the ends of long bone
Hemorrhage may occur under the skin
Gums are swollen
Convulsion
Diagnosis
X ray of limbs
Vitamin C level in blood
Vitamin C level in urine
Management
Diet rich in vitamin C like citrus fruits, kiwi, mango, papaya,
Infants are given ascorbic acid in a dose of 50 mg IM, twice daily
for 1 week, thereafter a dose of 100mg/day is given for 1 month
28. Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
It is required for carbohydrate metabolism
Deficiency causes disease Beri Beri
The daily recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) of thiamine
is 0.4 mg/1000 kcal
Very important vitamin to prevent Beriberi that was discovered in
the West Indies
A Japanese surgeon in the navy found that beriberi on ships could
be avoided by adding meat and whole grains to the diet.
29. 1. Dry Beri-Beri- it is characterized by
Loss of appetite
Diminished abdominal reflexes
Tingling and numbness of legs and hands
Wasting of muscle pain and tenderness
Peripheral neuropathy
2. Wet Beri-Beri
Generalized edema
Cardiac enlargement
Palpitation
Difficulty in breathing
3. Cerebral Beri-Beri
Cerebral beri beri may lead to Wernicks Korsakoffs syndrome
Foot drop
Wrist drop
Ataxia of gait
Apathy
30. Diagnosis
Clinical feature
Blood and urine examination
A positive diagnosed by measuring the activity of trance ketolase
in RBCs
Management
Thiamine supplement is required
5mg/week IM
5mg/daily, orally for a month
Diet rich in B1 like wheat germ and dried yeast, whole cereals
32. Vitamin B2 (Riboflvin)
It is a flavoprotien which is widely distributed in plants.
It is present in retina where it plays a part in light adaptation
Recommended Dietary Allowance
It is based on calorie requirements
0.4 mg/1000kcal for infants
0.8-1.2 mg / 1000 kcal for children’s
33. Clinical features
Oral and facial lesions- angular stomatitis, glossitis
Scrotal lesions- scrotal dermatitis
34. Management
Supplementation 1mg riboflavin three times daily for several
weeks, and infants respond to 0.5 mg twice daily
Diet rich in yeast , milk, egg, meat, fish
35. Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
Essential for the normal functioning of skin intestinal tract and
nervous system
Deficiency of niacin leads to ‘Pellagra’
Recommended Dietary Allowance
Requirements are expressed in terms of niacin equivalent (NE).
one NE equal to 1 mg of niacin, 6.4 to 8 NE/1000cal
Clinical features
It is characterized by 4 D’s
Dermatitis
Dementia
Diarrhea
Death
38. Diagnosis
Low serum niacin level
Low urine level of N-Methylnicotinamide and pyridine
Management
Administration of niacin rich food like milk, meat, nuts, green
leafy vegetables and whole grains
Pharmacological management included administration of
niacin 50mg IM twice a week followed by oral dose of 100mg
twice a week for 2-3 weeks
39. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
It is essential for fatty acid synthesis
Pyridoxine is essential for marinating nerves in normal
condition
Clinical features
Peripheral neuritis
Impaired immune response due to impaired antibody
production
Nerves lesions around eyes, nose, and mouth
Management
VitaminB6 Supplementation is beneficial
Dietary supplement which are rich in pyridoxine are yeast,
liver, egg yolk, rice polish.
40.
41. Folate or Vitamin B9
Folate is derived from Latin word means leaf because dark
leafy vegetables are the best source for folate
Recommended Dietary Allowance
RDA for adults is 400 μg / day
Deficiency of Folate
Reduced ability to double DNA
Anemia
44. Vitamin B12 (Cobalmin)
It promote maturation of RBCs
It contains cobalt (4-5%)
B12 deficiency causes permanent damage to nervous tissue, if
untreated
Recommended Dietary Allowance
For infants is 0.3μg/day.
For children 0. 5 to 1.5μg/day.
For adolescents is 2.0μg/day
Causes
Low intestinal B12 uptake
Impaired absorption
Surgical removal of small bowel
Strict vegetarian
45. Clinical Features
Deficiency of vitamin B12 leads to Biermer’s disease or
pernicious anemia characterized by following symptoms
Megaloblastic anemia
Numbness
Tingling in extremities
Absent of reflex
Impaired perception of touch
Ataxia
Fatigue
Difficulty in breathing
46. Diagnosis
Serum B12 level
CSF
Schilling test
Management
Vitamin B12 is supplemented in form of oral pills, sublingual
and liquid
Dose of supplementation is 100μg tow times in a week
Diet like meat, fish, liver, and kidney.
47. Vitamin B7 (Biotin)
Biotin contains fused imidazole and thiophene
It is synthesized by intestinal flora
Clinical feature
Fine scaly disquamation of skin without pruritis
Mild depression
Extreme lassitude
Muscle pain
Anorexia with nausea
Management
Dietary supplementation of biotin are yeast, egg yolk, milk,
tomato, peanuts, liver, whole cereals
48. Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic)
Part of Coenzyme A which plays an important role in
energy metabolism.
Is essential for the formation of ATP from the breakdown
of carbohydrates, protein, fat and alcohol.
Recommended Dietary Allowance
RDA for adults is 5 mg / day
50. Research
Sunscreens may cause vitamin D deficiency: study
May 2, 2017 |The Indian Express
Kim Pfotenhauer, assistant professor at Touro University California in the US
The findings were published in The Journal of the American Osteopathic
Association
Applying sunscreen may make you deficient in vitamin D, increasing your
risk of muscle weakness and bone fractures, new research warns.
Researchers from Touro University California in the US found that nearly 1
billion people worldwide may have deficient or insufficient levels of vitamin
D due to chronic disease and inadequate sun exposure related to sunscreen
use.
"People are spending less time outside and, when they do go out, they are
typically wearing sunscreen, which essentially nullifies the bodys ability to
produce vitamin D,"
51. "While we want people to protect themselves against skin cancer,
there are healthy, moderate levels of unprotected sun exposure that
can be very helpful in boosting vitamin D," Pfotenhauer said.
Chronic diseases like Type 2 Diabetes and those related to
malabsorption, including kidney disease, Crohns and celiac disease
greatly inhibit the bodys ability to metabolise vitamin D from food
sources.
Vitamin D receptors are found in virtually every cell in the human
body. As a result, it plays a wide role in the bodys functions,
including cell growth modulation, neuromuscular and immune
function and inflammation reduction.
Increasing and maintaining healthy vitamin D levels can be as easy as
spending 5-30 minutes in midday sun twice per week, researchers
said."You do not need to go sunbathing at the beach to get the
benefits. A simple walk with arms and legs exposed is enough for
most people," Pfotenhauer said.
52. Bibliography
Ghai OP, Gupta P, Paul VK. Ghai essential pediatrics. 7th
ed. New Dehli: CBS Publishers; 2010. Page no 78-1
Achar ST. Achar's textbook of pediatrics. bhat SR, editor.
Fourth ed .hyderabad, A.P: universities press; 2012. Page
no 54-4
Sharma R. Essential of Pediatric Nursing. first ed. New
Delhi: Jaypee Publication;2013 page no.281-04
John S, Jasmine D. Essential of Nutrition and Dietetics for
Nursing. Second ed. Wolters Kluwer Publisher;2012.Page
No.66-7