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Case Study #4
Julia Burton and Maria Chiaffarano
PATIENT HISTORY
• 42 year old male
• No major health issue to date
• Notable increase in weight over past month – gain of 17 pounds
• Recent lethargy
• Patient is on a new eating regimen – every meal is from a ‘fast food’
restaurant
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
• Enlarged liver
• Muscle weakness
LABORATORY RESULTS
• Negative for hepatitis
• Excessive glycogen granules in liver
• High levels of fat in liver – abnormal fat metabolism
• Low testosterone levels
• Abnormal cell calcium balance
DIAGNOSIS
The organelle that is malfunctioning is the
Smooth ER
RATIONALE FOR DIAGNOSIS
Fatigue/Abnormal cell calcium balance
• Calcium pumps are not operating properly
• The storage/balance of calcium is not working correctly (maintaining
concentration process)
• Calcium pumps maintain low levels for cell signaling
• This could be the reason why muscle contraction is causing fatigue.
RATIONALE FOR DIAGNOSIS
(CONT.)
Possible reasons for the enlarged liver:
• Cancer
• Heart diseases
• Liver disease
• Cirrhosis
RATIONALE FOR DIAGNOSIS
(CONT.)
Increase in weight
• The current “fast-food” diet is a factor of the weight gain. Fast food
has a lot of fat that is bad for the body in it. The excessive intake of
fast food increases body weight.
• Weight gain can also be caused by nutritional imbalances (increase in
fat and sugar)
RATIONALE FOR DIAGNOSIS
(CONT.)
Low Testosterone levels
• Testosterone is made up of steroids which are fats
• The smooth ER is involved in lipid synthesis (making of fat) and
therefore would affect levels of testosterone if there is a smooth ER
problem
RATIONALE FOR DIAGNOSIS
(CONT.)
Excessive glycogen granules in the liver/Enlarged liver
• Glycogenoses are resulted from abnormal metabolism of glycogen
or the lack of a particular lysosomal enzyme to degrade glycogen or
catabolism of glucose
• Results in excess glycogen
• The liver and heart can also be affected
GENERAL DIAGNOSIS
The patient’s symptoms cannot be classified as a single
disease. The smooth ER is causing multiple problems,
especially with his liver and fats because the smooth ER
is responsible for lipids and detoxifications and calcium
storage.

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Biology case study #4

  • 1. Case Study #4 Julia Burton and Maria Chiaffarano
  • 2. PATIENT HISTORY • 42 year old male • No major health issue to date • Notable increase in weight over past month – gain of 17 pounds • Recent lethargy • Patient is on a new eating regimen – every meal is from a ‘fast food’ restaurant
  • 3. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION • Enlarged liver • Muscle weakness
  • 4. LABORATORY RESULTS • Negative for hepatitis • Excessive glycogen granules in liver • High levels of fat in liver – abnormal fat metabolism • Low testosterone levels • Abnormal cell calcium balance
  • 5. DIAGNOSIS The organelle that is malfunctioning is the Smooth ER
  • 6. RATIONALE FOR DIAGNOSIS Fatigue/Abnormal cell calcium balance • Calcium pumps are not operating properly • The storage/balance of calcium is not working correctly (maintaining concentration process) • Calcium pumps maintain low levels for cell signaling • This could be the reason why muscle contraction is causing fatigue.
  • 7. RATIONALE FOR DIAGNOSIS (CONT.) Possible reasons for the enlarged liver: • Cancer • Heart diseases • Liver disease • Cirrhosis
  • 8. RATIONALE FOR DIAGNOSIS (CONT.) Increase in weight • The current “fast-food” diet is a factor of the weight gain. Fast food has a lot of fat that is bad for the body in it. The excessive intake of fast food increases body weight. • Weight gain can also be caused by nutritional imbalances (increase in fat and sugar)
  • 9. RATIONALE FOR DIAGNOSIS (CONT.) Low Testosterone levels • Testosterone is made up of steroids which are fats • The smooth ER is involved in lipid synthesis (making of fat) and therefore would affect levels of testosterone if there is a smooth ER problem
  • 10. RATIONALE FOR DIAGNOSIS (CONT.) Excessive glycogen granules in the liver/Enlarged liver • Glycogenoses are resulted from abnormal metabolism of glycogen or the lack of a particular lysosomal enzyme to degrade glycogen or catabolism of glucose • Results in excess glycogen • The liver and heart can also be affected
  • 11. GENERAL DIAGNOSIS The patient’s symptoms cannot be classified as a single disease. The smooth ER is causing multiple problems, especially with his liver and fats because the smooth ER is responsible for lipids and detoxifications and calcium storage.