Heart Disease And The Risk Factors That Can Increase The...

Heart Disease And The Risk Factors That Can Increase The...
INTRODUCTION Heart Disease refers to several types of heart conditions. According to World
Health Organization or WHO, heart disease is the leading cause of death in United Kingdom, United
States, Canada and Australia. In fact, about 600, 000 individuals in the US dies of heart disease
every year and that is 1 in every 4 deaths. Heart disease is among the most widespread and costly
health problems facing today's nation. It accounts for more than $500 billion in health care costs in
2010 alone. It is also important to know that heart disease can be prevented and by knowing the risk
factors that can heighten one's chances of developing the disease it may be hindered. In this paper, I
provide an overview of the function of the heart and the risk factors that can increase the chances of
acquiring or worsen an existing condition that will affect our health severely. Finally, I review three
medical conditions associated with heart disease, and conclude the importance of this topic with
suggestions and recommendations about strategies to reduce the development or chances of
acquiring heart problems and to keep a healthy heart to improve personal well–being. Risk factors
are habits or conditions that increases an individual's chances of developing a disease. It can also
increase the ratio of an existing condition to get worse. Some of the risk factors for heart disease that
can be prevented are high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, poor eating habits
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Myocardial Infarction
A heart attack, also known as a myocardial infarction, usually occurs when a blood clot forms inside
a coronary artery at the site of an atherosclerotic plaque. The blood clot severely limits or
completely cuts off blood flow to part of the heart. In a small percentage of cases, blood flow is cut
off when the muscles in the artery wall contract suddenly, constricting the artery. This constriction,
called vasospasm, can occur in an artery that is only slightly narrowed by atherosclerosis or even in
a healthy artery. Regardless of the cause of a heart attack, the oxygen deprivation is so severe and
prolonged that heart muscle cells begin to die for lack of oxygen. About 1.1 million people in the
United States have a heart attack every year; ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Arteriolar vascular constriction, heart rate increases, and renal retention of sodium and water all help
to regulate cardial output. Ventricular dilatation is commonly seen. A large amount of ventricular
myocardium is lost, contractility may be greatly compromised, and cardiogenic shock may ensue.
Right ventricular infarction may occur with occlusion of the right coronary artery. With infarct affect
the posterior wall of the left ventricle and the posterior interventricular septum, they extend to the
right ventricular wall in 15 to 30% of cases. The central venous pressure may be elevated markedly
if acute right ventricular failure develops. Low right ventricular output causing shock often responds
well to vigorous fluid therapy but poorly to vasodilators. Infusions raise both right and left
ventricular filling pressures. The diagnosis of right ventricular infarction is difficult but may be
established by right sided ECG leads and echocardiographic studies (Bullock, 1996).
PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
The goal of medical management is to minimized myocardial damage, preserve myocardial
function, and prevent complications. These goals are achieved by reperfusing the area by emergency
use of Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA) or thrombolytic medication.
Minimizing myocardial damage is also accomplished by reducing myocardial oxygen demand and
increasing oxygen supply with medications, oxygen administration, and bed rest.

Exam 38176000 Med Billing & Coding Essay
Page 1/11 Ashley Kailian 1800 N.Hills Rd Apt 406 York, Pa, 17406 Student Number: 21648849
Examination: 38176000 1.List the three goals of Physician Payment Reform. 1. Decrease Medicare
expenditures, Re–Distribute physicians payments more equitibly, Ensure quality health care at a
reasonable rate. 2. Mr. Jones is admitted to the hospital by the orthopedic surgeon for severe hip
pain. The ortho surgeon provides an initial hospital visit during which it's determined that Mr. Jones
has a fractured hip that will require surgical intervention. Mr. Jones is taken later that day to the OR,
where the doctor performs the surgical procedure to repair Mr. Jones' hip. Which modifier would
you use for the hospital ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
SUBJECTIVE: This is a 38–year–old female who presents to the emergency room with a history of
currently being under treatment for a right corneal abrasion that occurred on Sunday. She states she
was seen by the "eye doctor earlier today" and now has a bandage over her eye. Apparently her eye
is opened underneath the bandage, and she is unable to close her eyelid. She feels her eyelid is stuck
to the bandage. OBJECTIVE: She is afebrile with stable vital signs. The patch was removed and
there was a folded piece of Telfa that had slipped down and her upper eyelid was unable to close
over the top of this. The Telfa was removed and a wet patch was placed. This did provide significant
comfort. Her eye patch was reinforced. ASSESSMENT: 1. Right corneal abrasion under treatment.
2. Eye patch replaced as described above. PLAN: She has a follow up visit tomorrow morning with
ophthalmology. I told her she needs to keep that appointment. She is to return here sooner if she is
having increasing problems. CPT Code: ____________________ ICD–9–CM Code:
____________________ 14. CPT Code: 99281/ICD–9–CM Code: 918.1 15. Provide the CPT
code(s) for the following hospital scenario. PROGRESS NOTE: The patient is seen today. She has
been transferred from the ICU to the floor. She has essentially stabilized. Again, she is having some
type of seizure activity. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: Her vitals overall are fairly well stabilized.
Her

Heart And Blood Vessel Assessment
Jacob Powell
Write–up for Heart and Blood Vessels
Date: 10/18/2013
Time: 1330
Biographical: G.B., 20, Male, Caucasian, DOB: 01/23/1993, Student, Dr. Wang, Orientated to
person, time and place, reliable source of information. No deficits in mental ability.
Write–up for Heart:
History of Present Illness– Chief Complaint– Fatigue
Denies chest pain
Fatigue is persistent, but not strong enough to interfere with capabilities
Denies associated symptoms
Denies medication
Denies cough
Denies difficulty breathing
Denies loss of consciousness
Symptom Analysis–
Where–
Symptoms systematic
States "I always seem to be tired."
When–
Symptoms began three months ago
Symptoms onset was gradual
Last entire duration of the day
What–
Rated pain 0 out of 10 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
High intensity
Denies sexual activity
Denies use of illegal drugs
Risk Factors
Male, more at risk
Denies hyperlipidemia
Denies elevated homocysteine level
Denies smoking
Denies family history of cardiac disease
Denies diabetes mellitus

Denies obesity
Denies sedentary lifestyle
Positive personality, somewhat intense
Write–up for Blood Vessels:
History of Present Illness– No CC
Denies leg pain or cramps
Denies swollen ankles
Past Medical History–
Denies cardiac surgery or hospitalization for cardiac evaluation or disorder, congenital heart defect,
or vascular procedures
Denies acute rheumatic fever, unexplained fever, swollen joints, or vasculitis
Hypertension noted, denies bleeding disorder, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, thyroid dysfunction, stroke,
transient ischemic attacks, coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, or thrombophlebitis
Family History–
Denies family member with risk factors, morbidity, mortality related to cardiovascular system,
hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, heart disease, thrombosis, peripheral vascular disease, or
abdominal aortic aneurysms
Personal and Social History–
Denies employment
Denies tobacco use
Healthy nutritional status
Usual diet consist of a large amount of carbs and sugars, low amounts of protein and fat
Denies weight gain or loss
Denies alcohol use
Exercises with weights twice a week for one

A Brief Note On Coronary Artery Disease Prevention
Coronary artery bypasses surgery, percutaneous angioplasty–stent, aspirin use, cholesterol–lowering
therapies, and increased awareness of coronary artery disease prevention are the main strategies for
the preventive treatment of SCD [166]. As the main etiology behind coronary artery ischemia is the
plaque rupture, methods to prevent plaque rupture, plaque stabilization, decreasing plaque formation
and searching risk markers for sudden plaque rupture should be discovered. The role of cholesterol
in SCD have been studied in many studies and there are both kind of results, some suggesting its
significant role [39, 167] while other without any significant role [83].Low density lipoprotein
(LDL) plays a significant role in atheroma formation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This different expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins may be responsible for apoptosis of
vascular smooth muscle cell and plaque destabilization [171]. Rao et al studied the mechanism of
plaque rupture in carotids and proposed the mechanism by which EGFR activation induced MMP–1
and MMP–9 decreases the interstitial collagen causing plaque instability and increased vulnerability
of plaque rupture, paving a future direction for translational approach of this concept for the
prevention of myocardial infarction. It was also proposed that for plaque stabilization, selective
blockade of EGFR and MMP–9 may be a promising strategy [172]. Identification of specific
markers indicating a plaque prone to rupture and risk predictors for plaque rupture is an interesting
area for further research. Currently we are working on the role of HMGB–1, RAGE, ENRAGE,
TLR–4, TREM–1, TREM–2, MMP–1 and MMP–9 in plaque stability and destabilization in carotid
artery. Acute unstable arrhythmias should be treated with external defibrillator according to ACLS
algorithm and it has been suggested that biphasic waveform defibrillation is more effective than
monophasic defibrillation[173]. Treating the patient's arrhythmia in hospital is a secondary
prevention but as the proportion of out of hospital death is more, there is a need to focus on primary
prevention

The Elderly Essay
The term Ageism is practiced by many of America's youth who lack nothing short of ignorance.
Many individuals use discriminative terms to falsely describe the elderly. We forget that despite
their advanced age, they're people full of life that are purely undergoing senescence, the universal
and inevitable changes that all of us experience from the time we are born. Wilbert is a gentleman
who must combat multiple ailments such as diabetes, hypertension, and coronary artery disease.
These are merely from secondary aging which encompass changes that are due to illness, health
habits, and other individual differences that have expedited his degeneration physically.
–ageism
–senescence
–secondary aging
He is part of the one–third of elderly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wilbert would fall under the category of men who are inactive, have formerly smoked, and have a
BMI of 30+, therefore his chances are roughly 55%. Unfortunately, Wilbert is not able to say he
reached 65 unscathed due to his eating habits and lifestyle. His physical capabilities may have
slowed him down, but he makes up for his weaknesses through his wits.
–smoking linked with coronary artery disease, stroke, and diabetes
Plasticity is defined as the degree to which a developing structure or behavior is susceptible to
experience. We can always learn something new even at an older age such as speaking another
language or to play sudoku puzzles. The human brain is a fascinating structure that is hard to
understand. However, when thinking of the mechanics we as humans have infinite capabilities to
what we can do. They say that people who are 65 years and older are less likely to use technology
because of a lack in motivation or a cognitive barrier such as fluid intelligence. This does not prove
true for all people because Wilbert likes to text, surf the internet, and play games on Xbox such as
Gears of War 3 and Halo. He has to also put on glasses to see what is on the screen of his phone and
use a stylist because his fingers are larger in size. For him, the use of cellphones and computers are
either a damnation or a

Analytical Paper Evaluation : Heart Failure Essay
Nikhil Vij
Analytical Paper Evaluation: Heart Failure
Governors State University
Table of Content
Introduction...........................................................................................3
Importance.............................................................................................3
Affected individual..........................................................................3
Members of the Family.....................................................................4
Members of the Global Community.......................................................5
Ethical Considerations......................................................................5
Interrelationships......................................................................................5
Nursing........................................................................................5
Philosophy, Theory and Research..........................................................6
Current Practice...............................................................................7
Reference Page........................................................................................9
Introduction
According to the American Heart Association (2015), heart failure is defined as "a chronic,
progressive condition in which the heart muscle is unable to pump enough blood through to meet the
body 's needs for blood and oxygen. Basically, the heart can 't keep up with its workload".
Congestive heart failure is a progressive illness that effects millions of Americans every year. Many
other illnesses can lead to the development of congestive heart failure. Examples of these diseases
include: coronary artery disease, past heart attack, high blood pressure, abnormal heart valve, heart
muscle disease such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy or inflammation such
as myocarditis, congenital heart disease, severe lung disease, diabetes, obesity and asthma.
(American Heart Association, 2015 (Centers for

High Intensity Interval Training ( Hiit )
INTRODUCTION: High–Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) is known as one method to treat
Cardiovascular Diseases (CD), such as Coronary Arterial Disease (CAD) and Heart Failure (HF),
due to its potential to improve cardio respiratory fitness (1, 15). This exercise format is characterized
as aerobic exercise performed in a high intensity – usually controlled by either maximum oxygen
uptake or maximum heart rate – with active and low intensity. Performing exercise in high
intensities mixed with active rest allows patients to tolerate a higher effort before they become tired.
Heart failure patients present a diminished exercise capacity, due to a smaller Ejection Fraction
(EF), which tells us how well the heart pumps blood to body. To these patients, High–Intensity
Interval Training has been reported for improving Systolic Function due to the increased effort in
which the heart is working (16). The necessity to provide nutrients through circulation during
exercise leads to an increased contractility and consequently LV Remodeling (15). Coronary Arterial
Disease Patients have a decreased blood flow to the myocardial tissue due to an obstruction inside
the coronary arteries. HIIT increases the arteriovenous O2 difference, which means there is an
elevated consumption of oxygen by the tissues as result of a higher stroke volume. All those benefits
have been shown in the literature, but most of the studies present data with short–term interventions.
A few studies discuss the benefits

The Diagnostic Value Of Dual-Source Computed Tomography
The Diagnostic value of Dual–Source Computed Tomography Coronary Angiography (DSCT–CA)
for the Diagnosis of Coronary Artery Disease in the Intermediate Risk Group in relation to
Conventional Angiography: Literature Review
Abstract
Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death in developed countries.
Conventional coronary angiography is considered as the ''gold standard'' for the diagnosis of CAD,
but it is invasive and carries risks of vascular complications. Dual–source computed tomography can
be an alternative non–invasive imaging modality due to its high temporal resolution, and,
consequently, high diagnostic accuracy and image quality.
Aim: To review the diagnostic value of Dual–Source ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Introduction
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death in developed countries (Salavati et al.,
2012; Sun, et al., 2011). It is caused by the deposition of fatty materials, known as atherosclerotic
plaque, in the inner walls of the arteries. This can cause damage to the heart muscles, leading to
serious health problems and death, if left untreated. (reference) However, its impact can be
minimised if early diagnosis and treatments are initiated. Figure 1 A shows an overview of a heart
and coronary artery damage caused by heart attack. Figure 1B shows a cross–section of the coronary
artery with plaque build–up and a blood clot (See appendix).
Conventional coronary angiography (CCA) is considered as the ''gold standard'' for the diagnosis of
CAD because of its superior temporal and spatial resolution. (reference) However, it is invasive and
carries risks of morbidities, including vascular complications, myocardial infarction, stroke, and
mortality. The rate of major complications associated with routine femoral diagnostic catheterisation
is between 0.5–2%, and the composite rate of death, myocardial infarction, or stroke is between 0.1–
0.2% (Smilowitz, et al., 2012; Jolly, et al., 2009). Moreover, approximately two–thirds of cardiac
catheterisations performed in patients without known CAD are solely diagnostic, with no significant
CAD identified. Therefore, introducing a comparably accurate

Atherosclerosis Case Study Essay
In the case of an individual needing to abide by a heart healthy nutrition plan, they would be
suffering from some form of heart disease. Two of the most common types of heart disease are
Ischemic heart disease and Inflammatory heart disease. In the case of Ischemic heart disease, this is
a heart ailment caused by the narrowing of the coronary arteries thus resulting in a decreased blood
supply to the heart. Inflammatory heart disease on the other hand is a rather broad term and can be
used to categorize several heart conditions including Atherosclerosis. An individual who suffers
from Atherosclerosis can expect the the walls of their arteries to become thick and stiff because of
the buildup of fatty deposits called plaques. When this occurs, the flow of blood is restricted.
Atherosclerosis can happen throughout the body, for example, in the arteries of the heart it is known
as Coronary artery disease and in the legs it is referred to as Peripheral arterial disease. It is essential
that those suffering from heart disease follow a specific diet however, if they refuse to be cautious,
they are highly susceptible to developing several life threatening complications. One example
includes heart failure, which occurs when the heart cannot adequately pump blood throughout the
body. This can cause shortness of breath, dizziness, confusion, and the buildup of fluid in the body,
causing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These are mainly subjected to the type of underlying heart disease, the person's reaction to certain
medications, and the extent and severity of the impairment. Heart disease is considered to be a
chronic condition, and there can be complications following periods of medication–induced
improvement. However, people with heart disease can better overcome their conditions as new
medications and treatment options are being developed, and by abiding by specific diets such as a
heart healthy meal

Myocardial Infarction Is The Technical Name For A Heart...
Myocardial infarction is the technical name for a heart attack, is the damage and death of heart
muscle from the sudden blockage of a coronary artery by a blood clot. Coronary arteries are blood
vessels that supply the heart muscle with blood and oxygen. Blockage of a coronary artery deprives
the heart muscle of blood and oxygen, causing injury to the heart muscle. Injury to the heart muscle
causes chest pain and chest pressure sensation. If blood flow is not restored to the heart muscle
within 20 to 40 minutes, irreversible death of the heart muscle will begin to occur. Muscle continues
to die for six to eight hours at which time the heart attack usually is "complete." The dead heart
muscle is eventually replaced by scar tissue. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In many people, atherosclerosis can remain silent (causing no symptoms or health problems) for
years or decades. Atherosclerosis can begin as early as the teenage years, but symptoms or health
problems usually do not arise until later in adulthood when the arterial narrowing becomes severe.
Smoking cigarettes, high blood pressure, elevated cholesterol, and diabetes mellitus can accelerate
atherosclerosis and lead to the earlier onset of symptoms and complications, particularly in those
people who have a family history of early atherosclerosis. Coronary atherosclerosis (or coronary
artery disease) refers to the atherosclerosis that causes hardening and narrowing of the coronary
arteries. Diseases caused by the reduced blood supply to the heart muscle from coronary
atherosclerosis are called coronary heart diseases (CHD). Coronary heart diseases include heart
attacks, sudden unexpected death, chest pain (angina), abnormal heart rhythms, and heart failure due
to weakening of the heart muscle. Angina pectoris (also referred to as angina) is chest pain or
pressure that occurs when the blood and oxygen supply to the heart muscle cannot keep up with the
needs of the muscle. When coronary arteries are narrowed by more than 50 to 70 percent, the
arteries may not be able to increase the supply of blood to the heart

Nursing Is A Essential For Care For Individuals, Families,...
Nursing is a valuable profession in which nurses provide care for individuals, families, and
community groups. In order to be a successful nurse, a person has to be able to combine people
skills like communication, compassion, commitment, and trust with an adequate amount of science
and new technology knowledge. On the other hand, nurses are highly responsible for educating their
patients about different medication, diseases, treatments, and healthy lifestyle choices to help clients
maintain and improve their health and well–being. Nursing consists of a wide range of specialties
and practices among which every nurse can choose depends on her/his interest and skills.
Personally, I am really interested in working on the Coronary Care unit and eager to learn more
about this specialty. Coronary care unit is a specialty department that provides care for patients with
coronary artery diseases, heart failure, and life threatening dysrhythmias which requires continued
monitoring of the patient's condition. According to J. Edgar Caswell (1967), the first coronary care
area in the United States opened at Bethany Hospital, Kansas City, Kans., in May 1962. By the
beginning of summer 1962, the Heart Disease Control Program initiated major efforts toward
establishing specialized coronary care units for patients with acute myocardial infarction. It was at
that time that the name "coronary care unit" received its impetus as a specialized entity. (p. 1105).
The invention of coronary care

Heart Disease: The Most Important Muscle In Human Body
Heart is the most important muscle in human body; it allows us to stay alive, and if it stops that
mean death. The job of the heart is very simple, its pumps blood through entire body. The heart is
located in the chest and it is the size of human fist. These days many people suffer from heart
disease. The heart problems are conditions that affect the structure and the functions of the heart.
This disease cannot be ignored, because heart disease known as the first kill for both gender at
different ages. People have to understand the heart disease, first need to know the different types of
this disease, the symptoms, the risk factors, the treatment, and the prevention.
Types of Heart Disease
First let talk about the types of heart diseases, there is more than one type of heart disease. However,
let look to four common heart disease, which are coronary heart disease, congenital heart disease,
heart attack, and rheumatic heart disease. No matter how many different types of heart disease ...
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Such as fruit and vegetables, and other foods that have "low in fat, especially saturated fat and
hydrogenated oil; low in cholesterol; and high in fiber" (Ford–Martin, P., 2015). And be sure to eat
food that has high fiber, because it prevents high cholesterol. Be sure to eat food that has lower salt
to keep blood pressure normal, also eat food that has lower sugar to prevent for diabetes. On other
hand, people have to exercise regularly, at least for thirty minutes a day. Because exercising
regularly can help to, "lower blood pressure, help control weight, and increase HDL (good)
cholesterol. In addition, it may "keep the blood vessels more flexible" (Ford–Martin, P., 2015).
Exercising can help the heart pump blood to the body; also maintain healthy weight, because
controlling healthy weight can avoid people from heart disease, LDL and HDL cholesterol, and
other

Angina Pectoris: The Heart Killer Essay
Introduction
In today's society, people are gaining medical knowledge at quite a fast pace. Treatments, cures, and
vaccines for various diseases and disorders are being developed constantly, and yet, coronary
disease remains the number one killer in the world.
The media today concentrates intently on drug and alcohol abuse, homicides, AIDS, and so on.
What a lot of people aren't realizing is that coronary disease actually accounts for about 80% of
sudden deaths. In fact, the number of deaths from heart disease approximately equals to the number
of deaths from cancer, chronic lung disease, pneumonia and influenza, and others combined.
One of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These two left arteries feed the front and left side of the heart. The division of the left coronary
artery is the reason why doctors usually refer to three main coronary arteries.
Symptoms of Coronary Heart Disease
There are three main symptoms of coronary disease: heart attack, sudden death, and angina.
Heart attack occurs when a blood clot suddenly and completely blocks a diseased coronary artery,
resulting in the death of the heart muscle cells supplied by that artery. Coronary and Coronary
Thrombosis 2 are terms that can refer to a heart attack. Another term, Acute Myocardial Infarction 2,
means death of heart muscle due to an inadequate blood supply.
Sudden death occurs due to cardiac arrest. Cardiac arrest may be the first symptom of coronary
artery disease and may occur without any symptoms or warning signs. Other causes of sudden death
include drowning, suffocation, electrocution, drug overdose, trauma (such as automobile accidents),
and stroke. Drowning, suffocation, and drug overdose usually cause respiratory arrest which in turn
cause cardiac arrest. Trauma may cause sudden death by severe injury to the heart and brain, or by
severe blood loss. Stroke causes damage to the brain which can cause respiratory arrest and/or
cardiac arrest.
People with coronary heart disease, whether or not they have had a heart attack, experience

Case Study Mr. Thomas Acute Myocardial Infarction
1. What is the common name for Mr. Thomas' condition? Look this condition up in a reference
source and include a short description of it.
– Mr. Thomas' has been diagnosed with an acute myocardial infarction (MI). A myocardial
infarction is an "infarct of heart muscle caused by occlusion of one or more of coronary arteries"
(Frucht, 2012 P.125). The common name for Mr. Thomas' condition is a heart attack. A heart attack
occurs if the flow of oxygen–rich blood to a section of heart muscle suddenly becomes blocked ( ).
If the blood flow is not restored quickly, then that section of the heart muscle begins to die. Heart
attacks have become the leading killer of both men and women in the United States. The main cause
of heart attacks has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thomas' chief complaint was a persistent, crushing chest pain that radiates to his left arm, jaw, neck,
and shoulder blade. He also described the pain as a squeezing sensation around his heart. The
medical term for this patient's chief complaint is angina pectoris. Angina pectoris is the medical
term for the chest pain or discomfort due to coronary heart disease.
3. List and define each of the patient's additional symptoms in your own words. These terms appear
In other chapters of your textbook.
– Mr. Thomas' additional symptoms included nausea and dysnea. Nausea is when a person's stomach
wants to empty itself, so a person gets the urge and sensation to vomit. Now, when it comes to
dysnea it is when a person has difficulty breathing. Dysnea is the unpleasant or uncomfortable
breathing sensation a patients gets.
4. Mr. Thomas does not have hypertension. According to your textbook, what is the blood pressure
that is usually considered high?
– Hypertension (HTN) is, "blood pressure above normal range" (Frucht, 2012 P.124). Mr. Thomas'
does not have hypertension, however, according to the textbook the blood pressure that is usually
considered high is systolic pressure above 140 mmHg or diastolic pressure above 90

Causes Of Death For Men And Women During The United States
One of the leading causes of death for men and women in the United States can be attributed to
Coronary Artery Disease. In the medical world, treatments are ever–changing and improving the
chance of survival from this disease. One such treatment, Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI)
with stent placement, is now used in more than 80% of CAD cases with an exceedingly high success
rate (http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/161446–overview). With any procedure, there is a
number of tools at the doctor's fingertips, and a new experimental technology in the stent world has
risen with temporary bio–absorbable stents. The following document will briefly explain the
procedure and their use in percutaneous coronary intervention.
First, we ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Such contraindications could be an intolerance to long–term antiplatelet therapy or significant
conditions leading to a reduced lifespan in the patient. If there is a lack of cardiac surgical support or
the artery has suffered less than 50% or complete occlusion, the procedure may be voided. The
patient also must not have received a bypass graft to the left anterior descending artery.
(http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular–disorders/cardiovascular–tests–and–
procedures/percutaneous–coronary–interventions). Careful approach should be used in cases where
patients suffer from diabetes and coronary artery disease or have left main disease without collateral
flow and a high Syntax score. (http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/ 161446–overview).
As with any medical procedure, risks are taken into precaution when preforming a Percutaneous
Coronary Intervention. Complications generally arise from three types: contrast administration,
catheter/tool related issues, and access site situations (bleeding, hematoma, limb ischemia, etc.) A
patient may have an allergic reaction to the contrast media administered of which there is a course of
action to counteract the reaction with diphenhydramine, albuterol, or epinephrine. Contrast
nephropathy, one of the highest risks of PCI, is presented as an insufficiency of the renal system
clearing the blood. This risk can be reduced by using

The Effects Of High Blood Pressure On The Heart
High blood pressure has many damaging effects on the heart. High blood pressure is known as a
silent killer and if left untreated can cause serious damage to the heart. What causes high blood can
differ from person to person. What causes this for some may be different with another. Genetics,
diet, family history, weight, and use of salt are just some of the causes of high blood pressure. Some
of the ways that high blood pressure damages the heart is through narrowing of the arteries in the
heart, called arteriosclerosis, left ventricular hypertrophy, and restricted blood flow that can lead to
strokes and heart attacks. High blood pressure can have damaging effects on the heart if left
untreated, and can cause arteriosclerosis, left ventricular hypertrophy, and restricted blood flow that
leads to strokes and heart attacks. High blood pressure causes vary from person to person. Some of
the main causes of high blood pressure are genetics, diet, family history, weight, and use of too
much salt. Genetics and family history of high blood pressure go hand in hand. Since family
members share lifestyles and genes, that can influence their risk for this disease. Some
characteristics that are out of your control that can affect the risk for high blood pressure include,
age, race, or ethnicity. Although African Americans develop high blood pressure more often than
Whites, Hispanics, Asians, Pacific Islanders, American Indians, and Alaska Natives, the lifestyle one
lives can

Treating Cardiovascular Disease Via Gene Therapy And The...
Topic: Discuss the technologies available for treating cardiovascular disease via gene therapy and
the future direction of this as a therapeutic option.
Introduction
The definition of cardiovascular disease as stated by the British Heart Foundation is as follows,
"cardiovascular disease includes all diseases of the heart and circulation, including coronary heart
disease (i.e. angina, heart attack), heart failure, congenital heart disease, and stroke. It is also known
as heart and circulatory disease." Although there are numerous subtypes of cardiovascular disease
they are all interrelated by a common setback. Atherosclerosis, which is the build–up of a fatty
streak inside of the arterial walls, is the mutual element that links all forms of cardiovascular disease
together. The build–up of fatty plaque inside of the artery walls can have a number of negative
effects on the human body. For example, angina occurs when the narrowing of the arteries due to the
build–up of plaque inhibits a sufficient amount of oxygen–rich blood to pass through to the heart.
Similarly, a heart attack occurs when part of the fatty plaque breaks away or ruptures and clots the
coronary arteries, drastically reducing blood–supply to the heart. Both of these conditions lead to
various side effects that can significantly lower ones quality of life or even result in death.
The main risk factors that increase a persons chance of obtaining cardiovascular disease include
smoking, obesity, high

Chronic Heart Conditions Research Paper
CHRONIC HEART CONDITIONS
Chronic heart conditions or cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are conditions related to the heart and
blood vessels. This paper will serve to outline some common CVDs and discuss associated
symptoms and complications. Additionally, contributing risk factors will be addressed. CVDs are
the leading cause of mortality world–wide with an estimated 17.5 million people dying in 2012 from
chronic heart conditions (World Health Organization, 2016). Coronary heart disease and stroke are
shown to be the leading cause of these deaths with the majority of deaths taking place in remote
areas with low or disadvantaged socioeconomic communities. As reflected in 2011–12 Australian
Health Survey data (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2016), it is estimated that 22% of
Australian adults (3.7 million people) were affected by at least one cardiovascular disease.
Two of the most commonly recognised heart conditions associated with acute central chest pain are
heart attack and angina. Angina ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the heart, atherosclerosis is recognised as coronary artery disease (CAD). Hypertension is linked
to heart failure, a damaging chronic condition causing the heart to have reduced ability to pump
blood and perfuse the organs effectively leading to further complications, especially in the elderly.
Age and genetics are risk factors for cardiovascular disease that are unchangeable whereas most
other risk factors are modifiable. These include hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, obesity,
diabetes, tobacco and excessive alcohol exposure (World Health Federation, 2016). The modifiable
risk factors that contribute to cardiovascular disease may be controlled by changes in lifestyle and
use of prescribed

Heart Failure : The American Heart Association ( Aha ) /...
In the American Heart Association (AHA)/American College of Cardiology guidelines1, heart
failure (HF) is defined as a complex clinical syndrome that can result from any structural or
functional cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the ventricle to fill or eject blood. A normal
healthy heart is a muscular organ with four chambers, two on the right and two on the left, that
pumps blood to the lungs and rest of the body2. The two upper chambers are called atria and the two
lower chambers are called ventricles. The right atria take in oxygen–poor blood from the rest of the
body and sends it back out to the lungs through the right ventricle where the blood becomes
oxygenated. Oxygen–rich blood travels from the lungs to the left atrium, then on to the left
ventricle, which pumps it to the rest of the body. In a patient with heart failure, the heart muscle has
been progressively weakened and unable to pump enough blood through to the body. There are two
main types of heart failure: left–sided and right–sided. In left–sided or left ventricular (LV) heart
failure3, the heart fails to properly pump blood out to the body. Right–sided or right ventricular
(RV) heart failure is usually triggered by LV heart failure and it's when blood accumulates in the
lungs increasing fluid pressure, damaging the heart's right side. LV heart failure can be further
classified into two types, systolic and diastolic heart failure, depending on the ejection fraction (EF).
In

Essay On Coronary Artery Disease
Heart disease is conditions which include blood clots, diseased vessels, and structural complications.
In the United States alone, this deadly disease claims up to 610,000 lives every year– that's one in
every four Americans! The most common type of heart disease is Coronary Artery Disease. This is a
condition where plaque builds up in the patient's arteries that supply the oxygen rich blood to your
heart. Over time, as the plaque starts to build up the arteries can often rupture which can cause blood
clotting. Symptoms of this condition can include chest pains, shortness of breath, nausea, rapid or
irregular heartbeats, cold sweats, indigestion, and pain in areas of your body such as your arms,
shoulders, the back of your neck, jaw, or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most patients are prescribed aspirin, nitrates, zebeta, and clopidogrel. Side effects to these
medications may include memory loss, fatigue, depression, cough, headaches, vivid dreams, nausea,
and sweating. Those who suffer from a more severe form of Coronary Artery Disease normally have
to proceed with Beating Heart Surgery or Arrested Heart Surgery. Along with taking medications
and getting surgery you will also need to be ready to adjust to a new lifestyle. Having Coronary
Artery Disease means you will now need to be cautious of the foods you eat, you must maintain a
heart healthy diet, you have to manage your stress, and you must exercise often. Heart disease is a
very serious condition which can affect our society very negatively. Many people who suffer from
heart disease are depressed, feel restricted, are fearful of the future, feel divided from others, and are
embarrassed of the scars left from surgery. Although there is medication and surgeries to help
patients cope with their condition, there is no actual cure for heart disease so it is very important for
us to educate others about the disease. We must further expand our studies and really understand
heart disease so we can find a

Myocardial Infarction: Pathologies Of The Cardiovascular...
Pathologies of the Cardiovascular System
Myocardial Infarction
This is commonly known as a 'heart attack', it occurs when one of the coronary arteries becomes
blocked. This can result in a shortage of blood getting to the heart which can affect it being able to
work efficiently due to damage.
"There are around 124,000 heart attacks in the UK each year, with more men than women having
heart attacks". (webmd.boots.net)
Causes
A heart attack is a result of the coronary arteries becoming blocked and the blood supply to the heart
muscle is restricted, for the heart muscle to be healthy and work efficiently it needs a constant
supply of oxygenated blood.
Coronary Heart Disease – is the most common cause of heat attacks. The coronary arteries ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Usually affects the legs". (bupa.net)
Causes
Varicose veins are a result of blood not flowing properly through the veins, usually in the legs,
which is due to the small valves within the veins not work properly or been damaged, they can
become stretched and lose some of their elasticity. As the blood flows through the veins the valve
opens and then closes to keep the blood flowing towards the heart and to prevent the blood going
backwards. If the valves become damaged there's nothing to prevent the blood from flowing
backwards which can start to collect within the veins causing the veins to swell and bulge.
Factors that can contribute to a person developing varicose veins are:
Pregnancy
Being overweight
Old age (Bupa.net)

Signs & Symptoms
The symptoms can vary from one person to another and some people have no obvious symptoms at
all. The main symptoms

Aortic Regurgitation: A Progressive Heart Failure
The significance of establishing and confirming a diagnosis is important in the management of any
health conditions , Aortic regurgitation is a progressive heart failure related with a calcified
inadequate aortic valves and a very large heart. Therefore the plan is to implement investigations
that will confirm the diagnosis and severity of aortic regurgitation , in order to agree on treatment
options. Cox, C (2010) states that recognizing the red flags in the history and physical examination
helps to determine the treatment of underlying physical conditions. Investigations included
respiratory and cardiac monitoring for example a 12 lead ECG to establish any signs of arrhythmias
and measurement of oxygen saturation. The ECG in patients

Obstructive Sleep Apnea ( Osa )
Obstructive sleep apnea: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a sleep–breathing disorder characterized
by momentary episodes of either complete breathing cessation for periods of ten seconds or more
(apnea) or significant reductions in breathing amplitude (hypopnea) caused by a collapsed or
obstructed airway; these two conditions can lead to hypoxemia (low levels of oxygen in blood) and
hypercapnia (high levels of carbon dioxide in blood). Patients are categorized as having mild,
moderate or severe OSA depending on the apnea/hypopnea index (AHI), which is defined as the
total numbers of apnea/hypopnea episodes per hour of sleep. In normal individuals the index is
usually 5 or lower, 5–15 in mild, 15–30 in moderate and 30 or more in severe OSA patients (1, 2). In
patients with mild OSA the oxyhemoglobin saturation drops to 95% and can drop below 80% in
severe cases. Obstruction of the airways results in greater breathing effort and fluctuations in
intrathoracic pressure, resulting in arousal, sleep interruption and reopening of the airway (3). Risk
factors for sleep apnea include obesity, craniofacial abnormalities, smoking, male gender, short
neck, and menopause in women. Obesity is one of the main risk factors of sleep apnea since 60% to
90% of OSA patients are obese and there is a strong positive correlation between body mass index
(BMI) and OSA (4, 5). The overlap of obesity and OSA poses a challenge to ascribing the relative
contributions of these comorbidities to

Coronary Artery Disease Study
Humans are lucky enough to have such complex and diverse organs that somehow work together to
ensure the survival of a person. Many times the human body will be called a well oiled machine due
to how well and instantaneous that the body is able to perform so many duties quickly and
efficiently. Many doctors spend years in Medical school to study the human body in great detail in
order to help a person who is ailing in hopes to treat or hopefully cure them. Sometimes, there are
people who do struggle with illnesses that target specific organs which can condemn them to a life
riddled with pain. Some illnesses and diseases can be cured and treated and the person can pursue a
normal life. On the other hand, some people are not as lucky and are ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
According to the Mayo Clinic Website, the disease occurs when the major blood vessels that are
responsible for supplying an individual's heart with blood, nourishment and oxygen is damaged
(Mayo Clinic, 2016). The cholesterol that is in your body time will cause a build up of plaque in
your arteries which will eventually cause blockage. The build up of plaque is also associated with
the inflammation of arteries. Some symptoms that are coupled with Coronary Artery Disease is the
presence of chest tightness, nausea, weakness and fatigue (Eastwood, Johnson, Rutledge, Bittner,
Whittaker, Krantz, Cornell, Eteiba, Handberg, Vido and Bairey, 2013). As well as Angina which is
the chest pain; it is described as a sensation of pressure or tightness a person experiences. Many
people experience that kind of pain in the middle or on the left side of the chest (Mayo Clinic,
2016). Angina is usually triggered by emotional or physical stress. Sometimes females can
experience Angina differently; females will feel the pain but it will disappear quickly. They will feel
the pain in their necks, arm and back. Accompanied with Angina, a person will experience Shortness
of breath due to the fact that the heart can not pump enough blood according to a person's needs
which will result in immense fatigue and exertion. Heart attack is a serious symptom that a person
can experience can also end up killing them. Once the Coronary Artery is completely blocked by the
numerous amount of plaque buildup a heart attack will occur. Some signs of a heart attack can
include an awful amount of pressure in an individual's chest and pain that is in the arm of shoulder.
Usually people might experience shortness of breath and sweating. When the signs of heart attacks
are shown in women they are not as clear. Sometimes they will experience neck and jaw pain.
Sometimes, heart attacks do not have symptoms but

Angina Pectoris And Coronary Disease
Abstract: Angina pectoris and the coronary artery disease that can follow, can easily be mistaken as
a less severe problem, but knowing the facts, can save your life. There are three different types of
angina pectoris and can happen to both active and sedentary individuals . There are many symptoms,
causes, ways to diagnosis and treat that doctors can utilize to prolong the life of patients. Angina
pectoris is the medical term for chest pains, and is associated with coronary heart disease. This
occurs due to a blockage or the over time narrowing of of arteries that transport blood to the heart.
With angina pectoris, the causes, diagnosis and treatment steps can mean the difference between life
or death for an individual. The term angina ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In diagnosing of angina pectoris, a visit to the doctor is commonly the first step, or if symptoms are
severe, a visit to the the emergency room should be the start. The onset of angina can be felt on the
lateral side of the chest or body, can radiate to the left arm, jaw, neck, and back, and may be
associated with breathlessness, a burning sensation in the mid section, and often nausea. There are
many tests that can provide data for evaluation. The most common, and the initial test is an
Electrocardiogram or EKG, a stress test, nuclear stress test, chest x–ray and a Cardiac computerized
tomography or CT. The EKG records the hearts electrical activity, and a stress test evaluates the
heart under a monitored exercise test and can help the doctor to determine how hard your heart is
working under varied conditions. By using a chest x–ray, or a CT test, the doctor is able to see the
blood flow through the chest and can examine the heart functions using a special dye. These
capabilities have improved the testing and diagnosing of Angina and early detection has

Cardiovascular Disease And Its Effects On The Human Body
Introduction
According to the British Heart Foundation, the definition of cardiovascular disease is, "all diseases
of the heart and circulation, including coronary heart disease (i.e. angina, heart attack), heart failure,
congenital heart disease, and stroke. It is also known as heart and circulatory disease (BHF, 2011)."
Although there are numerous subtypes of cardiovascular disease they are all interrelated by a
common setback. Atherosclerosis, which is the build–up of a fatty streak inside of the arterial walls,
is the mutual element that links all forms of cardiovascular disease together. The build–up of fatty
plaque inside of the artery walls can have a number of negative effects on the human body. For
example, angina occurs when a build–up of plaque narrows the arteries, inhibiting a sufficient
amount of oxygen–rich blood to pass through to the heart (Oxford Medical Dictionary, 2010).
Similarly, a heart attack occurs when part of the fatty plaque breaks away or ruptures and clots the
coronary arteries, drastically reducing blood–supply to the heart (Oxford Medical Dictionary, 2010).
Both of these conditions lead to various side effects that can significantly lower ones quality of life
or even result in death. The main risk factors that increase the probability of an individual obtaining
cardiovascular disease include tobacco smoking, obesity, high cholesterol, high blood pressure,
stress, diabetes, age (increased frequency in patients over 65), gender (i.e. males

Cardiovascular Disease: Atherosclerosis and Hypertension
Cardiovascular Disease also known as coronary heart disease encompasses diseases of the heart and
blood vessels. The two most common forms of cardiovascular disease are atherosclerosis and
hypertension (chronic high blood pressure). Both of these conditions involve the damage of blood
vessels. Hypertension and atherosclerosis paired equal the greatest threat to the development of
heart disease and ultimately death (Missoula County, 2004).
Atherosclerosis means "hardening of the arteries"; this is caused by a build up of cholesterol and
other fatty substance within the walls of the arteries. In atherosclerosis, fatty deposits called plaque,
build up on the inner wall of the coronary arteries. These fatty deposits usually develop over ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cigarette smoking is a factor contributing to hypertension. Tobacco, which is smokeless, is also
linked to hypertension via its nicotine and sodium content. In many instances, stress is a causative
factor of high blood pressure. Relaxation techniques have some value in lowering blood pressure.
Exercise reduces both blood pressure and stress.
Some other factors with an unfavorable outcome in hypertension are: gender, untreated persistent
high diastolic blood pressure, advancing age, smoking, diabetes, other associated chronic illnesses,
and elevated blood cholesterol levels. Your risk for developing high blood pressure is high if you are
an African American. African Americans may get it earlier in life and more often than White
Americans. In addition, your risks for getting high blood pressure increases as you grow older
(Jacob, 2004). High Blood pressure is very common; more than 50 million American adults have
high blood pressure or hypertension that is one–forth of the adult population. That translate into,
roughly one in every four American adult has some form of high blood pressure or they have
hypertension. The segments of the population most affected by high blood pressure are males,
diabetics, elderly persons, people of Hispanic origin, and people living in the southern regions of the
United States. In addition, those persons with associated chronic illnesses such as emphysema;
chronic stress syndrome, diabetes and similar illness are also in

Myocardial Infarction: Heart Attack
Myocardial infarction, commonly referred to as "Heart attack" refers to the death of cardiac muscle
as a result of prolonged severe ischemia.
Myocardial ischemia is brought about by a number of mechanisms. It can occur due to diminished
coronary blood flow precedent to coronary artery disease or relatively severe hypovolemic shock.
Increased myocardial demand due to exercises or emotions can also result in myocardial ischemia.
Another mechanism is when there is hypertrophy of the heart without simultaneous increase of
coronary blood flow that may occur in conditions such as hypertension or valvular heart disease.
Myocardial infarction in most cases is usually experienced in the setting of coronary artery disease.
A sequence of events is followed

Why I Am A Successful Nurse
Cardiac Care Nursing Specialty Nursing is a valuable profession in which nurses provide care for
individuals, families, and community groups. In order to be a successful nurse, a person has to be
able to combine people skills like communication, compassion, commitment, and trust with an
adequate amount of science and new technology knowledge. On the other hand, nurses are highly
responsible for educating their patients about different medication, diseases, treatments, and healthy
lifestyle choices to help clients maintain and improve their health and well–being. Nursing consists
of a wide range of specialties and practices among which every nurse can choose depends on her/his
interest and skills. Personally, I am really interested in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most of coronary care units deliver a high level of very specialized cardiac care. Nurses are
responsible to monitor and care for acutely ill patients or they may take charge of cardiac
rehabilitation and help patients who are chronically ill to make lifestyle changes in order to prevent
the worsening of their health condition. A variety of healthcare team member work together to
provide continuous cardiac and hemodynamic monitoring and deliver expert care to all patients
during the recovery stage either from a cardiac surgery, a heart failure, an angina, or any cardiac
dysrhythmias. Coronary care nurses play a huge part in the unit. They are required to use their
nursing skills, knowledge, and best judgment in interpreting patient's rhythm and monitoring
hemodynamics. On the other hand, like all nurses; cardiac care nurse follows the five nursing
process "Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation" and the six rights of
medication administration "right patient, right medication, right dose, right time, right route, and
right documentation". Also, they might assist doctors with different procedures and provide
education and support to patients and family. All of the coronary

The Diagnosis Of Heart Disease
DATA MINING IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF HEART DISEASE
Data mining as it has been established is simply a way of getting hidden knowledge or information
from data, the technique(s) employed search for concurrency, relationships, and outliers in this data
that they present as knowledge [4]. This knowledge can then be used in different applications.
Prediction is one of the ways that the hidden knowledge gotten from the data can be used. The main
aim is to use a large number of past values to consider probable future [9]. Heart disease is the
common term for a variety of diseases, conditions, and disorders that affect the heart and the blood
vessels [6]. Symptoms of heart disease vary depending on the type of heart disease. Congenital heart
disease suggests to a problem with the heart 's structure and function due to abnormal heart
development before birth. Congestive heart failure is when the heart does not pump adequate blood
to the other organs in the body [8]. Coronary heart disease or in its medical term Ischemic heart
disease is the most frequent type of heart problem [24]. Coronary heart disease is a term that refers
to damage to the heart that happens because its blood supply is decreased; it leads to fatty deposits
build up on the linings of the blood vessels that provide the heart muscles with blood, resulting in
heart failure. Heart disease prediction using data mining is one of the most interesting and
challenging tasks. Shortage of specialists and high wrongly diagnosed

Cardiovascular Pathology
Cardiovascular Pathology Heart disease affects people all around the world. Many life habits can
lead you to potentially having a heart disease, but it can also be inherited. About 610,000 people die
of heart disease in the United States every year. It is the leading cause of death for both men and
women. These case studies show that heart problems can strike you at any moment, even when
you're least expecting it. Beth Bradley is a lady from New York with a serve heart problem. She had
a blocked artery, resulting in a heart attack. Open heart surgery was operated on her. She had a torn
artery in her heart, resulting in ventricular heart failure. Her heart was too weak to work on it's own,
her only hope was to live off of a heart pump and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There was no blood flow to most of her vital organs. There were small inefficient contractions and
the bottom of her heart was ballooning out, also known as broken heart syndrome. Her ventricles
were not contracting in the proper way. She had stunned heart tissue. Sharon had a satisfying
outcome, she got to participate in her daughters wedding and that meant a lot to her. Heart is perfect,
she has high cholesterol but her heart is perfectly normal, there is no damage done to her heart. All
in all, heart disease is effecting people all around us. Weather it's needing a heart pump, having
electrical issues, or having coronary artery disease, it changed each one of these people's life. These
studies show that the outcome of being diagnosed with a heart condition, can be positive or
negative. Nobody is expecting it to be them that gets the heart disease so we have to live every day
to the fullest and not take the time we have for granted because who knows, any of us could be in
one of these case

Medical Case Study
A 60 year old male presented in the ED with a history of chronic alcoholism, diabetes mellitis type
2, aortic valve stenosis and shortness of breath. He states that he cannot catch his breath and has
constant burning chest discomfort for one week without substernal chest pressure. He reports
coughing with production of sputum and denies having these symptoms before. He does drink
alcohol (including today) and admitted to drug use (marijuana). He developed worsening respiratory
distress in the ED and was placed on a Bipap, but his oxygenation worsened and he was intubated.
He was hypotensive and started on a norepinephrine drip after central line placed in right IJ. A chest
x ray showed evidence of fluid overload. He shows signs of CHF, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
If the heart is compromised, it can compensate for a time by pumping harder and faster, but at a
certain point, it is so over worked that it can no longer over exert the force of contraction and pump
more volume out to the tissues. "The stroke volume of the heart increases in response to an increase
in the volume of blood in the ventricles, before contraction (the end diastolic volume), when all
other factors remain constant (Frank Starling law)" . There are four one way valves that keep the
blood flowing in the correct direction throughout the body. Ther e are the mitral, tricuspid,
pulmonary and aortic valve. During each beat of the heart, they open and close, allowing blood to
flow through the vasculature. When the aortic valve between the left ventricle of the heart and the
main artery (aorta) became stenosed, it no longer allowes the blood to pump through properly. When
the left ventricle has to overcome the higher pressures (due to constriction or disfunction of the
aortic valve) to force blood into the aorta. Feeding oxygen rich blood to the tissues. The extra work
can cause enlargement or thickening of the heart muscle and over time, becomes weakened.
What caused aortic valve stenosis? Most likely having a history of cardiovascular risk factors, such
as diabetes type 2, high cholesterol and high blood pressure! Untreated aortic valve stenosis can lead
to weakening of the heart muscle, which could

Heart In Diabetes Summary
The article I chose for the patient I had in clinical is titled Heart in Diabetes: A microvascular
disease. I chose it based on his diagnoses of type 2 diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, and
his need for coronary artery bypass graft. The study looked at clinical trials for the "common soil
hypothesis in diabetes complications" and how diabetes is associated with cardiovascular disease
and death. It confirmed that the risk of macrovascular disease, but especially coronary artery
disease, is increased two–four times in diabetic patients. The article also said that while there are
many other factors in the risk for death from cardiovascular disease, the effects that diabetes has on
the microvascular system has a substantially higher detrimental

Treatment Of Patients With Severe Aortic Disease
DISCUSSION
The present findings of this systematic review of first 33 published cases of complete percutaneous
treatment in patients presenting with severe aortic disease and concomitant significant mitral valve
regurgitation show the feasibility, safety and potential clinical efficacy in high–risk or inoperable
patients.
Clinical experience with TAVI and MitraClip procedure began in 2002 (Cribier) and 2004
respectively. Until recently, both procedures has widely demonstrated good procedural success and
favorable clinical outcomes in high–risk or inoperable patients, becoming a standard of care in many
centers. Nevertheless, since the first case reported in 2011, current experience of performance both
percutaneous treatments in the same ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
MUY MALAS CONDICIONES CLINICAS PRESENTACION.
The complexity problem of multivalvular heart disease in high–risk patients:
Multivalvular disease (MVD) is an increasing clinical condition among patients with valvular heart
disease. Previous studies have shown a prevalence of MVD among patients patients with native
valve disease around 20.2% and 10.9%–14.6% among the patients referred to valvular surgery.
Current guidelines recommend surgery as election treatment in patients with MVD when valvular
affection is severe but there is not a clear consensus for the management of MVD when some
valvular affection is moderate.
Although there is no a clear consensus and there are conflicting reports regarding double valve
surgery, recent studies have demonstrated an increase mortality in patients with severe aortic
stenosis and concomitant moderate–to–severe mitral regurgitation.
This issue is not stranger to patients who underwent TAVR in whom the prevalence of coexistent
moderate–to–severe MR and TR have been estimated in around 20% to 30% and 27% respectively.
Until recently, although the real prognostic impact of MR among patients undergoing TAVR remains
unanswered, despite multiple studies in last years that report conflicting results. Nevertheless, it is
seem that significant MR is associated with an increase in mortality after TAVI when mitral valve
left untreated.
Among

Symptoms Of Cardiovascular Disease
Heart Disease
Heart disease is many different conditions that can affect your heart in many different ways. Some
of these conditions include blood vessel diseases such as coronary artery disease, heart arrhythmias.
One other condition would be a heart defect you may have been born with such as congenital heart
defect. Another name people often use to describe heart disease is cardiovascular disease. This term
is about narrowed or blocked blood vessels. Symptoms for heart disease depend on what type of
heart disease you have.
3.jpgSymptoms of cardiovascular disease include; chest pain, shortness of breath, pain,numbness,
weakness or coldness in your legs or arms if the blood vessels in these spots are narrowed or
blocked, and pain

Essay On Coronary Artery Anomaly
A coronary artery anomaly (CAA) is defined as a congenital coronary artery malformation in the
absence of other congenital cardiac defects. As we continue to lack a screening tool to diagnose
CAAs, catheter–directed angiography remains the gold standard both for diagnosis and treatment of
CAAs. Intervening CAAs continues to remain a complicated task even in the hands of experienced
operators. The greatest challenged faced in the management of CAAs is a delay in recognition
largely due to the element of surprise associated with their low prevalence. Other major factors
which pose a challenge during CAA interventions are the location of the coronary ostium within the
aorta, the proximal course of the vessel, and angulation of the vessel. We discuss ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Initial electrocardiogram (EKG) revealed normal sinus rhythm with non–specific T wave
abnormalities in the lateral leads. Serial troponin I were 7.050, 10.9, 29.7 consistent with Non–ST
segment Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) and coronary angiography was planned. An FL4 (Boston
Scientific) catheter was used to engage the left coronary artery, which demonstrated a patent Left
main (L) giving rise to the Left anterior descending(L) and ramus arteries, both with minimal
disease. An FR4(Boston Scientific) catheter was used to engage the Right coronary artery RCA
which gave rise to the posterior descending artery (PDA) and posterolateral branches (PLB), all with
minimal disease. Surprisingly, the Left circumflex artery LCx was found to originate from the
proximal RCA and was totally occluded at its proximal segment. We used a multipurpose catheter to
engage the RCA . Subsequently, the LCx lesion was crossed with a Whisper wire and a Runthrough
wire(Terumo) in a buddy–technique was utilized to provide additional support. A 2.0 x 12 mm
Emerge balloon was used to dilate the proximal LCx and the mid–LCx lesion. This was followed by
the deployment of a 2.5 x 32 mm Promus Premier Stent (Boston Scientific) to the proximal left
circumflex

The Cardiovascular Surgeon Steps Of Cardiothoracic Surgeon
The heart beats about 1000,000 times every day sending 2,000 gallons of blood thought your body.
The hearts job is keeping blood flowing through 60,000 miles of blood vessels that feed organs and
tissues. The cardiac muscle is the tissues that make up your heart. The heart sends blood around
your body. When there is a problem with your heart and it can't pump blood it is critical for it to be
fixed. This is when the cardiovascular surgeon steps in.
Cardiothoracic surgeon, also known as heart surgeon or cardiac surgeon or cardiovascular surgeon,
is a healthcare professional who specializes in the diagnosis, surgical treatment and medical
management of the patients with heart and lung diseases. Cardiothoracic surgeons are responsible
for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
John Lewis that attended University of Minnesota on September 2, 1952. The following year, Soviet
surgeon Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Vishnevskiy conducted the first cardiac surgery under local
anesthesia. This surgery is during which the heart is exposed and the blood made to bypass it.
The earliest operations on the pericardium (the sac that surrounds the heart) took place in the 19th
century and was performed by Francisco Romero (1801). The first surgery on the heart itself was
performed by Norwegian surgeon Axel Cappelen on the 4th of September 1895 at. He ligated a
bleeding coronary artery in a 24–year–old man who had been stabbed in the left axillae and was in
deep shock upon arrival. Access was through a left thoracotomy. The patient awoke and seemed fine
for 24 hours, but became ill with increasing temperature and he ultimately died. The first successful
surgery of the heart, performed without any complications, was by Ludwig Rehn of Frankfurt,
Germany, who repaired a stab wound to the right ventricle on September 7, 1896.
Cardiac surgery training in the United States is combined with and called cardiothoracic surgery. A
cardiothoracic surgeon in the U.S. is a physician D.O or M.D who first completes a general surgery
residency (typically 5–7 years), followed by a cardiothoracic surgery fellowship (typically 2–3
years). The cardiothoracic surgery fellowship typically two or three years, but certification is based
on the number of surgeries performed as

Cause And Effect On Heart Disease
Amongst the tens of thousands of human diseases known to man, heart disease is the number one
killer. According to the American Heart Association, "Cardiovascular disease is the leading global
cause of death, accounting for 17.3 million deaths per year." Along with the millions of casualties,
was my paternal grandfather, who passed away from heart failure as a result of his uncured heart
disease.
This specific medical issue can be described as "conditions that involve narrowed or blocked blood
vessels that can lead to a heart attack, chest pain or stroke" as defined from the Mayo Clinic. There
are many forms of heart disease, including diseased heart vessels, blood clots, high blood pressure,
and congestive heart failure. The most dominant form of this illness is coronary heart disease, in
which fatty deposits accumulate and build up inside the coronary arteries of the heart. This process
is called atherosclerosis, which then leads to reduced or blocked blood flow to the arteries and
organs. The effects of atherosclerosis are what lead to my grandfather's illness and, eventually,
death.
Before I was born, and shortly my father was born, my grandfather became ill and developed heart
problems. His family was not wealthy and medical knowledge and technology in Vietnam were not
as advanced as it is nowadays. Not long after experiencing the common symptoms, he passed away.
This event changed the lives of my family members in familial and physical aspects. My adoptive
grandfather

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