Mini-Lesson on US imperialist period. Includes doctrinal underpinnings, Span-Am War and Philippine War, and Anti-imperialist Movement.

1. United States
Imperialist and Anti-Imperialist Movements
(1898 – 1910)

2. Standards and Objectives
AH2.H.2: Analyze key political, economic and social turning points in American
history using historical thinking.
AH2.H.1: Analyze key political, economic and social turning points
since the end of Reconstruction in terms of causes and effects.
AH2.H.2: Evaluate key turning points since the end of Reconstruction
in terms of their lasting impact.
AH2.H.6: Understand how and why the role of the United States in the world
has changed over time.
AH2.H.6.2: Explain the reasons for the United States involvement in
global wars and the influence each involvement had on international
affairs.

3. Lesson Goal
Upon the conclusion of this lesson, you will understand the social
and political forces that gave birth to the American Imperialist Era
and the Anti-Imperialist movement. You will be able to analyze
cause and effect with regards to seminal American historical
works that contributed to the Spanish-American War and
subsequent annexation of the Philippines. You will understand
that the Imperialist Era was a turning point in American history
from an inward focus to an international one. You will also be
able to evaluate the reasons for American imperialism and render
a judgment concerning its moral or practical justification.

4. Spanish-American War Begins
• Cuban independence movement
• Spanish reaction
• USS Maine (February 15,
1898)
• Yellow Journalism
• US blockades Cuba
• Spain declares war (April 23,
1898)

5. Spanish-American War
• US naval victories at Manila and Santiago Bays
• US invades Philippines, Cuba and Puerto Rico
• War lasts ten weeks
• Armistice (August 12, 1898)
• Treaty of Paris ratified (February 6, 1899)
 US occupies Cuba
 Annexes Puerto Rico and Philippines

6. Ideology of American Imperialism
Americans are just homebodies, until…
The Influence of Sea Power
upon History: 1660-1805
• Sea power crucial to great
power status
• Require overseas possessions
The Frontier in American History
• Frontier has disappeared
• Crucial to American character
and economy
• New frontiers needed
Alfred Thayer Mahan Frederick Jackson Turner

7. The Fleet

8. The Frontier

9. Republican Audience
President William McKinley
Span-Am War
President Theodore Roosevelt
Philippine War

10. Theodore Roosevelt
• Dakota rancher (1885-1887)
• US Civil Service Commission (1888-1895)
• Police Commissioner of New York (1895-1897)
• Assistant Secretary of the Navy (1897)
• Lieutenant Colonel, 1st USV Cavalry (1898)
• Vice President of United States (1901)
• President of the United States (1901-1909)

11. The Philippines
• Spanish colony since 1500’s
• Semi-feudal social structure
• Principalia
• Peninsulares
• Criollos
• Peasants
• Ilustrados
• Tagal or mixed blood
• Emerging middle class
• 7.82 million population (1898)
• Malay and Negrito
• Roman Catholic majority
• Church major land owner
• Clergy perceived as corrupt
• Muslims in Mindanao and Sulu

12. Filipino Patriots
• Martyrdom of Jose Rizal (1896)
• Emilio Aguinaldo
• Independence
• Social justice (land and religious reform)
• Tagal dominance
• Katipunan
Katipuneros
Emilio Aguinaldo

13. Annexation of the Philippines
• Costs to Filipinos
• 16,000 battlefield dead
• 100,000-200,000 non-combatant dead
• Independence deferred for almost 50 years
• Costs to US
• 6,000 casualties
• Defense and Administration $ (8 million Filipinos)
• Strategic vulnerability
• Loss of innocence
• Intermittent warfare (1899-1913)
• Issues for United States
• Philippines vulnerability
• Aguinaldo land reform
• American options
• Naval base in Asia

14. Anti-Imperialists