Danish Physician Hans Christian Gram Stain, Escherichia...

Danish Physician Hans Christian Gram Stain, Escherichia...
Gram Staining: Micrococcus leteus, Escherichia coli, and Unknown Colony
Ethan Hinkle
Microbiology Lab 3051, Section 001
Instructor: Harrison Taylor
February 9, 2015
This report represents my individual effort. I did not receive or offer aid to anyone when performing this assignment, nor did I plagiarize any material.
Signed: __________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION
In 1884, Danish Physician Hans Christian Gram was in the process of developing a staining procedure that would potentially differentiate prokaryotic
(mainly bacterial cells) and eukaryotic nuclei in tissue samples. However, Gram was not effective in developing the differential tissue stain, his
derived work would serve as the most valuable differential stain in bacteriology, the Gram–stain (1). Moreover, it soon became clear that most bacteria
could be catorgorized into two major groups based upon their response to the Gram–staining procedure. Gram–positive bacteria stained purple, whereas
Gram–negative bacteria stained a pink–red (2).
Complete structures of Gram–positive and Gram–negative cells were not differentiable until the development of the transmission electron microscope.
Gram–positive bacteria comprise of a singular, 20–80nm thick homogenous layer of peptidoglycan just outside the plasma membrane. In comparison,
Gram–negative have two apparent layers: a 2–7nm thick peptidoglycan layer incased in a 7–8nm thick outer membrane. The most distinct
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How Gram Staining Is Negative Or Positive, It 's...
Purpose:
The purpose of this lab was to be able to gram stain given cultures and examine their reaction to certain dyes and determine whether the culture is
negative or positive, it's morphology, and arrangement of the cells. By using the Gram staining method, microorganisms can be narrowed down for the
identification process as well as the leading to diagnosis
Procedure:
For this experiment, we were given three gram staining slides as well as a petri dish with five different types of incubated microorganisms that were
divided. The five different organisms on the petri dish being observed were Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Klebsiella pneumonia, and yeast known as Candida albicans. On the surface of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On the third slide, the smear was not taken from the petri dish, however it was taken from a thorough swab of the mouth and smeared within the given
margins on the slide. The samples were then left to air dry. Once the slides dried, they were passed through a flame 4–5 times to follow the aseptic
technique protocols.
Once this was done, our next step was to begin the Gram staining process. First, is the Primary stain, using the crystal violet dye color. The slides
were all laid out on top of a rack placed over the sink station and were flooded with the violet dye color; the slides were left with the dye on them for
1–2 minutes to assure they were stained. The slides were then rinsed off thoroughly. Next, the slides were stained with the Mordant (fixative) Iodine
Gram stain which appears brown in color. The slides were then flooded with the brown dye for 1–2 minutes and then rinsed off.
After all the slides were stained accordingly, they needed to be decolorized with 95% ethyl alcohol which is clear in color, and will be the
determining factor between whether the stains are negative or positive. Just as we did with the crystal violet dye and the brown iodine dye, the
slides were drowned with the 95% ethyl alcohol. The difference here was how long to leave the alcohol on each depending on how thick the samples
were. The slides labeled "mouth" were removed within 20 seconds. The rest of the samples were removed within the following 10 seconds.
Lastly, to complete

Use of Maggots for Wound Care
Orthopaedic Surgery (2010), Volume 2, No. 3, 201–206
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Clinical research on the bio–debridement effect of maggot therapy for treatment of chronically infected lesions os4_87 201..206
Shou–yu Wang MD1, Jiang–ning Wang MD2, De–cheng Lv MD1, Yun–peng Diao PhD3, Zhen Zhang MD1
1
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Afп¬Ѓliated Hospital, 3Department of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, and 2Institute of
Reconstructive Surgery, Dalian University, Dalian, China
Objective: To evaluate the bio–debridement effect of maggot therapy for treating chronically infected lesions. Methods: A retrospective study was
conducted of 25 patients with diabetic foot ulcers and 18 patients with pressure ulcers after spinal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The patients who were agreeable to maggot therapy were required to sign an informed consent form.
Preparation of maggots
Firstly, eggs were collected from the eyes of Scomberomorus niphonius and disinfected in 1% sodium sulп¬Ѓte solution for 3 min, and subsequently in
3% Lysol brand disinfectant for 5 min. The disinfected eggs were then transferred to sterile vials to clone. Secondly, third stage larvae of Lucilia
sericata were selected to be placed in 3.5% formalin for 5 min, 2% hydrogen peroxide solution for 3 min, and then 5% dilute hydrochloric acid solution
for 5 min. After the two–step disinfection, the larvae remined vigorous. A hundred randomly selected larvae were proven to be aseptic by bacterial
culture test.
Treatment
After two–step disinfection, disinfected larvae were applied to the lesion.

Essay about Microbiology Unknown Bacteria
INTRODUCTIONS:
Microorganisms are both beneficial and harmful. These microorganisms are important to humans because they play a role in the ecology of life, by
decomposing wastes, both natural and man–made, such as creating nitrogen fertilizer at the root zones of certain crops. Other several pathogens that
can cause serious harm, even immediate death due to the diseases or disease causing products they produce. Overall, microorganisms play an important
role in life.
The purpose of this study was to identify the unknown bacterium using biochemical tests and various methods that had been learned from previous the
microbiology laboratory class. Identifying the unknown bacterium was determined by separating and differentiating possible ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Then the following differential tests were performed:
Gram Stain Test:
Two smears of the unknown bacterium #5 were inoculated while the second smear was used for a back up. The unknown bacterium dried for at least
forty minutes. After the smears dried, the slides were heat fixed two times to ensure the stability of the organism. The slide was placed on top of the
staining rack then over the small sink.
The drops of crystal violets, approximately 15 drops, were flooded until the smear were all covered and then allowing resting for one to two minutes.
After two minutes, the slide was titled over the sink and washed off, with the distilled water bottle, by aiming the stream of water above the smear. The
specimen appeared blue–violet when observed with the naked eye. The drops of Gram's iodine were applied on the slide until covered and then
allowed to react for one minute or more. After the time elapsed, the slide was rinsed again with distilled water following immediate drops of Gram
stain decolorizer added one drop at a time.
Again, after ten seconds, the slide was rinsed with distilled water to wash off the decolorizer. The slide was placed back on the staining rack.
Approximately ten drops of safranin were covered on the slide allowing resting for one minute. After one minute, the slide was rinsed one final time
on the small sink followed by blotting the stained slide with Bibulous paper. The slide was placed between pages of Bibulous paper to help

Unknown Lab Report
Thomas Goss Microbiology for Health Sciences Dr. Wiles 10/17/14 Unknown #44 Lab Report Bacteria are ubiquitous; they can be found on the
skin, in the soil, and inside the body. Because of the very nature of this ubiquity, it is important to be able to determine between different strains of
bacteria. An example of this is determining the causative agent for a disease so that the patient will be treated with the appropriate antibiotics. It may
be important to determine the bacteria in a certain region, because like with enteric bacteria, it is normal to find them in the digestive tract as they are
in a symbiotic relationship with our bodies in this area; however, they also cause opportunistic infections in places outside of the digestive tract to our
detriment, such as with a urinary tract infection. Some strains of bacteria are common to nosocomial infections, and identifying these bacteria as such
helps create the guidelines for healthcare workers in antiseptic technique. All of the morphology and characteristics of each strain of bacteria help us to
better understand the role of bacteria in the body as well as helps us understand how they can cause illness, and what treatment regimen to set in place.
In lab this semester, a sample of unknown... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To perform this test, a tube of broth rich with glucose is acquired. In this tube is phenol red, a pH indicator. Initially, the tube appeared pink in
color, indicating a normal pH level. Next, a sample of unknown #44 is introduced into this medium using the aseptic technique, and this is allowed
to sit for several days. If the organism is able to ferment glucose, the pH in the medium would decrease and cause the phenol red to exhibit a yellow
color. In addition to the straw color, gas can also be produced and trapped inside the Durham tube placed in the medium. This production of acid and
gas is a direct result of the fermentation of glucose, as seen with unknown

How to Write a Lab Report in Microbiology
HOW TO WRITE AN UNKNOWN LAB REPORT IN MICROBIOLOGY GENERAL Unknown reports in microbiology are written in scientific
format. Scientific writing is written differently from other types of writing. The results of the exercise or experiment are what are being showcased,
not the writing. The purpose of scientific writing is not to entertain, but to inform. The writing should be simple and easy to understand. There is a
specific style that must be followed when writing scientific reports. Scientific writing is typically written in the passive voice. The pronouns "I",
"We" and "They" are not typically used.. For example, instead of writing "I used a TSA agar plate to isolate my unknown," it is customary to write,
"A trypticase... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Note all of these tests were performed by the methods listed in the lab manual by De Mers (1). Table 1 lists the test, purpose, reagents and results.
All of the following tests were performed on this unknown: 1. Oxidase test 2. BCP Lactose 3. Indole 4. H2S 5. Citrate 6. Motility 7. Methyl Red
8. Urea" Another way is to write out the methods in detail in either a paragraph form or listed. This way is not necessary for this type of paper,
since this is lab report for the identification of an unknown bacterium and the methods are explained in detail in the lab manual. If there is a
procedure that the instructor added or made changes to, or the student used another procedure not in the course lab manual, then it should be written
out and referenced. See some of the examples of papers identifying an unknown from the web sited below. RESULTS This is where the results are
summarized. The method results should be in a table format (see examples below). This is also where the flow chart showing how you arrived at the
answer is stated. A short paragraph explaining how the results are presented can be included. Example: Unknown G had the following morphology on
a TSA plate: medium sized opaque cream colored colony. After determining that it was a Gram negative rod, an oxidase test was performed and it was
inoculated into a BCP lactose tube

Identifying The Unknown Microorganism Given By The Instructor
Unknown #2 Lab Report
Danielle Gudino
BIO 211L
Section 6
11/20/2014
Introduction
This experiment was about identifying the unknown microorganism given by the instructor. This exercise is important to understand and apply all
previous laboratory practices, as well as those learned in our first unknown exercise, for identifying the given unknown organism. With the knowledge
and practice of performing biochemical and physiological identifying tests, I was able to determine the unknown bacteria. For this experiment, I was
given Unknown #12 and used a series of tests to determine the specimen, further explained in this report.
Materials and Methods
For the Gram stain, I used a microscope slide, wash bottle of water, clothespin, and the reagents crystal violet, Gram's iodine, ethyl alcohol, and
safranin to observe whether the organism was Gram negative or positve. The method was placing and heat fixing a loopful of the unknown organism
on the slide. The organisms were then stained with crystal violet for a minute, rinsed off, flooded with iodine for a minute, rinsed off, decolorized with
alcohol for 30 seconds, and then finally stained with the counter–stain, safranin, for a minute. I streaked the unknown onto a TSA plate and incubated
at 35 C. With a pure colony, we performed a second gram stain procedure and inoculated it into a TSA slant. I used BCP Lactose broth and a loop to
perform a BCP Lactose test. The broth was inoculated with a loopful of the unknown and incubated

Lab Report : The Gram Stain
Lab Report 1–The Gram Stain
Eric Zuberi
Lab section 1
February 8, 2015
This report represents my individual effort. I did not receive or offer aid to anyone when performing this assignment, nor did I plagiarize any material.
Signed: _____________________________________________ Eric Zuberi I.Introduction
In all areas of biology, it is easy to see that structure is related to function. This statement holds true in microbiology as well, the study of
microorganisms, including bacteria. One characterizing feature of bacteria is the cell wall, which can generally (although not in all situations) be
categorized into one of two categories: either Gram positive or Gram negative. Gram positive bacteria's cell walls are composed of a large
peptidoglycan layer (up to 90% of their cell wall). Within this large peptidoglycan layer, one can find techoic acids, which contribute to the
maintenance of cell wall structure, and lipotechoic acids, which attach to membrane lipids. Gram positive bacteria that act as pathogens can also
potentially release exotoxins, which can have very dangerous effects on humans. Gram negative bacteria, on the other hand, have a very small layer of
peptidoglycan in their cell wall, which is surrounded by an outer membrane. Within the outer membrane, one can find the lipopolysaccharide layer,
which is one of the most distinguishing factors of Gram–negative bacteria. It is important to note that Gram negative bacteria fail to possess techoic

DNA Barcoding Project
DNA Barcoding Project – Individual DNA Sequence Analysis Worksheet
Please answer the following questions for each sample that you had sequenced:
(DO NOT USE TRACK CHANGES)
Sample (Sequence) Name: 08–03–MJ–A_COI_FOR.ab1
1. At what base pair (bp) does the good quality sequence start (e.g. G35)? _____C46______ Do not crop the sequence until Step 4. Highlight the first
base, take a screen shot of the waveform (should be full length, not just a few bases) and paste in a screen shot of this region of the DNA sequence
waveform highlighting the start base here:
2. At what bp does the good quality sequence end (e.g. C655)? ______A653________
Highlight the base, take a screen shot of the waveform, and paste in a screen shot of this region of the DNA sequence waveform highlighting the start
base here:
Crop the poor quality regions from 5' and 3' ends of the sequence.
3. Are there any bases (Ns) that need to be edited? Yes: ___ No: __X__
a) If yes, then make the appropriate changes to ALL the Ns in the sequence. Include a screen shot of the waveform for the first three changes you made.
Save the edited waveform so that you can go back to it later. Paste the edited sequence here:
b) If No changes need to be made to the sequence, save the cropped waveform so that you can go back to it later. Paste the cropped sequence here:

Identifying Unknown Bacteri Streptococcus Agalactiae
Truman Nord
Biol 231L Sec.3
November 11, 2014
Identifying Unknown Bacteria: Streptococcus agalactiae
Introduction:
This experiment was conducted to find the genus and species of an unknown bacteria prescribed by the lab teacher, which was unknown bacteria GA3
in my case. Identification of unknown bacteria techniques are used on an every day basis to figure out what type of bacteria it is and to find the best
method of how to treat a patient with this bacteria (1). All five "I's" of Microbiology were used in the testing for the unknown culture. Inoculation was
used several times to put the unknown culture into agar plates or into biochemical test tubes. After Inoculation of these tubes or plates, they always
were placed into the incubator for further growth and development. Isolation was used to make sure we got the correct bacteria we were testing for.
After each further isolation, we gram stained the culture and inspected the culture under a microscope to further help in the identification process of the
unknown bacteria. Multiple tests were done on the unknown culture to make sure we were confident in what kind of bacteria the unknown was. Many
tests were completed on the unknown such as gram staining and inspection under microscopes to find whether the bacterium is gram positive or gram
negative. Chemical resistance tests were also performed to see if certain chemicals affected the unknown growth or if it didn't affect the bacteria at all.
Each biochemical test

Unknown Lab Report
Identifying Organism 6C Introduction: This report details the steps taken and processes used to discover the identity of the unknown organism
given to me on Tuesday, November 28th, 2017. With all of the knowledge and skills gained over the semester, in class and in lab, I was able to
positively identify my unknown organism. The objective of these labs being, that I successfully utilize the tests and procedures taught during the
course to correctly identify my organism and to be able to explain the reasoning behind my tests and results. This report will go in depth with the tests
used, results yielded, and rationale behind each. Procedures: On the first day of the lab, I was presented with an unknown bacteria labeled simply as
6C. I first observed... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I was able to do this through various tests starting with a gram stain. When observing my organism under the oil immersion lens I noted some
important characteristics. For one, my organism was gram negative. This I knew due to the fact that my organism was pink under the microscope.
This meant it was unable to hold the crystal violet stain due to its thinner peptidoglycan layer, marking it as a gram negative organism. This
informed me as to what tests to perform next. The next test was for lactose fermentation. I accomplished this by streaking my bacteria on a MAC
plate. Pink colonies on a MAC plate would indicate that the bacteria growing on that plate could ferment lactose, this in addition to the fact that it
would inhibit the growth of gram positive organisms made the MAC plate differential and selective, as well as perfect for assisting me in
identifying my organism. The results of this test were negative on account of the fact that no pink bacterial colonies were produced, indicating that
they were unable to ferment lactose. If the bacteria had been able to ferment lactose there would have been a drop in pH that would have triggered
the neutral red in the agar, making the colonies pink. From these results, I was determine which three tests to perform in order to deduce the identity
of my bacteria. I chose the ornithine decarboxylase, the indole production, and the urease hydrolysis tests to give me the identity of my bacteria. I
chose the ornithine decarboxylase test to see if my organism could utilize ornithine. This would be indicated by a pH change in the medium, in this
case the MIO medium. When the organism used up the glucose present in the medium the pH would drop causing it to turn yellow. If it could utilize
ornithine, the pH would rise back up and the medium would return to its original purple coloring. My ornithine decarboxylase

Lab Report On Gram-Negative Bacteria
In the world of microbiology it is vitally important to be able to discern the identities of microorganisms. Not only is it important in a lab setting but
as well as in healthcare in general. Properly identify what strain of bacteria a person has will aid in the proper medicine and dose given. Throughout
the semester we have learned about different types of bacteria and certain test that can clearly identify them. The purpose of this lab report is to identify
a Gram–positive or Gram–negative bacterium. Using all the knowledge of procedures and lab techniques identify the unknown and discuss all the tests
you performed.
Introduction
Gram staining is a technique used to determine if the bacteria is Gram positive or Gram– negative. Gram staining procedure uses crystal violet stain,
iodine moderator, alcohol decolorizer and safarin counter stain. In Gram– negative bacteria the primary stain will be washed out with the decolorizer
and it will be stained with the counterstain. Whereas in Gram–positive bacteria the primary stain will not leave the cell wall. This difference comes
from difference in the structure of the cell wall that retains the stain.
The Gram–positive cell wall is composed of peptidoglycans, a thick layer of protein–sugar complexes taking up 60–90% of their cell wall.
Peptidoglycan is composed of two glucose derivatives, N–acetylmuramic acid and N–acetylglucosamine alternated and cross–linked by tetrapeptides
that is composed of L–alanine, D–glutamine, L–lysine

Microbiology Labs
MBK Lab 01 – Lab Report Name: ____________________ Section: ___________________
EXPERIMENT 1
TITLE: Observing Bacteria and Blood
OBJECTIVE: To gain functional knowledge of microscope operations through practical applications of a microscope in the observation ofbacteria and
blood.
PROCEDURES: Using the microscope, an oil immersion lens and observing Bacteria Cultures in Yogurt . Preparing a Blood Slide and observing Blood:
After reviewing the section of the manual as instructed I cleaned the ocular lenses and prepared the slides. I made required adjustments to the
microscope and ocular distances for view during experiment. I practiced using six prepared slides that were in the kit to ensure I was viewing ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I examined all three slides under the microscope. After observing the slides I flushed the specimens down the drain and disinfected the area with bleach
solution. After 42–72 hours I assessed the growth patterns of the tube and noted that the tube that contained the swab became yellow stained and the
tube that contained the agar and tablet dissolved a little and some of the content drifted to the surface of the tube and created a film.
QUESTIONS:
1. There was no change from the fresh yogurt and the cultured yogurt. After 24 hours of sitting in a dark environment it became fermented and liquidy.
Mouth Swab – looks like coccobacillus; plaque: looks like single baccilus; Thick multi–layered – positive gram stain; colorless moving particles that
resemble droplets clustered together
Yeast: looks like tetrad; moving particles, no stain; colorless moving particles
Plaque: thick multi–layered clusters – gram positive stain; solid stable particles, non moving Were you able to identify specific bacterial morphologies?
Yes I was able to identify some examples as I have previously stated.
What is the difference between direct and indirect staining? Did the smears appear different in each type of staining? Why or why not?

Direct Staining involves crystal violet and staining bacterial cells causing a negative reaction; Indirect staining involves staining but results are positive
with pink solutions allowing bacteria to be viewed more accurately. These reactions are

Microbiology Lab Chap 1 Essays
Observing Bacteria and Blood
Cynthia Alonzo, M.S. Version 42–0249–00–01
Lab Report Assistant This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report Assistant is simply a summary of
the experiment's questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables that should be addressed in a formal lab report. The intent is to facilitate students'
writing of lab reports by providing this information in an editable file which can be sent to an instructor.
Exercise 1: Viewing Prepared Slides
Questions
A. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The thickness of glass that covers the specimen slide also affects the ability one has to focus the image. If the glass is too thick for the objective lens
then one will have a difficult time getting a focused view (Alonzo p55).
в—ЏResolution:
The resolution in microscopy terms refers to the numerical aperture of the objective lens. The higher the numerical number the better the resolution of
the image; also the shorter the wavelength the better the resolution (Alonzo p55).
в—ЏContrast:
Contrast is directly related to the illumination system and can be adjusted by changing the intensity of the light and the diaphragm. Chemical stains
applied to the specimen can also enhance contrast elements (Alonzo p56)
B. What is the purpose of immersion oil? Why does it work?
The purpose of using immersion oil is to help view bacteria that would not be able to not be seen otherwise. The immersion oil that is put on the slide
between the objective and the slide to prevent the loss of light because of bending light rays as they pass through the air. The oil in turn enhances the

resolving power of the microscope. (Alonzo p62).
Exercise 2: Observing Bacteria Cultures in Yogurt Questions A. Describe your observations of the fresh yogurt slide.
The yogurt slide had small particles that were constantly moving. They were small and round like the Cocci form of bacteria as well.
B. Were there observable differences between your fresh

Phylogenetic Analysis of Thermophilic Bacteria
We report the community of thermophilic bacteria cultivated from Tanjung Sakti Hot Spring in South Sumatera Indonesia that has temperature 80– 91
0C and pH 7 – 8. Based on phylogenetic analysis, the 16 sequences of 16S rRNA gene fragments obtained from the community clustered within four
distinct genera as Anoxybacillus, Geobacillus, Brevibacillus, and Bacillus. Two sequences that have 96% similarity with data sequences in GenBank,
are potentially as novel species/sub species.
Hot spring is a unique area that characterized by high temperature and has a great diversity of natural environments. Understanding of thermophilic
microbial diversity has opened up a lot of information about microbial interactions with the environment. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Colonies formed was purified again with inscribed repeated several times in an agar medium.
DNA extraction from microbial culture
Microbial chromosomal DNA was isolated using Protein Purification Kit (Promega). Pellet cells derived from microbial cultures were
resuspended in 300 mL cell lysis solution, incubated at room temperature for 10 minutes, then added 300 mL nuclei lysis solution and 2 mL
RNase and incubated at 37 В° C for 15 min. Next, add 300 mL of protein precipitation, and centrifuged 13,000 rpm for 10 min at 20 В° C. To the
filtrate was added 300 mL of chloroform: isoamilalkohol (24:1), vortex and centrifuged at 16,000 rpm for 30 seconds, the top layer is taken. The
treatment is done 2 times. Subsequently, 0.6 volume of isopropanol was added and incubated at room temperature for 60 minutes, centrifuged at
13,000 rpm for 15 minutes. DNA pellet formed was washed with 70% ethanol and then dried. DNA pellet is then dissolved in 50 mL ddH2O.
16S rRNA gene amplification
16S rRNA gene fragment was amplified by PCR using primers 27F and 1492R (Baker et.al, 2003, Frank, et.al 2008). Amplification was performed by
30 cycles (denaturation 95 В° C for 30 s, annealing 55 В° C for 60 s, chain extension 72 В° C for 90 seconds) with an initial denaturation 95 В° C for 3
min and a final chain extension of 72 В° C for 5 min . Taq DNA polymerase enzyme (GoTaq Green Master Mix from Promega) was used for the
amplification reaction according to standard usage.

Identify and Investigate an Unknown Microorganism
INTRODUCTION In the past, and even in modern times like today, it has been vital to distinguish and determine the identities of microorganisms in
the world. These identities are not only important in knowing what agent causes various diseases and the treatment to be used, but also in
understanding how microbes can be beneficial and valuable to the human body and life as a whole. With that being said, upon beginning this lab, the
purpose of this study was to identity and investigate an unknown microorganism by applying the methods that were previously learned and practiced in
the microbiology laboratory portion of class.
METHODS AND MATERIALS Upon beginning the unknown lab, I was given the opportunity to choose an unknown broth tube. This tube contained
our unknown microorganism and it was my job, based upon the testing methods learned throughout the semester to distinguish which microbe I had
chosen. The goal at this point was to create a reserve plate and a working. This was completed by inoculating one TSA plate thoroughly in order to
secure a lot of the growth. This plate became my reserve plate. The working plate was created by using the Streak Method that was introduced at the
beginning of the semester. With this method, I would soon be able to visualize and record my microbial growth and colony characteristics. These
plates were incubated for a week as that is the time span between classes. When returning the class the following week, I obtained both my

Essay on Microbiology Lab Report
Lab Report #1: Observing Bacteria Microbiology
Abstract:
This lab exercise familiarized the student with the use of a microscope by observing and identifying various different slides under the microscope. The
student practiced observing the given slides under the 10x, 40x, and 100x (oil immersion) objective lenses, which allowed for the identification of the
different organism's shapes and sizes.
Purpose:
The aim of this exercise is to equip the student with the knowledge and skill necessary for conducting microscopic observations. It is also intended to
teach the student the various sizes and shapes of several different types of bacteria.
Procedure:
1. Focus the microscope on a slide containing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bacteria spirillum – under 40x magnification
Bacteria spirillum – under 100x magnification
* Bacteria coccus.
Under 40x magnification: loads of purple round cells.
Under 100x magnification: paired round purple cells.
Bacteria coccus – under 40x magnification
Bacteria coccus – under 100x magnification
* Bacteria Bacillus.

Under 40x magnification: a view of many pink organisms shaped like rods.
Under 100x magnification: an identical view as the 40x magnification.
Bacteria bacillus – under 40x magnification
Bacteria bacillus – under 100x magnification
4. The microscope was focused on the yoghurt prepared and fresh yoghurt slides and the results were as follows.
* Yoghurt prepared.
Under 40x magnification – a view of purple bacteria whose shape is difficult to make out.
Under 100x magnification – a view of purple rod shaped bacteria/bacilli; some appear as either single rods or paired rods (diplobacillus).
Yoghurt prepared– under 40x magnification
Yoghurt prepared– under 100x magnification
* Fresh yoghurt.
Under 40x magnification – a view of loads of bacteria moving about with undefined shapes.
Under 100x magnification – an indistinct view of loads of varied bacteria moving about, such as diplococci, streptococci, staphylococci, diplobacillus,
and streptobacillus.
Fresh yoghurt – under 40x magnification
Fresh yoghurt – under

Microbiology 150 Lab 3-Selective vs. Differential Media
Online BIO 150 Introductory Microbiology #3 Lab Report
NAME __ Lab Group 2_____
Answer the following questions as you work your way through the lab material typing in your answers. Then submit your finished lab report as a
Microsoft Word document. This lab report is worth 100 points towards your final lab grade. Each Q is worth 2 points unless otherwise noted. Also,
per the Honor Code, this work must be your own. This is due Mon. 10/8 at 11:59 PM. The theme of this lab is the identification of unknown bacteria
and viruses in a lab.
Selective vs. Differential Media
Selective vs. Differential Media
Use the following website to help you answer Q 1 and 2 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Alcohol in the agar interferes with the DNA synthesis of Gram–negative organisms which inhibits growth.
ATLAS SECTION 7: DIFFERENTIAL MEDIA
Please read over this section. Differential media usually distinguish or differentiate different species of bacteria based on the color of the individual
colonies or the areas surrounding them.
Look up these tests and answer the following questions: Blood Agar, Catalase, Citrate, Coagulase, Indole, Methyl Red, Motility, TSI, Urea,
11. What is a hemolysis and what type of bacteria produce it? (2 pts.)
Hemolysis is the exotoxin of gram positive cocci (streptococcus, enterocus, and aerocccus) that destroy RBCs and hemoglobin.
12. What are the 3 major types of hemolysis and their descriptions? (2 pts.)
The three types of hemolysis are B, A, Y. B is complete clearing or destruction of the RBCs or hemoglobin and it results in a clearing of the medium
around the colonies. A is partial destruction and a green color forms around the colonies. Y is non–Hemolysis and shows simple growth and no change
to the medium.

13. When would you use the Catalase test? (2 pts.)
This test should be used when trying to identify organisms that produce catalase. It is used when differentiating between Catalase positive
micrococcaceae and catalase negative streptococcaceae and some variations of the catalase test are for mycobacterium.
14. The Citrate Tests is part of what test series?

Degradation Of A Wide Range Of Model Pollutants
ABSTRACT Heterogeneous photocatalysis, has been reported to be effective for the degradation of a wide range of model pollutants in suspension.
The use of nanostructured materials is one approach to improving photocatalytic efficiency. Therefore, this work is based on the use of nanomaterials
such as titania and silver–zinc oxide photocatalysts to degrade amoxicillin trihydrate (a model antibiotic pollutant) in suspension under UV–C
irradiation and compares the efficiencies of the photocatalysts in degrading model pollutant used in the study. The Silver decorated Zinc oxide
Nanoparticles were prepared in–house by hydrothermal synthesis that yielded nanospheres. The nanomaterial was characterized using XRD and UV
Visible spectroscopy. A significant and faster degradation of amoxicillin has been observed with Degussa P25when compared with in
–house
synthesized titania and Ag–ZnOphotocatalysts. Introduction Pharmaceuticals constitute an emerging class of micropollutants, that occur in the
environment due to point sources, like production effluents and waste disposal, as well as diffuse sources, like run–off from fields and anthropogenic
effluents.The presence of pharmaceutical compounds such as antibiotics in the ecosystem exists from almost 30 years before. But, in mid–1990s, when
the use of such antibiotics increased at alarming concentration and their presence became a thing of concern, at this point of time many new analytical
technologies were developed.

Unknow Lab Report
Introduction The purpose of this lab was to identify unknown bacteria cultures using various differential tests, and my unknown bacteria is #17. The
identification of these unknown cultures was accomplished by separating and differentiating possible bacteria based on specific biochemical
characteristics. Whether the tests performed identified specific enzymatic reactions or metabolic pathways, each was used in a way to help recognize
those specifics and identify the unknown cultures. The differential tests used to identify the unknown cultures were Gram stain, Catalase, Mannitol
Salt Agar (MSA), Blood Agar, Novobiocin, Coagulase, and DNAse (Alachi, 2007). Rebekah Worley February 21, 2012 Mitchell Section 4 Biol 311
Staining and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is important in the medical field because identification of unknown bacteria can help treat a patient by knowing the contributing source of a
disease. Also knowledge of different bacteria helped others make antibiotics used today. This lab was completed by using the methods learned thus
far in identification of bacteria. There are many reasons for identifying an unknown bacterium. The reasons range from medical purposes, such as
determining if the unknown could cause ailments in living things or knowing what microorganisms are needed to make antibiotics to other purposes
such as knowing the exact microorganism has to be used to make certain foods. This experiment was done by applying methods in order to identify
an unknown bacterium. An unknown bacterium was handed out by the lab instructor. The methods that have been learned so far in identifying
bacteria were applied to this unknown. Procedures were followed as stated in the lab manual and biochemical test handouts. The first procedure that
was done was a gram stain followed by a streak of the unknown on a TSA plate in order to determine the gram reaction and observe the colony
morphology. After that, specific biochemical tests were performed for gram positive, since unknown number five was determined to be gram positive
rod. The other tests were performed in this order: Mannitol Salt (MSA) streak, Blood Agar streak, Catalase test, Nitrate Reduction test, and Phenyl

Lab Report : An Unknown Microorganism Using Lab Techniques
Unknown Lab Report
Unknown #27
Rona Hakaj
12/08/2014
Dr. David Mwangi
Microbiology
Spring /2014
3305–04
Introduction: The purpose of this lab was to identify an unknown microorganism using lab techniques. The importance of identifying microorganisms is
essential to the survival of humans, expansion of modern day medicine and improvement of quality of life. In 1884, Hans Christian Gram designed a
differential staining technique to identify bacteria that would change the future of microbiology. He give rise to a staining process, known as the Gram
stain to differentiate microorganisms into two groups between positive and negative gram staining microorganisms. The Gram stain is essential in a lab
technique as it distinguishes the cells based on the physical properties of the individual cell walls, and is almost always the first test preformed to
differentiate a microorganism. The identification of weather a microorganism is gram positive or negative can revel the bacteria's virulence, cell wall
structure, resistance to antibiotics, resistance to physical disruptions and so much more. In order to identify the unknown provided, unknown #27, the
Gram stain was the first test preformed. After discovering that the unknown bacterium was indefinitely a gram positive microorganism, the vast
possibilities were narrowed down. However, In order to more definitively identify the unknown, the next step was to preform biochemical tests. A
biochemical test identifies metabolic

Gram Negative Unknown Lab Report
Gram Negative Unknown Lab Report
April Smith
August 1, 2014
Unknown 20
Abstract
The bases of this experiment was to discover the identify of the unknown from three possible specimens: Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, and
Enterobacter aerogenes. Utilizaing the T streak technique, the bacteria was isolated into pure colonies for further study. The Gram Stain method was
used to identity the morhphology of the bacteria such as the shape and whether the bacteria was Gram positive or Gram negative. Biochemical test
were also used to help identify the unknown bacteria. The biochemical test used was the Triple Sugar Iron Agar, Sulfur Indole Motility test, Methyl
Red test, Voges–Proskauer test, Citrate test, Urease test, and the Gelatin test. After observing the morphology of the bacteria using the Gram Stain
method and utilizing all the possible biochemical test, the bacteria was identified to be Enterobacter aerogenes.
Introduction
Gram negative and gram positive bacteria differ from each other in many ways especially in the composition and size of their cell walls. Unlike
Gram–positive bacteria, Gram–negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer surround by an outer membrane. This outer membrane contains many
proteins one of them being lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which contributes to the bacteria's negative charge. One part of this protein is a lipid, called
Lipid A, which is considered an endotoxin because this lipid triggers an immune response stimulating fever

Taking a Look at Bacterial Gastroenteritis
Bacterial gastroenteritis, a case report– 5
Gastroenteritis is an illness due to the inflammation and infection of the digestive system, where symptoms are characterised by abdominal pain and
cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea, nausea, bloating and in some cases blood and pus present in stools (Department of Health, Victoria 2012). The pathogens
responsible for gastroenteritis are bacteria, viruses, protozoa, yeast and fungi. Bacterial gastroenteritis can be caused by ingestion of pathogens or their
toxins. The most frequently isolated pathogens in gastroenteritis are Campylobacter jejuni, Staphylococcus, E. coli, Yersinia,Salmonella, and Shigella
etc (Vorvick LJ et al. 2011).
Bacterial gastroenteritis can occur to a person or a group of people that all ate the same contaminated foods. Often this kind of outbreaks occurs after
eating at restaurants, large social functions, cafeterias, or picnics. The contaminated food with pathogens or their toxins can occur by not appropriately
following food safety protocols used in food preparation and handling at homes, restaurant and grocery stores (Department of Health, Victoria 2012).
Food prepared with contaminated egg products, raw eggs and undercooked poultry meat and pork were found as the primary sources of Salmonellosis
(Wattiau P et al.2011).
Salmonellosis is the most frequently occurring gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella species, which is Gram negative, short plump shaped bacilli,
non–sporing, non–capsulated, aerobic and

Phage Lab Report
Isolating and characterize a novel phage from the environment requires several steps and several frustrations. By isolating and investigating a phage
found in the Pullman region can hopefully lead to a newly discovered phage that can help researchers discover more about the life cycle and process
of phage infection. Some phage infection can be good due to infecting the bacteria that is not wanted or is harmful to the environment or humans.
Within this lab, there were steps taken necessary to isolate a novel phage that was obtained from the surrounding Pullman area. This report reflects
plaques being isolated but then stopped due to errors and loss of plates. The final touches and procedures were accomplished with a given DNA ladder
that was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Next, aseptically add 20mL of T–soy broth and 2mL of late log phase of B. thuringiensis culture. Incubate this flask for 24 hours at thirty degrees
Celsius shaking at 180rpm. The next time in lab, remove between 1 and 1.5 mL from the top of the tube that holds the soil using a syringe. Open a
package of .22Ојm filter and place the syringe in the top of the filter and dispense the liquid into a centrifuge tube that is labeled as 100 and close the
tube immediately. For the negative control, dispense 1mL of SM buffer into a microcentrifuge tube labeled negative control using a syringe. With four
microcentrifuge tubes label them –1, –2, –3, and –4. Add 90 ОјL of SM to each tube, and then add 10ОјL of the 100 tube to the –1 tube and vortex.
Then add 10ОјL of the –1 tube to the –2 tube and vortex. Keep this process going till the –4 tube. Next, dispense 50ОјL of the undiluted sample into .5
mL of B. thuringiensis and then vortex. Now mix in 5 mL of TA to the culture tube and pour onto a plate labeled 100 and let solidify. On a different
plate, draw a grid with sections labeled negative control, –1, –2, –3, and –4. Aseptically add 4.5mL of TA with .5mL of B. thuringiensis by pouring and
then pour onto the plate evenly. Let the plate sit for about ten minutes. After ten minutes transfer 5 ОјL of the negative control and the dilutions into the
proper

The Isolation And Identification Of An Unknown Bacteria
Sam Afflu
Section H1
Microbiology 680 390
Lab Report 2: The Isolation and Identification of an Unknown Bacteria
Abstract
This laboratory experiment's objective was to take a pure culture and isolate it from a mixed culture. The other part of the objective was to ascertain
what species of bacteria that the pure culture was. The hypothesis made stated that so long as lab protocol was followed, the unidentified culture would
be positively recognized/identified. An isolated pure colony of the unknown culture was obtained using the quadrant streak plate method. Afterward,
the culture was Gram stained, and the results showed that it was Gram positive. Motility tests were done on the unknown using a filter paper bridge on
a petri dish that contained TTC with agar. The unknown was revealed to not be motile, which meant that it did not possess flagella. The last test done
was to learn the metabolic capabilities of the unknown bacteria. There were tests done for citrate utilization, the mixed fermentation pathway, catalase
presence, carbohydrate fermentation in mannitol, lactose and glucose, urease production and the butanediol fermentation pathway in order to better
identify the unknown bacteria. The results from each of the metabolic tests in conjunction with the motility and Gram staining tests were ultimately
compared to results from database containing many different kinds of results from various bacteria. The unknown from the mixed culture was
identified as Staphylococcus

Microbio lab report body Essay example
Maura Gongora
12th December, 2014
MCB 3020L– Section 018
Unknown #16
Abstract
This report contains the background information on gram positive and gram negative bacteria, which will aid in understanding the use of specific
laboratory experiments to distinguish between the two types of bacteria. Included are the materials and methods used to identify the gram positive and
gram negative bacteria and methods which also differentiate between microbes of each group. The implications of the methods of identification used
are also described in this report to give an explanation as to why a certain route was taken in carrying out experiment 14. The results of the experiment
carried out for the identification of three unknowns are tabulated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bacteria that can tolerate the high concentration of salt in the media are from the Staphylococcus genus. A sample of unknown A was also used to
stab a gelatin test tube, which contains the gelatinase enzyme that breaks down the gelatin and changes the media from solid to liquid. A sample of
the same unknown along with a sample of unknown B was then used to stab a citrate test tube each. The citrate test is used to determine whether
the bacteria utilizes citrate as a carbon source. If the bacteria used the citrate, the color of the media turns green, but if the citrate was not used, the
media remains blue. The color change in the media is due to the presence of the pH indicator bromothymol blue. Afterwards, a sample of both
unknown B and unknown C were used to make single line inoculations on both an Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) and a Salmonella Shigella (SS)
plate. Each plate was divided by a a line in half so that unknown B was inoculated on one side and unknown C was inoculated on the opposite side.
The EMB plate contains lactose and dyes eosin and methylene blue. The media is used to differentiate between lactose and non–lactose fermenters.
The SS plate also contains lactose in addition to bile salts and brilliant green (dye) to select for species of Salmonella & Shigella. The media also
contains some

Living The Environment : Bacteria
Living the Environment: Bacteria
Abstract
This experiment depicts the presence as well as the identification of various micro–organisms including the bacteria, fungi and algae which may be
present on the surfaces that are commonly used. The use of scientific methods allows to check the presence of bacterial as well as fungal strains in this
experiment. The hypothesis taken into consideration was that the Bathroom handle will contain more bacteria than the other surfaces.
The experiment involved the use of both the positive and negative control in order to the check the accuracy of the experiment and sterile agar plates
were used to grow the organisms obtained from the various surface under consideration.
The different colonies were obtained from the various surfaces and also they differed in the number. The white and cream–colored colonies obtained
were identified as the coccus, foggy white colonies as Bacillus and rest colored colonies as Potentially Staphylococcus.
The hypothesis was proved to be wrong as the floor had more colonies and then the toilet seat was second most populated surfaces. The colonies were
observed and identified as that of Coccus, Bacillus and Potential Staphylococcus. The water on the bathroom handle must had acted as the vacuum
which resulted in less population of the bacteria.
Introduction:
The evolution of the organisms has been along two lines; the organisms with the cell membrane bound organelles and another lacking the cell membrane

Microbiology Lab Report
Microbiology involves the study of microbes and their relevant scientific roles. The purpose of this lab report is to use the methods and techniques
acquired from the microbiology course to identify an unknown bacterium. The assigned culture for this report is Unknown 28. Various laboratory
techniques were performed in this process in order to draw conclusions as to what microorganism the unknown sample may contain.
Before proper tests can be performed, the most important aspect to laboratory procedures are aseptic techniques. These techniques are crucial to ensure
that no contamination occurs during the culturing process (1). Although the exact steps may vary depending on the media and type of transfer, the
main components of the aseptic techniques ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Controls are especially important when it comes to identifying unknown microbes as it is done within this report. Positive controls serve as a
comparison or model of how the performed test should react if the microbe tested is positive. This enables the experimenter to compare results and
determine if their culture is positive or negative for the reactions. In contrast, the negative controls serve to model what the test should look like if
nothing is done or if the organism tested is negative. For every laboratory exercise performed in this course, there are positive and negative control
demonstrations available for students to reference. These are very useful in aiding students when they are determining the result of their unknown
culture

Lab Report : Isolating And Identifying Bacteria Essay
Laboratory Report: Isolating & Identifying Bacteria
Introduction: Through the conduction of numerous experiments, the identity of two bacterial isolates was determined. The tested specimen was an
unknown sample of a mixed culture of two different species of bacteria. The first step that was taken was obtaining a pure culture of each species of
bacteria by isolating one species from the other. Once isolation was complete, the isolated cultures were tested using procedures that had been
performed during previous lab sessions. A gram stain was performed on the two isolates. The isolate which had tested gram negative was then tested
for the presence of cytochrome C and lactose fermentation. For the gram positive isolate, cell shape was determined and a catalase test was performed.
Each mixed culture that was tested had one gram positive and one gram negative bacterial species. The possible species of bacteria that could have
been isolated from the mixtures included the following: Bacillus subtilis, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus,
Enterococcus faecalis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Salmonella enterica, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The identities of the unknown species were
determined through comparing the experimental data against data acquired from earlier experimentation.
Another purpose of this experiment is to stress the importance of knowing the identity of a microorganism. Knowing the species of microorganism
present in a sample provides a

Microbiology Unknown Report
During a lab in my Microbiology class, we got the chance to do what is called an Unknown Report. It is a report of an unknown sample of bacterial
that we performed different tests on to identify the bacterial species. By following the imporatant steps of aseptic technique in all tests, we were able to
identify the unknown bacteria. These tests involved different petri dish agars, broths, and slants to know what kind of bacteria we had. As a result, we
identified our bacteria as an Escherichia coli. Each tests gave us an important characteristics of our bacteria that helped us to identify it.
The most imporatant test that we performed was the Gram stain. Gram stain test's meaning is to differentiate between Gram positive and Gram
negative bacteria ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, the purpose of this test to identify bacteria based on these features. As a result, we had white, slime, a little shiny colonies that was shaped
as almost a flower.
In addition, we were able to know if the bacteria was positive or negative for the catalase reaction. Catalase reaction is done by adding hydrogen
peroxide–H2O2. If the test was positive, then the colonies would start forming bubbles, and if it's negative, then it won't. Therefore, in our sample of
the bacteria was a positive catalase reaction because we saw bubbles coming out after adding the hydrogen peroxide.
Then, we used different agars whether there were selective or differential or even both to gives us more information about the unknown. One of the
most imporatant agar that we used was Mannitol salt agar, which is both selective and differential medium. Mannitol salt agar is selective for
halophiles and differential for mannitol use. It starts as a pink agar that changes color to yellow or orange if the bacteria was able to grew on this
salty culture and was able to use mannitol as a sugar. However, our bacteria sample didn't even grew on it; therefore, it didn't change agar color and
stayed

Food Standards Australia New Zealand
1. Introduction
Food is vital for all living organisms to nourish and carry out the daily metabolism required for their survival. Besides that, consuming food free from
pathogens is further more important to protect ourselves from unwanted diseases. Food micro biology enables us to analyse ,detect and counter the
microbial activity in food.Changes in the lifestyle have increased the demand of ready to eat or minimally processed foods by people ,thus
microbilogical safety of such foods is an utmost concern to mainatin public health(Abadias et al. 2008).In Australia 'FOOD STANDARDS
AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND' (FSANZ) had regulated the guidelines for food safety. Salmonella ,Listeria monocytogens,Staphylococcus
aureus,Bacillus cereus,Aeromonas ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2006),low concentration of ozone has been reported to be successful for inactivation of microflora to enhance safety of fresh food(Kim, Yousef &
Dave 1999).
3.Materials and Methods
The materials and methodology was followed as per the guidelines given in the lab manual(Ajlouni,2015).
3.1 Week 1
In sterile conditions, 25 grams of sprouts were added to 225 ml of 0.1% peptone. with the help of Stomacher, those two are blended to have a primary
dilution of the sample. It acts as the 10–1 dilution, and then aseptically a serial dilution is done upto 10–5 . 100Вµl of sample from 10–3, 10–4, 10–5
were spread /inoculated on PCA agars. Half of the PCA plates are incubated aerobically , while other half of them are incubated anaerobically. A
negative and positive control is prepared by inoculating 0.1%peptone and Escherichia coli onto PCA agar plates respectively.(incubation). Then four
different selective media were taken namely MacConkey, Bright Green Agar(BGA), Listeria Selective Media(LSM), Oxytetracyclne–Glucose Yeast
Extract(OGYE).these selective media were inoculated by spreading the sample from 10–2,10–3,10–5 dilutions. (incubation).
3.2 Week 2
Agar plates which were incubated on previous week are collected. Total number of colonies on both PCA and selective

Proteus Vulgaris Microbiology
Proteus vulgaris #12
The importance of identification of a certain microorganisms can range between a life threatening diseases to a creation of certain antibiotic.
Understanding the principals of living microbes and identifying my unknown bacteria through numerous biochemical and metabolism tests, with the
outmost confidence, Proteus vulgaris had the precise qualifications. The point of this report is to further explore the identification of my unknown
bacteria by revealing the results of the experiments and comparing them to the other six known bacteria: Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus,
Staphylococcus epidermidis, Alcaligenes faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Proteus vulgaris that were used in the lab, as well as comparing and ... Show
(Harley, 2011, pp. 102–103) Sucrose and lactose serve as a fermentable carbohydrate sources which promote its growth of fecal forms and provide
color change differentiation. (Harley, 2011, p. 104) Therefore, if E. coli is being platted on the EMB, after plate's incubation period, it should produce
a green metallic sheen on the agar due to the bacteria being a strong fermenter. My unknown bacteria tested positive for growth, and agar was fermented
reddish burgundy in color. Subsequently, the unknown bacteria was later inoculated with a sterilized loop into the liquid tryptic soy broth and
incubated at an appropriate temperature. Its results were used for proper identification of turbidity, spots and flocculation. (BDв„ў Tryptic Soy Broth
(TSB), 2008) The results of the unknown were cloudiness and some settlement on the bottom of the tryptic soy liquid. The next step was conducted to
find out if all the bacteria, as well as the unknown culture, required oxygen for growth, varying from an aerobic environment, where bacteria needs
oxygen to grow, to facultative anaerobic environment, where bacteria will grow either with or without oxygen but better in its presence. All the
bacteria, along with the unknown, were separately inoculated and tested. My unknown culture results tested positive for growth in facultative
anaerobic environment. In the next sequence of lab experiments, the results of unknown bacteria were determined by glucose fermentation,

Lab Report Identifying Unknown Bacteria
Introduction:
Having a hands–on academic experience of the different techniques for instance aseptic technique and procedures like gram staining is important
characteristics for understanding the concept of learning to identify a type of bacteria. During this lab report each student would be using a variety of
lab techniques and process/procedures from the lab course taught from the professor and learned from students this semester. To include, by performing
the multiple test with three types of medias the students should be able to administer the methods to identify the unknown bacteria. With the information
from results and extra notes assist the students to identifying the unknown bacteria. Lastly the benefits from this type of hands–on ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
From the results of the first media student should choose a different media that could give a result easy to determine any decolorization or change to
media. Next choice of media was Triple Sugar Iron Agar in a test tubes. The procedure is performed by taking a sterile needle and stabbing the butt of
the agar, then streaking the slant of the agar with a fish tale pattern all the way up and out. After the test tube is incubated up to twenty–four hours the
test tube is observed.
The last and final test of media is the citrate utilization test. The method of inoculation for this test is taking a sterile needle and streaking the slant of
agar with a fish tale pattern from the bottom to the top. Later once the citrate test tube is incubated over night the agar can be looked at for results.
Results
Bloody Red with a Swiss (Carter 2017)
The decolorization around the colonies is an olive greenish color which results to be alpha hemolysis Sunnyside at TSI (Carter 2017)
As seen above the entire agar is yellow top and butt. The Dirty Ocean (Carter 2017)
For the result of the citrate test if the agar changed to a royal blue it would be considered positive, but it stayed green which results as

Essay Lab Module 1
MBK – Lab ReportName: ____
Section: ___
Module 1, Experiment 1:
Observing Bacteria and Blood
(No microscope needed for this lab)
Questions:
A. List the following parts of the microscope, AND
Briefly describe the function of each part.
A. Eyepiece – transmits and magnifies the image from the objective lens to the eye.
B. Main tube – moves vertically for focusing
C. Nosepiece– holds the objective lenses and rotates them.
D. Objective lens – Objective lenses provide different focal lengths.
E. Stage – holds the object to be viewed
F. Diaphragm – controls the amount of light reaching the slide
G. Light source – a mirror, lamp, or bulb for illuminating slide work.
H. Course adjustment – used for the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
E. What are four primary bacterial shapes? Cocci, bacillus, spirillum, vibros
F. Bacteria occur in several common arrangements with each other. What are they?
They occur as single bacterium, which uses the names cocci, bacillus, spirillum, vibros. They occur as pairs, which add the prefix diplo, such as
diplococci. They appear as linked chains, with the prefix strepto, as in streptobacillus, and they occur in clusters with the prefix staphlo, as an example,
staphylococci.

G. Can you identify specific bacterial morphologies on either the fresh or prepared yogurt slide? If so, which types? Yes, there observable shapes in
the slide that would seem to indicate the presence of bacillus and cocci. The cocci appear to grow in clusters, which would indicate that they are
staphylococci, and there also indicates that streptococci chains are presented. As Lactobacillus bulgaris and thermophillic Streptococcus are the most
common types of bacteria in yogurt, one could imagine that they are the specific bacteria present in the slide.
H. Observe the images of a blood smear. Describe the cells you were able to see in the blood smear. (You can use the images we provided, or images in
your textbook or lab manual, or you can search online for blood smear images by entering Microscopic images of blood into your search engine.)Red
blood cells, Monocytes, Lymphocytes, Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and

A Series Of Biochemical Tests
A series of biochemical tests were conducted in order to determine the identity of an unknown gram negative bacterium. The unknown had the potential
to be one of six different gram negative bacteria: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogenes, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella
pneumonia, or Salmonella typhirmurium. After using the T–streak method to isolate pure colonies and confirming the gram negative nature of the
unknown bacterium the unknown was subjected to seven biochemical tests and the results compared to the results of the six known bacteria for the same
tests. After performing the Triple Sugar Iron Agar Test, Sulfur Indole Motility Test, Methyl Red Test, Voges
–Proskauer Test, Citrate Test, Urease Test,
and Gelatin Test it was confirmed that identity of Unknown #15 was Salmonella typhirmurium.
While all bacteria retain basic qualities identifying them as prokaryotes they do not function, grow, or even metabolize in the same way. These
differences distinguish bacterial species from one another, like a thumb print identifies a single individual from every other person on earth. Testing for
these unique factors through a series of biochemical tests and staining techniques allows for an unknown bacterial strain's "thumb print" to be
generated. From there the unknown's thumb print can be compared to the thumb print of known bacterial species allowing for identification.
The first step in identification is performing a Gram Stain. Due to the fact

Unknown Bacteria: Microbiology Lab Report
UNKNOW BACTERIA LAB REPORT
UNKNOWN 36
Introduction
The purpose of this lab was to identify two unknown bacteria from a mixed culture. The reason for identification of unknown bacteria was to help
students recognize different bacteria through different biochemical tests and characteristics. This is important in the medical field because
identification of unknown bacteria can help treat a patient by knowing the contributing source of a disease. Also knowledge of different bacteria helped
others make antibiotics used today. This lab was completed by using the methods learned thus far in identification of bacteria.
Materials and Methods
A mixed culture of two unknown bacteria was provided by the instructor. The methods used for... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The colonies were smooth, translucent, and had a white brownish color. The Gram stain resulted in Gram positive cocci. After the Gram stain was
completed, the bacteria were streaked on a Mannitol–Salt Agar plate and a Catalase test was performed. After these test were completed a Phenol Red
Dextrose Fermentation tube was inoculated, and a SIM Tube inoculated.
The Unknown Bacteria 36/Bacteria # 2 on a TSA plate was examined by the naked eye and under a dissecting microscope. Bacteria # 2 was
approximately 3 – 4 mm in diameter. They were circular in form with an entire margin and a flat elevation. The colonies were rough (granular),
translucent, and white brownish color with black granules. The Gram stain resulted in a Gram negative rod. After the Gram stain was completed, the
bacteria were streaked on an Eosin –Methylene Blue Agar plate and an Enterotube II was inoculated.
See Table 1 and Flow Chart 1 for results of Bacteria # 1 and Table 2 and Flow Chart 2 for results of Bacteria # 2.
Table 1: Biochemical Test Results (Bacteria # 1) TEST| PURPOSE| REAGENTS| OBSERVATIONS| RESULTS| Gram Stain| To determine the Gram
reaction of Bacteria #1| Crystal violet, Iodine, Alcohol, Safranin | Purple cocci| Gram positive cocci | MSA Agar plate| To determine Gram positive
Staphylococcus species| None| Yellow halo around streak| Staphylococcus aureus| Catalase Test| To verify bacteria identification| Hydrogen peroxide|
No bubbling|

The Uses Of Differential Stain
Erica Stevens June 2, 2015 Gram Stain Laboratory Report
Purpose:
To understand how the use of differential stains can help us identify cell morphology. Also to identify the presence of two different bacteria in our
mixed sample by identifying differences in color, shape and grouping of eubacteria.
Theory and Background:
Gram stain is the most important and "commonly used differential stain in microbiology" (1). Developed by Hans Christian Gram in 1884, while
searching for a way to visualize bacteria in lung tissue of people who had died from pneumonia. Gram used crystal violet as the primary stain, iodine as
the mordant followed by treatment with ethanol as a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cell membrane is a selectively permeable barrier composed of a phospholipid bilayer and proteins. This layer of the cellular envelope, protects the
cell from bursting under external osmotic pressure and for communication between cells. The cell wall is found on the outer surface of the cellular
envelope, and it is here that the composition of the cell differs (4). In gram–positive cells, the cell membrane is separated from the cell wall by a thin
periplasmic space. The periplasmic space is an area for storage of enzymes secreted by the cell membrane and synthesis of peptidoglycan (3). The cell
wall is composed of peptidoglycans; many long chains of glycans linked together by peptides creating a permeable mesh–like surface. In gram–positive
cells the layers of peptidoglycans is very thick (20–80nm) and it protects the cell from bursting from internal pressure (3,4). The cell wall also contains
polysaccharides (teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid) that are embedded in the peptidoglycan structure. These structures assist in maintenance of the cell
wall, cell division and pathogenic functions of the cell (3). Gram–negative cells have a larger periplasmic space that separates the cell membrane from
the cell wall. This periplasmic membrane is the site for metabolic reactions (3). The cell wall in gram–negative

Local Alignment Search Tool
Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST)
The Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) was the final portion of this lab report. BLAST is provided courtesy of the National Center for
Biotechnology Information (NCBI). After running the five chosen tests, students were given the two 16S rRNA sequences that were associated with
their assigned culture. The BLAST results served to confirm or disprove the hypothesis of what the unknown may be. The BLAST program
compared the given 16S rRNA sequence to a database of known sequences and searched for similarity. (10) This search tool is capable of comparing
nucleotide or protein sequences to find statistical significance between the matches. A perfect match to the unknown sequence is indicated by a... Show
After appropriate incubation, sulfanilic acid (reagent A) and dimethyl–О±–napthylamine (reagent B) were both added to the test tube. A color change
should have been observed after approximately one minute if the unknown was positive for nitrate reduction (1). However, no color change was
present which indicated no nitrate reduction. As a confirmation test, powdered zin was added to the tube. There was an immediate color change to red
after the addition of zinc. The color change from zinc indicated that there were still intact nitrates within the broth, thus, no reduction had occurred. The
positive control for nitrate reduction was E. coli which changed to a red color after the addition of reagents A and B. The negative control was M.
luteus which had

Hepg2 Cells
Design study
The design study in this write up below is a research on HepG2 cells also known as "cells which are human hepatocytes". The variables which are
chosen to be tested on the cells are different types of saturated fatty acids and the accumulation occurred on the cells.
Hypothesis
There will be no difference between the palmitic and stearic fatty acids which accumulate on the HepG2 cells.
Null hypothesis
There is a difference between the palmitic and stearic fatty acids on the HepG2 cells.
Variables
Variables in such a study as this are infinite. It would be very costly and time consuming to get a sufficient outcome. This is because there are too many
factors available to adjust although concentration being one big factor which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Communication skills: I have acquired them from my course, work placement in a hospital for the past year, the sport which I do, group work, my
job as a MOT tester and having worked in a garage for past 5 years in communicating with various customers.
Computing skills: I have gained this from my course which enabled me to use Microsoft excel and other various forms of database software to store
information.
My concern with people: if someone I know personal is having something bad to eat I try to advise them in having something much healthier.
Open minded: I am very kind and warm person to be with which is vital for one to approach patients
Cope well under pressure: I have acquired this skill from years of balancing family, work and study life.
Hard working: this is shown through achieving one of my greatest passions in my life which is owning a Porsche from the age of 19.
Determination: the sport which I do which is wrestling has taught me on how to become a determine person in what I

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