CMGT 400 Grading Rubric Individual – Week 1 Threats, Attacks, and Vu.docx

CMGT 400 Grading Rubric Individual – Week 1 Threats,
Attacks, and Vulnerability Assessment
MEETS CRITERIA?
Introduction to Security and Risk Management
PTs
Grade
COMMENTS
Content (53 points)
Part A: Select an organization you wish to explore during the
course. As you make your selection, keep in mind that you will
explore the following roles in the organization: Cyber Security
Threat Analyst, Penetration Tester, Cyber Security Engineer,
Risk Management Analyst, and Software Engineer. You need
sufficient knowledge of the organization you select to complete
these security assignments. The organization must be of
sufficient complexity to meet assignment requirements.
8
Part B:
45
Take on the role of a Cyber Security Threat Analyst for the
organization you select. Use the Threats, Attacks, and
Vulnerability Assessment
Template to create a 3- to 4-page Assessment Document.
Research and include the following:
• Tangible assets:

• Include an assessment scope. The scope must include
virtualization, cloud, database, network, mobile, and
information
system. (10pt)
• Asset descriptions:
• Include a system model, A diagram and descriptions of each
asset
included in the assessment scope, and existing countermeasures
already in place. (Microsoft® Visio® or Lucidchart®) (5pt)
• Threat agents and possible attacks (5pt)
• Exploitable vulnerabilities (5pt)
• Threat history (5pt)
• Evaluation of threats or impact of threats on the business (5pt)
• A prioritized list of identified risks (5pt)
• Countermeasures to reduce threat (5pt)
X out of 53
Research
Assignment has research depth including at least two outside

relevant peer reviewed references from course material and/or
the library.
4
Organization
Assignment is organized appropriately covering all required
topics in a logical sequence and applies the Threats, Attack, and
Vulnerability Assessment Template. Title, introduction, body,
conclusion and references are included in required sequence.
4
Quality and APA:
Assignment projects professional, quality image, meets
academic integrity requirements. Includes title page and
reference section. References in APA format. No spelling errors
- the paper has obviously been proofread. Title and reference
slides/pages do not count toward the length requirement.
4
TOTAL POINTS FOR RESEARCH, ORGANIZATION,
QUALITY, AND APA REQUIREMENTS
X out of 12
TOTAL POINTS
(X out of 65 possible points) 04-28-19 rpg

1
Center for Writing Excellence
© 2014 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved.
Writing Style and Mechanics
Student Name
Course/Number
Date
Instructor Name
An APA running head is not
needed for undergraduate or

master’s courses per the
University Writing and Style
Guidelines. If you are a student
in a doctoral program, or
otherwise require a running
head in your paper, consult
the doctoral APA Sample
Paper in the CWE>Tutorials
and Guides>Doctoral Writing
Resources.
Pagination: Use the
header feature in
Microsoft® Word to set
the page number (see
Appendix A).
The title: Use upper and lower case
letters, centered between the left and
right margins, and positioned on the
upper half of the page. Use black, 12-
point Times New Roman font
throughout. Arial and Courier font
types are acceptable.

All lines are double-spaced throughout
the entire document. Use black, 12-point
Times New Roman font throughout the
document. Arial and Courier font types
are acceptable.
This APA Sample Paper is intended for undergraduate and
master’s level students.
The University of Phoenix APA sample papers represent the
consensus of key academic officials within the University. This
particular
sample reflects expectations outlined in the University of
Phoenix Writing and Style Guidelines for undergraduate and
master’s courses,
which correspond with the University’s preferred style guide for
most programs: The Publication Manual of the American
Psychological
Association, Sixth Edition. If your course materials direct you
to follow MLA style, please see the MLA Sample Paper in the
Center for
Writing Excellence (CWE)>Tutorials and Guides>MLA
Information.
This sample paper is offered as a concise tool to help students
with style, but it is not a definitive or binding representation of
format for
all courses. The CWE provides many tools to help students
write and format effective papers; however, the faculty member
determines
the assignment grade in the course.

Abstract: Typically, an abstract is required only for
publication. If your assignment instructions indicate
a requirement to use an abstract, a sample can be
found in the CWE>Tutorials and Guides.
2
Indent the
first line of
each
paragraph
using the
tab key,
set at five
to seven
spaces or
one-half
inch.
Direct
quotations
require a
page
number or
paragraph

number.
Writing Style and Mechanics
The Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association (APA) began as a
journal article in 1929. The APA reported results from a
meeting of scholars “to establish a
simple set of procedures, or style rules, that would codify the
many components of scientific
writing to increase the ease of reading comprehension” (APA,
2010, p. xiii). Today, the
Publication Manual is in its sixth edition and the APA style
described in it is a widely
recognized standard for scholarly or professional writing in the
social sciences. Although the
style guide is designed to prepare manuscripts for publication,
many universities and health care
journals have adopted its use as a guide to achieve uniformity
and consistency (Cuddy, 2002).
Writing in the style prescribed by the Publication Manual can
be a daunting experience for
students. As with any new skill, “practice makes perfect” (S.
Proofreader, personal
communication, June 28, 2004). Points of APA style most often

used by undergraduate and
graduate students are listed below. However, keep in mind that
this sample paper is a guide and
should not be considered as a replacement for the Publication
Manual.
Format Considerations
Some commonly used rules and formats from the sixth edition
of the Publication Manual
are listed below. Please note, however, that some assignments
may require unique formatting,
and you should consult your syllabus for clarification.
Correct Margins
Margins are one inch on all sides. This rule is broken only to
avoid placing a lone
heading on the last line of the page or a single line of text on
the top of the next page.
Use the paper
title above your
introduction,
centered not
bolded.
Personal
communication

citation: No
need to include
on the reference
page.
Use one
or two
spaces
after a
period at
the end of
a
sentence,
but be
consistent
with usage
throughout
the
document.
Level one heading:
Centered, bolded, upper
and lower case letters.
.
Level
two

heading:
Left
margin,
bolded,
upper
and lower
case
letters.
Margins should be
one inch on all
sides of the
document.
Writers
should
ensure that a
line is not tab
indented
when
centering a
heading so
as not to
appear off
center.

3
The place of publication in a reference should include city and
state using two letter postal abbreviation for the state. If the
location is outside of the U.S., use the city and country.
Examples: New York, NY. London, England.
Page Header
The page header contains the page number aligned with the
right margin. The automatic
header function in Microsoft® Word should be used to place the
page numbers consecutively in
the paper (see Appendix A). Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, and so
on) are used to number each page,
beginning with 1 on the title page.
Document Headings
Paragraph headings should be used in long documents to
organize the essay, to break it
up into readable portions, and to make it easy for readers to
locate information. Using headings
in a short document before every paragraph can make the
writing appear choppy, and the paper
may not flow smoothly from point to point. Use paragraph

headings if your document is longer
than three or four pages or if the assignment instructions require
paragraph headings.
Reference Page
Hanging indentation is used for the reference page. The proper
format can be set in
Microsoft® Word (see Appendix B). Creating the hanging
indentation by using the tab key or
space bar will not protect the formatting if changes are made to
the reference page at a later time.
The reference page is alphabetized by author or by title of the
work when no author is listed, and
each entry contains the date of publication in parentheses
directly after the author’s name. The
title, the place of publication, and the name of the publisher
follow the date of publication for a
book entry. The proliferation of electronic materials has
prompted APA to create formats
designed specifically for Internet and web-based written
material. Visit the APA website at
http://www.apastyle.org for additional information about
formatting electronic references. You
will also find frequently asked questions and helpful free
tutorials about using APA style.

http://www.apastyle.org/
4
Citation
with a
page
number:
One space
between
the p. and
the
number.
Only references that have been cited in the paper are listed on
the reference page.
Personal communications are cited in the text but do not appear
on the reference page because
the reader cannot retrieve them. Additional reference examples
are available in the Reference
and Citation Examples tutorial in the Center for Writing
Excellence (CWE) at Tutorials and
Guides.
In-Text Citations

Direct quotations. Direct quotations must mirror the original
source word for word, even
if errors are contained in the original text. To alert the reader
that errors are part of the original
material, the word [sic], enclosed in brackets and italicized,
must follow the erroneous material.
The source of the quotation must be cited. The format of direct
quotations may vary with the
placement of the quoted material in the sentence. The following
is an example of how you may
use a direct quotation from a website with an author: “Diversity
is emerging as one of the most
serious issues in the workplace today, yet most employers are
not prepared to deal with it”
(Copeland, 2003, Erroneous Assumptions, para. 1). The author’s
last name, the year of
publication, the website title or section title, and the paragraph
number, when no page number is
available, are included in the citation.
The following is an example of how one may use a direct
quotation from a book with one
author: Venes (2001) stated, “The types of influenza doctors
must prepare for fall into three
categories” (p. 106). If the author’s name is stated prior to the

quotation, include the date of
publication (in parentheses) after the author’s name, and follow
the quotation with the page or
paragraph number. For a work with two authors, use both
authors’ last names for every citation.
If the source has three or more authors but fewer than six
authors, list all authors in the first
citation, and use the first author’s last name and the words et al.
(without italics) for the rest of
Level
three
heading:
Indented,
bolded,
capitalize
only the
first
word,
period at
the end,
continue
text
same
line.

Level
three
heading
usually
only
necessary
in longer
papers,
most
commonly
in master’s
and
doctoral
papers.
“Erroneous
Assumptions”
is the heading
of a section
within the
web-based
article,
“Managing a
Multicultural
Workforce.”
Using the
heading of a
section for an

online article
citation will
help your
reader quickly
locate the
content in the
original
source.
5
the citations. If the source has more than six authors, you may
use the first author’s last name and
the words et al. (without italics) for every citation (APA, 2010,
p. 175). The following example
from the Publication Manual (2010, p. 42) shows a citation from
a work with more than six
authors using the first author: (Good et al., 2001). Refer to the
Reference and Citation Examples
tutorial in the CWE at Tutorials and Guides for more examples
of in-text citations.
Quotations that contain fewer than 40 words are enclosed in
double quotation marks

within the text. Use single quotation marks for quotations
contained within a direct quotation.
Quotations of 40 words or more are indented in a block format
without quotation marks. Use
double quotation marks to indicate a quotation within the block
quotation. The block quotation is
started on a new line, and it is indented five to seven spaces or
one-half inch. A sample block
quotation appears on page 7 of this document.
Paraphrased or summarized material. Paraphrasing or
summarizing allows the writer
to present someone else’s ideas or intellectual property and to
supply proper credit to the original
author or authors (Lawton, Cousineau, & Hillard, 2001). When
an author is paraphrased or
summarized, the source must be cited in the text. If a source is
mentioned more than once in a
paragraph, a citation must be included each time. Page or
paragraph numbers are not required for
paraphrased material, but the Publication Manual recommends
that writers include a page or
paragraph number to help the reader easily locate the
information (APA, 2010, p. 171). If a
writer were to paraphrase information from an article located in

an online database, the writer
would format the citation as follows: Daniels (2004) included
Darden Restaurants on her list of
the 50 best companies for minorities. Here is an example where
the author is not mentioned
within the text: A list of companies has been singled out as best
for minority employees (Daniels,
2004). Both examples include the author’s last name and the
date of publication. If the author’s
Write out
and with
authors’
names
mentioned
within the
text. Use
an
ampersand
(&) when
they are
written
within a
citation.
6

name is not provided with the paraphrased text, it must be
included in the citation. Refer to the
Reference and Citation Examples in the CWE at Tutorials and
Guides for examples of citing
paraphrased material.
Deciding to summarize, to paraphrase, or to provide a direct
quotation is an important
question one must consider when using sources in an academic
paper. Summarizing and
paraphrasing both consist of sharing a source author’s ideas by
phrasing them in one’s own
words. A writer should summarize or paraphrase source material
when it is important to capture
the basic idea but when the author’s exact words are not
essential to the paper. Conversely, a
writer should quote directly when the source verbiage is crucial
and stating it any other way
would cause it to lose its meaning. Usually writers will quote
authors who are experts in their
field and whose ideas support their own. However, excessive
use of direct quotations should be
avoided. Writers are encouraged to paraphrase when doing so
will not change the meaning or the

impact of a source (Ede, 2011).
Plagiarism. Plagiarism constitutes a serious academic concern.
According to Lawton,
Cousineau, and Hillard (2001), “Academic communities demand
that writers credit others for
their work and that the source of their material clearly be
acknowledged” (para. 6). Internet
access has resulted in an increase in plagiarism. McCabe noted
(as cited in Sterngold, 2004),
41% of students said they engaged in cut-and-paste plagiarism
from online sources. The
sentences and phrases used in one’s paper must be original or
cited and referenced accordingly.
Although it may be easier for a writer to use someone else’s
words, doing so discredits the
writer. When in doubt, cite. See the Plagiarism Guide in the
CWE at Tutorials and Guides for
more information about avoiding plagiarism and about properly
citing intellectual property.
Secondary
Sources:
Also called an
indirect

source. List
only primary
source in
reference list,
and cite
secondary
source author
only within the
text.
Secondary
sources are
not ideal in
academic
writing and
should be
avoided.
Electronic
source and
quotation:
If the
electronic
source does
not have
page
numbers,
use the

abbreviation
para. for the
paragraph
number.
Headings should not appear at the end of a page. For the sake of
readability, move the
heading to the top of the next page (see Other Format Issues on
page 7). This ensures
that the intended content of the following body text is clear.
7
Other Format Issues
The preferred typeface for APA style is black, 12-point Times
New Roman (APA, 2010).
However, Arial and Courier font types are acceptable. Avoid
using any software settings that
reduce spacing between words or letters or that add spacing
between paragraphs. Use double-
spacing throughout the document. You may use one space or
two spaces after sentence-ending
punctuation in the body of your essay, but use consistent
spacing at the end of a sentence
throughout your essay.
Although the Publication Manual (2010) requires an abstract to

precede the text, an
abstract is not used in most student papers. Some assignments
may require an abstract if students
are submitting lengthy papers or project proposals. In those
cases, the direction to submit an
abstract will be in the assignment guidelines. A sample abstract
can be found in the CWE at
Tutorials and Guides.
Writing Mechanics
Correct grammar, punctuation, spelling, and sentence
structure—in addition to
formatting—are essential components of scholarly writing.
Strunk (1918/1999) emphasized the
importance of being succinct:
Vigorous writing is concise. A sentence should contain no
unnecessary words, a
paragraph no unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that a
drawing should have no
unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts. This
requires not that the writer
make all his sentences short, or that he avoid all detail and treat
his subjects only in
outline, but that every word tell. (para. 1)

Block
quotation (40
or more
words):
Indent to the
tab margin
and do not
include
quotation
marks. The
in-text citation
occurs outside
of the
punctuation
that ends the
sentence.
8
Grammar
In addition to the provision of a standardized format for
scientific writing, the Publication

Manual (2010) emphasizes the importance of proper grammar.
Important basic grammar
principles are listed below. For further information, refer to
Step-by-Step Grammar Review in
the CWE. The Step-by-Step Grammar Review provides
individualized practice with grammar
and punctuation.
Subject and verb agreement. A singular noun requires a singular
verb and a plural noun
requires a plural verb (APA, 2010). Words that intervene
between the noun and the verb do not
change this basic rule.
Noun and pronoun agreement. When writers use a singular
noun, they must also use a
singular pronoun. To avoid using awkward combined forms such
as he/she or (s)he, writers may
reword the sentence and use a plural noun and a plural pronoun
to eliminate the problem of
nouns and pronouns that do not agree. For example, the
sentence “A student applying for a job
must carefully proofread his/her application” may be reworded
to read, “Students applying for
jobs must carefully proofread their applications.” Use of plural
forms also helps writers reduce

bias, avoid stereotypes, and refrain from using both singular and
plural in the same sentence or
paragraph.
Passive voice. Passive voice obscures the actor in this sentence:
“The house was
painted,” because it omits who applied the paint. In contrast,
the same sentence written in active
voice would be something such as this: “Our company painted
the house.” The passive voice,
which is a form of “be” (is, was, were, will be, have been, etc.)
and a participle (painted, etc.), is
useful when the actor's identity is not important to the sentence
or context. Overuse of the
passive voice causes the document to read similarly to an
instructional manual, dry and
9
monotonous. According to Sigel (2009), it weakens the essay’s
argument and prevents clear and
concise writing. Occasional use of the passive voice is
acceptable, but documents written
primarily in the active voice are more enjoyable and more
persuasive to read (Sigel, 2009).

Punctuation. Correct punctuation establishes the rhythm and
readability of sentences.
Use only one space after commas, colons, and semicolons. Use
one or two spaces after a period
at the end of a sentence (be consistent with use). When a
hyphen or a dash is used, no space
appears before or after the hyphen or dash (APA, 2010). In
academic writing, use a comma to
separate all words in a series of three or more, as in the
following example: Tasks included
reading, writing, and analyzing the information in the text.
Correct use of commas and
semicolons can be challenging for students. Writers should
consider using a proofreading tool,
such as WritePoint®, to aid in checking proper comma use.
Capitalization. Capitalization is used to designate a proper noun
or trade name as well as
major words in titles and in headings. Instances where
capitalization is not used include laws,
theories, models, or hypotheses, such as ethical decision-
making models and names of conditions
or groups in an experiment, such as experimental or control
groups (APA, 2010). A common

error in capitalization is its use with the name of a job title or
department. An example is human
resources, which is not capitalized, versus the specific title of
ACME Human Resources
Department, which is capitalized.
Seriation (elements written in a series). Items contained in a list
help to clarify the
point being made or help to clarify components of a subject.
Bullets may be used for a list in
academic writing according to APA standards (2010). To show
seriation of separate paragraphs,
however, number each paragraph with an Arabic numeral
followed by a period that is not
10
enclosed in or followed by parentheses. To show seriation
within a paragraph or a sentence, use
lowercase letters in parentheses (see Appendix C).
Numbers. Spell out numbers one through nine that appear in the
body text. Use Arabic
numerals to express numbers 10 and above. Exceptions to this
rule are discussed in the Grammar
and Writing Guides in the Center for Writing at Tutorials and

Guides. Once in the Grammar and
Writing Guides, go to Grammar Mechanics and select Number
Usage for a list of the exceptions.
If you have the Publication Manual, sixth edition (2010), refer
to pages 111-114 for detailed
information about number usage.
Third person versus first person. Person refers to the point of
view or the source of the
writer’s opinions. Use third person (he, she, or they) in
academic writing. When referring to
yourself, however, stating “The writer instructed the patients” is
ambiguous and may give the
impression that you did not participate. Instead, use a first
person personal pronoun: “I instructed
the patients.” For the most part, reference to self in first person
should be limited to personal
reflection or opinion papers.
Conclusion
By understanding mechanics and usage requirements and by
referencing materials
appropriately with in-text citations and reference entries, you
will clearly communicate the
content of your work. Use the information included in this paper

to develop effective academic
papers. You are also encouraged to refer to the resources in the
CWE and the style information
from www.apastyle.org for additional information about
academic writing.
Always include a conclusion that summarizes
the main points of the paper.
11
Reference Page: Use a separate page to list the
references and double-space the entire page. The word
References is upper and lower case, centered, not
bolded, at the top of the page.
An
online
journal
article.
A book with
a corporate
author and
an edition
number.
A source
available on
a university
program or

department
website.
A source
with a
digital
object
identifier
(DOI).
An
electronic
version of a
republished
book.
A print
version
of a
book.
Italicize the
titles of
books and
journals
(including
journal
volume

numbers).
References
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication
manual of the American Psychological
Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Copeland, L. (2006). Managing a multicultural workforce.
California Job Journal. Retrieved
from http://www.jobjournal.com
Cuddy, C. M. (2002). Demystifying APA style. Orthopaedic
Nursing, 21(5), 35-42. Retrieved
from http://www.orthopaedicnursing.com
Daniels, C. (2004, June 28). 50 Best companies for minorities.
Fortune, 149(13), 136-
146. Retrieved from http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune
Ede, L. (2001). The academic writer (2nd ed.). New York, NY:
Bedford/St. Martin’s.
Lawton, K. A., Cousineau, L., & Hillard, V. E. (2001).
Plagiarism: Its nature and consequences.
Retrieved from Duke University Guide to Library Research
website:
http://www.lib.duke.edu/libguide/plagarism.htm
Sigel, T. (2009). How passive voice weakens your scholarly

argument. Journal of Management
Development, 28(5), 478-480. doi:10.1108/02621710910955994
Sterngold, A. (2004). Confronting plagiarism: How
conventional teaching invites cyber-
cheating. Change, 36(3), 16. Retrieved from
http://www.changemag.org
Strunk, W., Jr. (1999). Elementary principles of composition:
Omit needless words. In The
elements of style. Retrieved from
http://www.bartelby.com/141/strunk5.html#13
(Original work published 1918)
Venes, D. (2001). Taber's cyclopedic medical dictionary (19th
ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F.A.
Davis.
http://www.jobjournal.com/
javascript:__doLinkPostBack('','target~~URL||args~~http://www
.orthopaedicnursing.com/||type~~','');
12
Appendix A: Header Feature in Microsoft® Word
Identify each page with the page number placed at the right
margin. Do not use your
name to identify each page. Be sure the font type and size are

the same in the header as that used
throughout the document. To create a correct header with an
automatic page number in Word,
use the following guidelines.
Word 2010 and newer
1. Select the Insert tab.
2. Select the Header icon.
3. Choose the Blank header tab from the drop-down menu.
4. Tab to the right margin, and select the Page Number icon.
5. Place the cursor over Current Position. A drop-down menu
should appear.
6. Select the Plain Number option. A number will appear at the
right margin of your
document.
7. Choose Close Header and Footer (the red X at the far right on
the menu). Your
cursor then appears at the beginning of the document, and
automatic page numbers
should be visible as you type each new page.
Word 2003
1. Select the View menu on the toolbar.

2. Select Header and Footer.
3. Place the cursor in the Header box and select the right
justification button on the
toolbar so that the cursor in the Header box moves to the right.
13
4. Use the automatic function for inserting the page number as
illustrated in this picture by
selecting the first button with the # symbol.
5. Select Close. The header is complete.
14
Appendix B: Creating a Hanging Indent in Microsoft® Word
To create a hanging indent for your references page in Word,
use the following guidelines.
Word 2010 and newer
1. Select the text that requires a hanging indent or create a
hanging indent at the top of the
references page before typing the text.
2. From the Home menu, select the arrow in the Paragraph

group seen below. This will
bring up the Indents and Spacing tab.
3. Under Indentation, in the Special box, select on Hanging and
select OK.
15
Word 2003
1. Select the text that requires a hanging indent or create a
hanging indent at the top of the
references page before typing the text.
2. From the Format menu, select the Paragraph command.
3. In the Special list, under Indentation, select Hanging and
select OK.
16
Appendix C: Seriation
To show seriation (lists) within a paragraph or sentence, use
lowercase letters, not
italicized, in parentheses:
Job satisfaction is increased when nurses are provided with (a)
therapeutic massage, (b)

relaxation therapy, and (c) music therapy.
To show seriation of separate paragraphs, number each
paragraph with an Arabic
numeral, followed by a period but not enclosed in or followed
by parentheses. A numbered list
signifies that element 1 is more important than element 2 and so
on. See the following examples
to create a numbered or bulleted list.
Berk (2001) suggests that parents determine suitability of books
for children by using the
following criteria:
1. Books are made from durable material . . . [paragraph
continues]
2. Books are action-oriented . . . [paragraph continues]
If all elements in the list are of equal importance, use bullets
instead of numbers as shown below.
Berk (2001) suggests that parents determine suitability of books
for children by using the
following criteria:
continues]
-oriented . . . [paragraph continues]

1
© 2016 University of Phoenix, Inc. All rights reserved
Reference and Citation Examples
Table of Contents
Books
...............................................................................................
............................................... 2
A book with one
author.....................................................................................
.......................... 2
A book with two or more authors
...............................................................................................
3
A book with a group author
...............................................................................................
......... 4
An edited book
................................................................................ ...............
............................. 4
An excerpt from an edited book or an anthology
....................................................................... 5
A chapter from a book
...............................................................................................
................. 6
An electronic book or eBook from an electronic database (e.g.,
course textbooks) ................... 6

Electronic text (eBook) authored by individuals specifically for
an Apollo Group subsidiary
(e.g., University of Phoenix)
...............................................................................................
........ 7
Periodicals (e.g., Journal Articles, Newspapers)
............................................................................ 8
A journal/magazine article
...............................................................................................
........... 8
A journal/magazine article from an online database with no
DOI® ........................................... 8
A journal/magazine article from an online database—no author
............................................... 9
A journal/magazine article from an online database with an
assigned DOI® ........................... 10
A newspaper
article.....................................................................................
.............................. 10
An online newspaper
article.....................................................................................
................. 11
Websites and Online Media
...............................................................................................
........... 11
A website with no identifiable author
....................................................................................... 11
A website with an author
...............................................................................................
........... 12
Podcasts..................................................................................
................................................... 13
An online video

...............................................................................................
.......................... 14
Course Materials
...............................................................................................
............................ 14
Online course
materials.................................................................................
............................ 14
Online forum messages, discussion groups, and newsgroups
.................................................. 15
Team Toolkit
...............................................................................................
.............................. 15
Virtual Organizations
...............................................................................................
................. 16
Simulations/Course Multimedia
...............................................................................................
16
Miscellaneous
...............................................................................................
................................ 17
An online dictionary (and an online encyclopedia)
.................................................................. 17
A printed dictionary (and a printed encyclopedia)
................................................................... 17
A classical work (e.g., the Bible, Greek or Roman works)
...................................................... 18
Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentations
..................................................................................... 18
Personal communication
...............................................................................................

............ 20
Software
...............................................................................................
..................................... 20
Television series episode
...............................................................................................
........... 21
Referencing figures (e.g., graphs, photographs)
....................................................................... 21
Basic guidelines for formatting citations in the text
................................................................. 22
Basic guidelines for formatting the References page
............................................................... 23
2
Books
A book with one author
A book with one author could be formatted in any of the
following ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1 According to Lunsford (2009), new writing spaces
created by technology require

the writer to focus on the audience and on the writing purpose
more than ever
before.
Sample 2 Writers today have many writing spaces created from
new technologies that
influence how writers approach a rhetorical situation (Lunsford,
2009).
Sample 3 Lunsford (2009) stated, “Today, perhaps more than
ever before, everyone can be a
writer—every day” (p. vi).
Note: Page or paragraph numbers are always included with the
in-text citation
when direct quotations are used.
Reference Page Citation
Lunsford, A. A. (2009). The everyday writer (4th ed.). Boston,
MA: Bedford/St. Martin’s.
In-Text Citation
Sample 4 Cleckley (1997) noted that diversity in the classroom
prepared young Americans
for work in a global society.
Sample 5 Diversity in the classroom prepared young
Americans for work in a global society

was the idea presented by well-known scholar Betty Jane
Cleckley (1997).
Sample 6 Cleckley (1997) stated, “Because youth have had
experience working and playing
with children of other races and cultures while growing up, they
will be better
able to interact with those of other cultures when working
within intercultural
corporations” (p. 37).
Cleckley, B. (1997). Strategies for promoting pluralism in
education and the workplace.
Westport, CT: Praeger.
3
A book with two or more authors
A book with two or more authors could be formatted in any of
the following ways:

In-Text Citation
Sample 1 Often, people compare Caldwell and Thomason’s
book (2004) to The DaVinci
Code because of the brilliant writing and historical context.
Sample 2 The Rule of Four (Caldwell & Thomason, 2004) has
been compared to Dan
Brown’s The DaVinci Code.
Sample 3 The novel is described as “an encyclopedia
masquerading as a novel” and as “a
dissertation on everything from architecture to zoology”
(Caldwell & Thomason,
2004, p. 136).
Note: Use et al. for additional citations of a source with three to
five authors: first
citation – (Smith, Levy, & Jones, 2008), additional citations –
(Smith et al., 2008).
Use et al. along with the first author in the citation when a
source has more than
six authors: (Smith et al., 2008).
Caldwell, I., & Thomason, D. (2004). The rule of four. New
York, NY: Dial.

Note: Use ellipses between the sixth and final author’s name
when the source has more than
eight authors: Smith, G. Q., Levy, J., Jones, B., Arthur, N. S.,
Banks, E., Adam, C., . . . Arnold,
A.
In-Text Citation
Sample 4 Mandelbrot and Hudson (2004) have combined
Mandelbrot’s mathematical
framework with Hudson’s knowledge of Wall Street to produce
a must-read for
any serious investor.
Sample 5 For the individual who manages money for a living,
one of the best books on the
market is The Misbehavior of Markets by Mandelbrot and
Hudson (2004).
Sample 6 Mandelbrot and Hudson (2004) stated, “This
equilibrium market clearing price is
automatically interpreted as being the mean of a normal
probability distribution”
(p. 46).
4

Mandelbrot, B., & Hudson, R. L. (2004). The misbehavior of
markets. New York, NY: Basic
Books.
A book with a group author
A book with a group author (e.g., organizations, corporations,
or government agencies)
could be formatted in any of the following ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1 The 9/11 Commission Report (National Commission
on Terrorist Attacks, 2004)
is one of the most important documents of this century.
Sample 2 A clear mandate was expressed by The National
Commission on Terrorist Attacks
(2004).
Sample 3 The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks report
stated, “Investigate the
facts and circumstance relating to the terrorist attacks of 9/11 . .
. and other areas

as determined by the Commission” (2004, p. 14).
National Commission on Terrorist Attacks. (2004). The 9/11
commission report: Final report of
the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United
States. New York, NY:
W.W. Norton.
An edited book
An edited book could be formatted in any of the following
ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1 Aguirre and Baker (2008) presented information about
inequality in the American
society, educational system, criminal justice system, family
units, and much more
to examine how racial oppression still affects the United States.
Sample 2 Aguirre and Baker (2008) reviewed the inequality in
the American education
system that ranges from public compulsory education to post
secondary
education.

5
Sample 3 As stated in Aguirre and Baker (2008), “Even with
noticeable growth in nonwhite
enrollments in American schools, educational segregation
persists” (p. 41).
Aguirre, A., Jr., & Baker, D. V. (Eds.) (2008). Structured
inequality in the United States:
Critical discussions on the continuing significance of race,
ethnicity, and gender (2nd
ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
An excerpt from an edited book or an anthology
An excerpt from an edited book or an anthology could be
formatted in any of the following
ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1 Montressor lures his victim into the catacombs by
hinting that a cask of

Amontillado rests in the vault (Poe, 1846/2007).
Sample 2 Montressor tells the reader at the start what he is
doing: “The thousand injuries of
Fortunato I had borne as I best could, but when he ventured
upon insult, I vowed
revenge” (Poe, 1846/2007, p. 968).
Poe, E. A. (2007). The cask of Amontillado. In R. Abcarian &
M. Klotz (Eds.), Literature and
the human experience: Reading and writing (9th ed., pp. 968-
973). Boston, MA:
Bedford/St. Martin’s. (Original work published 1846)
Note: If the excerpt has an original publication date listed,
include that information at the end of
the reference entry and provide the original publication date
combined with the anthology
copyright date in the in-text citation, for example: (Poe,
1846/2007).
6

A chapter from a book
A chapter from a book could be formatted in any of the
following ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1 Locker and Kienzler (2008, Chapter 7) present good
guidelines for writing
effective résumés and provide many examples for types of
résumés.
Sample 2 If a résumé is longer than one page, Locker and
Kienzler (2008, Chapter 7)
recommend that the second page include at least 10 to 12 lines
and include the
person’s name at the top of the second page along with the page
number.
Sample 3 As stated in Locker and Kienzler (2008, Résumés),
“It is a myth that all résumés
must fit on one page” (p. 213).
Locker, K. O., & Kienzler, D. S. (2008). Résumés. In Business
and administrative
communication (8th ed., pp. 206-241). Boston, MA: McGraw-

Hill.
Note: Use either the chapter number or the name of the chapter.
An electronic book or eBook from an electronic database (e.g.,
course textbooks)
An eBook could be formatted in any of the following ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1 According to Hlebowitsch (2005), macrocurriculum
and microcurriculum are two
levels of curriculum design.
Sample 2 Curriculum design has two levels, macrocurriculum
and microcurriculum
(Hlebowitsch, 2005).
Sample 3 Macrocurriculum embraces “the design of the all-
school experience and concerns
itself with building-level design factors, including the
organization of courses
across and within grade levels, school-wide mission features,
and school-wide
(extra-classroom) experiences” (Hlebowitsch, 2005, p. 9).
7

Hlebowitsch, P. S. (2005). Designing the school curriculum.
Retrieved from the University of
Phoenix eBook Collection database.
Note: For course texts provided by Bookshelf, replace
University of Phoenix eBook Collection
database with VitalSource Bookshelf. For eBooks available
from a public website, provide the
URL to the eBook.
Electronic text (eBook) authored by individuals specifically for
an Apollo Group subsidiary
(e.g., University of Phoenix)
A custom eBook will be labeled as a custom text on the title
page and sometimes on the
copyright page.
An eBook authored by individuals could be formatted in any of
the following ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1 Paul and Elder (2002) indicated that if we create our
experience, then we are

responsible for our lives.
Sample 2 We can control our experience (Paul & Elder, 2002).
Sample 3 Paul and Elder (2002) stated, “For most people,
experience is understood as
something that ‘happens to them,’ not something they create for
themselves”
(Chapter 8, p. 131).
Note: In the eBook, you may need to include the chapter to
clarify the source.
Paul, R., & Elder, L. (2002). Critical thinking: Tools for taking
charge of your professional and
personal life [University of Phoenix Custom Edition eBook].
Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Prentice Hall. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, GEN480—
Interdisciplinary
Capstone course website.
8

Periodicals (e.g., Journal Articles, Newspapers)
A journal/magazine article
A journal article could be formatted in any of the following
ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1 Walker and Schutte (2004) believed that the five areas
of team building were not
inclusive of all the areas needing attention.
Sample 2 Not everyone agrees with the five areas of team
building (Walker & Schutte,
2004).
Sample 3 According to Walker and Schutte (2004), “Over time,
perceptions of effectiveness
and actual effectiveness can build on each other, because teams
that are confident
of success tend to experience success, which in turn sustains or
increases
perceptions of efficacy while also building general
cohesiveness” (p. 188).
Walker, J. S., & Schutte, K. M. (2004). Practice and process in
wraparound teamwork. Journal

of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 12(3), 182-192.
A journal/magazine article from an online database with no
DOI®
A journal article from an online database with no DOI could be
formatted in any of the
following ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1 Daniels (2004) included Darden Restaurants on her
list of the 50 best companies
for minorities.
Sample 2 A list of companies has been singled out as best for
minority employees (Daniels,
2004).
Sample 3 According to Daniels (2004), “At the Olive Garden
and Red Lobster chains,
diversity efforts are encouraged from ‘boardroom to dining
room’” (para. 5).
9

Note: No page number was listed in this particular article
because of the way the
article was written. When no page number is available, count
the paragraphs and
use the paragraph number, as above. In long documents, you can
count the
paragraphs of a particular section and indicate the name of the
section within the
citation: (Daniels, 2004, Methods section, para. 3).
Daniels, C. (2004, June 28). 50 best companies for minorities.
Fortune, 149(13), 136-146.
Retrieved from http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/
Note: When no DOI is given, the URL address for the actual
journal should be used. However, if
the journal requires a subscription to view the article, then you
may want to provide the database
name you used to access the article from the University Library
so that your facilitator can easily
locate the article.
A journal/magazine article from an online database—no author
A journal article with no author from an online database could

be formatted in any of the
following ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1 In its “Corrections” section (2004), Fortune magazine
did name the CEO of Rite-
Aid who is currently in prison for fraud.
Sample 2 Fortune magazine did name the CEO of Rite-Aid who
is currently in prison for
fraud (“Corrections,” 2004).
Corrections. (2004, November 1). Fortune, 150(9), 32.
Retrieved from
http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/
Note: The example above is a magazine article. Include the
month or season in the copyright
section of the reference entry for magazine articles only (e.g.,
Fall, Summer, January,
March, etc.). The month or season does not need to display in
the in-text citation.
10

A journal/magazine article from an online database with an
assigned DOI®
DOI stands for Digital Object Identifier and is an identification
record provided by the
publisher. If the journal article has a DOI, use the DOI in lieu
of providing the URL
address to the journal’s homepage.
In-Text Citation
Sample 1 Tzschenteke, Kirk, and Lynch (2004) studied the
motivations behind why lodging
owners in Scotland made the move to green their properties.
Sample 2 Operational cost reduction was one reason some hotel
owners opted to green their
properties (Tzschenteke, Kirk, & Lynch, 2004).
Sample 3 This paper “discusses the preliminary findings of a
wider study on environmental
decision making in the context of owner-managed lodging
operations”
(Tzschenteke, Kirk, & Lynch, 2004, p.116).

Tzschentke, N., Kirk, D., & Lynch, P. A. (2004). Reasons for
going green in serviced
accommodation establishments. International Journal of
Contemporary Hospitality
Management, 16(2), 116-124. doi:10.1108/09596110410520007
A newspaper article
A newspaper article could be formatted in any of the following
ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1 Herron and Miles (1987) addressed the recent
Supreme Court decision
regarding promotions based on race.
Sample 2 Efforts have been made regarding racial parity
(Herron & Miles, 1987).
Sample 3 The Supreme Court declared, “A company may decide
to promote an employee
on the basis of race under certain circumstances” (Herron &
Miles, 1987, p. 32).
Herron, C. R., & Miles, M. A. (1987, March 1). Promotion
based on race is upheld by
Supreme Court. The New York Times, p. E4.

11
An online newspaper article
An online newspaper article could be formatted in any of the
following ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1 McGrath (2007) interviewed some Oxford English
Dictionary employees about
the deletion of hyphens from 16,000 dictionary entries.
Sample 2 The recent article about the deletion of 16,000
hyphens from the Oxford English
Dictionary explored how hyphens have become unnecessary
with many words in
modern usage (McGrath, 2007).
Sample 3 McGrath (2007) stated, “The greatest hyphenator ever
was Shakespeare (or Shak-
speare in some contemporary spellings) because he was so busy
adding new
words, many of them compounds, to English: ‘sea-change,’

‘leap-frog,’ ‘bare-
faced,’ ‘fancy-free’” (para. 8).
McGrath, C. (2007, October 7). Death-knell. Or death knell.
The New York Times. Retrieved
from http:www.nytimes.com
Websites and Online Media
A website with no identifiable author
When the content on a website has no identifiable author, use
the name for the
organization, corporation, or government agency as the group
author and begin the entry
with the group author. Place the title of the web page in italics
if the web page is a report or
brochure; otherwise, leave the title without italics. Include the
URL address. If the website
has no identifiable author, including no identifiable group
author, you should use caution
in selecting the source for your paper as the source may not be a
reliable reference. A
website with no identifiable author could be formatted in any of
the following ways:

In-Text Citation
Sample 1 The website for the National Osteoporosis Foundation
(2008) has many
interesting facts about this debilitating disease.
Sample 2 Osteoporosis is a highly preventable disease (National
Osteoporosis Foundation,
2008).
12
Sample 3 The National Osteoporosis Foundation (2008) stated,
“Eighty percent of those
affected by osteoporosis are women” (Osteoporosis Prevalence:
Gender, para. 2).
National Osteoporosis Foundation. (2008). Fast facts. Retrieved
from http://www.nof.org
Note: Italicize the name of the web page or document when it
is a long report or study.
In-Text Citation

Sample 4 Subaru of America (2004) makes it easy to compare
its Outback with similar cars.
Sample 5 Subaru currently has five models in its lineup (Subaru
of America, 2004).
Sample 6 According to Subaru of America (2004), “All Subaru
Outback models blend the
rugged versatility of an SUV with the driving performance and
comfort of a
passenger car” (para. 1).
Subaru of America, Inc. (2004). Subaru previews all-new.
Retrieved from
http://www.subaru.com
A website with an author
A website with an author could be formatted in any of the
following ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1 According to Copeland (2003), the adaptation
required when minorities enter the
workplace is a two-way street.
Sample 2 Diversity is a positive thing in the workforce
(Copeland, 2003).

Sample 3 Copeland (2003) stated, “Diversity is emerging as one
of the most serious issues
in the workplace today, yet most employers are not prepared to
deal with it”
(Managing a Multicultural Workforce, para. 1).
Note: In a long online document with no page numbers, you can
list the title of the section and
the paragraph number within that section.
13
Copeland, L. (2003). Managing a multicultural workforce.
California Job Journal. Retrieved
from http://www.jobjournal.com
In-Text Citation
Sample 4 According to Nix (2004), no definitive national
Christmas tree exists.
Sample 5 Apparently, four trees could be the national Christmas
tree in the United States

(Nix, 2004).
Sample 6 Nix (2004) mentioned that “four trees touted to be the
nation’s Christmas tree”
(para. 1).
Nix, S. (2004). The Amazon and neotropical rainforest.
Retrieved from http://forestry.about.com
Podcasts
Podcasts could be formatted in any of the following ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1 In Fogarty’s (2007) podcast about the differences
between who versus whom, she
provided tips to determine which one should be used in a
question.
Sample 2 This podcast explores the confusion of who versus
whom, and the speaker
reminds the listeners to use who when a person is the subject of
the sentence
(Fogarty, 2007).
Fogarty, M. (Writer/Speaker). (2007, March 9). Who versus
whom [Audio podcast]. Retrieved

from Grammar Girl's Quick and Dirty Tips for Better Writing
website:
http://grammar.quickanddirtytips.com/who-versus-whom.aspx
Note: Give the author name or podcaster name first followed by
the role in parentheses (e.g.,
Producer, Writer, Speaker, etc.).
14
An online video
A video post could be formatted in any of the following ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1 In an Internet video, Gore (2008) stated that 68% of
the American population
believes that human activity is a contributing factor in global
warming.
Sample 2 This Internet video about global warming explores
the urgency to “organize our
response appropriately” (Gore, 2008) to the climate crisis.

Gore, A. (Author). (2008, April). Al Gore: New thinking on the
climate crisis [Video file].
Available from TED Talks website:
http://www.ted.com/talks/view/id/243
Note: Give the name of the author/producer/writer/publisher
name followed by that person’s or
entity’s role in parentheses. If there is no name to give in the
author position, then the entry
should begin with the title of the video instead.
Course Materials
Online course materials
Documents (e.g., lecture notes, syllabi, supplemental
documents) listed in online course
materials could be formatted in any of the following ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1 According to University of Phoenix Week Three
Supplement (2006), three major
steps for analyzing sources exist.
Sample 2 A key question to ask is “Which source is strongest?”
(University of Phoenix,

2006, Week Three Supplement).
University of Phoenix. (2006). Week Three supplement:
Appendix B. Retrieved from University
of Phoenix, CRT/205—Critical Thinking course website.
15
Online forum messages, discussion groups, and newsgroups
An online forum message, discussion group message, or a
newsgroup message could be
formatted in any of the following ways (Note: Use caution when
citing these sources in your
academic work as these sources are not available to everyone,
are not usually archived, and
are not always academic. If a message is accessible for a limited
time, then you should not
consider it a reliable source.):
In-Text Citation

Sample 1 In Boardman’s (2008) Week Two forum message, he
asked the students to
answer, “Why do good people do bad things?” (para. 3).
Sample 2 As a follow-up question in the Week Two forum
message, students were asked to
explore the difference between effective and efficient
communication for a
scenario involving two scientists and their nontechnical
audience (Boardman,
2008).
Boardman, B. (2008, April 15). Week two class notes [Msg. 3].
Message posted to University of
Phoenix class forum, MGT/344—Organizational Behavior and
Ethical
Responsibility course website.
Team Toolkit
Refer to the Learning Team Toolkit for information about
formatting specific toolkit
documents. Access Toolkit Citations from the homepage in the
Learning Team Toolkit for
sample reference entries.

University of Phoenix. (2004). Learning team toolkit. Available
on the University of Phoenix
student/faculty website: http://ecampus.phoenix.edu (Retrieved
May 10, 2008).
Note: Reference examples for articles contained in the Toolkit
can be found by clicking the
Toolkit Citations link on the home page of the Toolkit. (You’ll
find it on the left-hand side at the
bottom of the list of links.)
http://ecampus.phoenix.edu/
16
Virtual Organizations
Please use the following format to reference information found
within the Virtual
Organizations:
Apollo Group, Inc. (Latest copyright date). Virtual Organization
Name. Title of web page.

Retrieved from Course Prefix/Number – Full Course Name
course website.
Reference Page Citation Example
Apollo Group, Inc. (2006). Riordan Manufacturing. Finance &
accounting - overview. Retrieved
from CIS/319 – Computers and Information Processing course
website.
Simulations/Course Multimedia
Simulations or multimedia could be formatted in any of the
following ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1 In the University of Phoenix simulation (2004),
students are allowed to apply
theory to practice.
Sample 2 A situation providing a dilemma regarding
confidentiality allows us to apply
theory to practice (University of Phoenix, 2004).
Sample 3 This simulation states, “The three possible candidates
all have strengths and
weaknesses for this position” (University of Phoenix, 2004).
University of Phoenix. (2004). Keeping information confidential

[Multimedia]. Retrieved from
University of Phoenix, COM525—Advanced Communications
Management course
website.
17
Miscellaneous
An online dictionary (and an online encyclopedia)
An online dictionary entry or an online encyclopedia entry
could be formatted in any of the
following ways when there is no author or editor:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1 A caucus (n.d.), according to the Oxford English
Dictionary, is a political party
meeting that occurs prior to an election and is used to further
the party’s interests.
Sample 2 A “private meeting of the leaders or representatives of
a political party” took

place yesterday (“Caucus,” n.d.).
Caucus. (n.d.). In Oxford English dictionary online. Retrieved
from http://www.oed.com/
Note: If the dictionary and encyclopedia have an author or an
editor, follow the formatting for a
website with an author.
A printed dictionary (and a printed encyclopedia)
A printed dictionary entry or a printed encyclopedia entry could
be formatted in any of the
following ways when there is no author or editor:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1 Exorbitant (2007), as defined in Merriam-Webster’s
Collegiate Dictionary, has a
similar meaning to excessive.
Sample 2 Exorbitant (2007) is defined as “exceeding the
customary or appropriate limits in
intensity, quality, amount, or size” (p. 439).
Exorbitant. (2007). In Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate dictionary
(11th ed.). Springfield, MA:

Merriam-Webster.
Note: If the dictionary and encyclopedia have an author or an
editor, follow the format for a book
with one author or an edited book.
18
A classical work (e.g., the Bible, Greek or Roman works)
A classical work could be formatted in any of the following
ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1 In the Iliad, one fighting scene is described in an epic
simile that refers to the
fighting as tanners playing a tug-of-war with a bull’s hide
(Homer, trans. 1990).
Sample 2 In one section of Homer’s Iliad (trans. 1990), the
fighting is compared to tanners
who tug on a bull’s hide “stretching hard / till the skin’s oils go
dripping out as
the grease sinks in” (17:453-454).

Note: State either the translation or the version in the in-text
citation for the first
instance.
No reference page entry is necessary for a classical work.
Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentations
References to Microsoft PowerPoint presentations can take two
forms:
PowerPoint as a presentation
PowerPoint as an online presentation
PowerPoint as a presentation
Sometimes it is necessary to reference a PowerPoint
presentation you have seen, either by
itself or as part of a longer presentation. If the presentation
cannot be retrieved by the
general reader, cite the PowerPoint as a personal
communication only within the text.
In-Text Citation
Sample 1 According to a PowerPoint presentation in the GEN
380 class (2006), the streets
in Toronto are cleaner than the streets in New York.

Sample 2 The streets in Toronto are cleaner than the streets in
New York (GEN 380,
personal communication, September 3, 2006.)
Note: If the name of the presenter is known, use the first initial
and last name of the presenter
instead of the name of the class, as follows:
(G. Smith, personal communication, September 3, 2006).
19
Sample 3 According to a PowerPoint presentation in the GEN
380 class, “Compared to
New York City, Toronto’s streets are free of litter, graffiti, and
garbage” (personal
communication, September 3, 2006).
Note: In a personal communication that is not written, do not
use page or
paragraph numbers with a direct quotation.

A personal communication is not listed in the references.
PowerPoint as an online presentation
An online PowerPoint presentation can be formatted in any of
the following ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1 According to a PowerPoint presentation from the
National Security Council
(2007), the United States has succeeded in reaching many of the
objectives
outlined at the start of the war with Iraq, including the capture
of Saddam
Hussein.
Sample 2 The United States has succeeded in reaching many of
the objectives outlined at
the start of the war with Iraq, including the capture of Saddam
Hussein (National
Security Council, 2007).
Sample 3 According to a PowerPoint presentation from the
National Security Council
(2007), “Winning in Iraq will not end the War on Terror, but it
will make success
in the War on Terror much easier” (slide 3).

National Security Council. (2007, January). Highlights of the
Iraq strategy review
[PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from
http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/iraq/2007/iraq-
strategy011007.pdf
20
Personal communication
Sources that the general reader cannot access should be cited as
a personal communication. This
can include information from interviews, emails, newsgroups,
letters, memos, lectures, and
Microsoft® PowerPoint presentations.
A personal communication is cited only within the text because
items in the reference list at the
end of the essay are reserved for sources that can be retrieved
by the reader.

In-Text Citation
Sample 1 According to Smith (personal communication,
September 3, 2006), pit bulls are
no more dangerous than German shepherds.
Sample 2 Pit bulls are no more dangerous than German
shepherds (G. R. Smith, personal
communication, September 3, 2006.)
Sample 3 Smith stated, “Pit bulls are no more dangerous than
German shepherds” (personal
communication, September 3, 2006).
Note: In a personal communication that is not written, such as
an interview, do
not use page or paragraph numbers with a direct quotation.
A personal communication is not listed in the references.
Software
(Note: Reference-page citations are not needed for common
software programs such as
Microsoft Excel or Adobe Photoshop. For specialized software,
though, provide a reference
citation and include the version number when you mention the
software in the body of your

paper.)
Software could be formatted in any of the following ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1 The topographical data (see Figure 2) was modeled in
Quantum GIS (Version
1.7.0).
Sample 2 Quantum GIS (Version 1.7.0), an open-source
program, was used to produce the
grid of city utility services.
21
Quantum GIS. (Version 1.7.0) [Computer Software]. Retrieved
from http://www.qgis.org
Television series episode
A television series episode could be formatted in any of the
following ways:

In-Text Citation
Sample 1 Interviews on Frontline in 2003 showed the complex
web of players involved in
the rise and fall of WorldCom (Smith & Young).
Sample 2 Collusion between stock analysts and corporate
clients was a primary focus of
Eliot Spitzer’s investigations (Smith & Young, 2003).
Sample 3 The news media, perhaps too simplistically, placed
the blame for the dot-com bust
directly on Wall Street investors: “If you didn't have Wall
Street, you wouldn't
have had a bubble because you wouldn't have been able to bring
together all the
pieces necessary” (Smith & Young, 2003).
Smith, H. (Writer), & Young, R. (Director). (2003). The Wall
Street fix [Television series
episode]. In D. Fanning (Executive producer), Frontline.
Boston, MA: WGBH.
Referencing figures (e.g., graphs, photographs)
In APA style, the following types of illustrations are considered
figures: pictures,

photographs, graphs, art, drawings, or anything that is not a
table. Here are some general
principles for images retrieved from the Internet:
name if available or use the
name of the organization or corporation.
author’s place.
publication date, if no photo information is included,
the last updated date for the
website can be used.
short description in place of
the title and include the figure type.
22
Reference Page Citation Example
Cable News Network. (2009). [Photograph of President Barack
Obama and Vice President Joe

Biden watching the inaugural parade outside the White House]
The 44th President
Inauguration. Retrieved from
http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/01/20/obama.inauguration
/index.html
Basic guidelines for formatting citations in the text
1. Place the complete citation within parentheses.
2. Use the words in the first part of the citation exactly as they
appear in the References so
that the source in the text can easily be located in the
References.
3. Use the author’s last name and year for the citation: (Smith,
2008).
4. Place the year in the citation, but do not include the month
and day.
5. Use only the last name of the author, and never include the
first name or initials except in
a personal communication.
6. Use et al. for additional citations of a source with three to
five authors: first citation –
(Smith, Levy, & Jones, 2008), additional citations – (Smith et
al., 2008).
7. Use et al. along with the first author in the citation when a
source has more than six
authors: (Smith et al., 2008).

8. Place the name of a group author (corporations,
organizations, and government agencies)
first when no individual author is listed in the source.
9. Use the first two or three words of the title of the work when
no author is listed: (Writing
Executive Summaries, 2007) or (“Evaluating a Case Study,”
2008). Capitalize all major
words of the title.
10. Use italics for titles of books, periodicals, movies,
television shows, and reports. Use
quotation marks for titles of articles, chapters, or web pages.
11. Include the page or paragraph number for a direct quotation:
p. or pp. for page numbers,
para. for paragraph numbers. You can also use the section
heading of the document if
needed. It is recommended that you include page or paragraph
numbers with your
paraphrases.
12. Place any necessary punctuation after the final parenthesis
of the citation unless it is a
block quotation.
13. Never use a URL address in the citation.
14. Cite your work if you are referencing work from a previous
document. Refer to the Self-
Plagiarism section of the Plagiarism Guide in CWE’s Tutorials
& Guides.

https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/aapd/grammar/plagiarism/se
lfplagiarism.asp
https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/aapd/grammar/plagiarism/se
lfplagiarism.asp
https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/aapd/grammar/plagiarism.as
p
23
Basic guidelines for formatting the References page
1. Place the references in alphabetical order in one list. (Do not
number references or
separate them into categories.)
2. Use periods to separate each major element in the reference:
Name, A. (Year). Article
title. Journal Title, 24(4), 13-16.
3. Include the author’s last name and first and middle initials:
Smith, G. Q. (Always use
initials instead of authors’ first/middle names.)
4. Use ellipses between the sixth and final author’s name when
the source has more than
eight authors: Smith, G. Q., Levy, J., Jones, B., Arthur, N. S.,
Banks, E., Adam, C., . . .

Arnold, A.
5. Place the year in parentheses after the author’s name: Smith,
G. Q. (2008). If no year is
available, put (n.d.) in parentheses. Include the month or season
with the copyright for
magazine articles (2010, March) or (2011, Summer). Include the
month and day for
newspaper articles (2009, May 7).
6. Place the name of a group author (corporations,
organizations, and government agencies)
first when no individual author is listed in the source.
7. Place the title of a book or article first when no author is
listed in the source.
8. Capitalize the following elements of the first title mentioned
in the reference: first word,
proper nouns, and the first word after a colon or a dash.
9. Capitalize all major words of the second title mentioned in
the reference (e.g., journal
titles, newspaper titles, book titles)
10. Use italics for titles of books, journals, newspapers, movies,
television shows, and long
reports or studies.

11. Never use quotation marks or italics for article titles.
12. Include a retrieval date only for Internet sources that
contain content that can change over
time, such as Wikis.
13. Use the DOI number for electronic sources rather than the
name of a database:
doi:xxxxxx. If the document does not contain a DOI number,
use the URL of the
publisher’s home page: Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxx. (Do
not use periods at the
end of a DOI number or URL address.)
14. Include database retrieval information only for sources with
limited circulation.
15. Never include a source that is not mentioned in the paper.
16. Lead your reader as closely as possible to your source. Not
every source will fit the
examples in this guide, so you may need to combine elements
from more than one option
to create your entry. Start with the information you know to
create the reference.
Typically you will be able to determine who wrote the article,
when it was published, the
title of the article, and where you located the piece. This will
give you a good start to

creating the reference and citation. Use the above guidelines to
help fill in any gaps once
you determine the 4 key pieces of your reference.
Reference and Citation ExamplesTable of ContentsBooksA book
with one authorIn-Text CitationReference Page CitationIn-Text
CitationReference Page CitationA book with two or more
authorsIn-Text CitationReference Page CitationIn-Text
CitationReference Page CitationA book with a group authorIn-
Text CitationReference Page CitationAn edited bookIn-Text
CitationReference Page CitationAn excerpt from an edited book
or an anthologyIn-Text CitationReference Page CitationA
chapter from a bookIn-Text CitationReference Page CitationAn
electronic book or eBook from an electronic database (e.g.,
course textbooks)In-Text CitationReference Page
CitationElectronic text (eBook) authored by individuals
specifically for an Apollo Group subsidiary (e.g., University of
Phoenix)In-Text CitationReference Page CitationPeriodicals
(e.g., Journal Articles, Newspapers)A journal/magazine
articleIn-Text CitationReference Page CitationA
journal/magazine article from an online database with no
DOI®In-Text CitationReference Page CitationA
journal/magazine article from an online database—no authorIn-
Text CitationReference Page CitationA journal/magazine article
from an online database with an assigned DOI®In-Text
CitationReference Page CitationA newspaper articleIn-Text
CitationReference Page CitationAn online newspaper articleIn-
Text CitationWebsites and Online MediaA website with no
identifiable authorIn-Text CitationReference Page CitationIn-
Text CitationReference Page CitationA website with an
authorIn-Text CitationReference Page CitationIn-Text
CitationReference Page CitationPodcastsIn-Text
CitationReference Page CitationAn online videoIn-Text
CitationReference Page CitationCourse MaterialsOnline course
materialsIn-Text CitationReference Page CitationOnline forum
messages, discussion groups, and newsgroupsIn-Text
CitationReference Page CitationTeam ToolkitReference Page

CitationVirtual OrganizationsReference Page Citation
ExampleSimulations/Course MultimediaIn-Text
CitationReference Page CitationMiscellaneousAn online
dictionary (and an online encyclopedia)In-Text
CitationReference Page CitationA printed dictionary (and a
printed encyclopedia)In-Text CitationReference Page CitationA
classical work (e.g., the Bible, Greek or Roman works)In-Text
CitationReference Page CitationMicrosoft® PowerPoint®
presentationsIn-Text CitationReference Page CitationIn-Text
CitationReference Page CitationPersonal communicationIn-Text
CitationReference Page CitationSoftwareIn-Text
CitationReference Page CitationTelevision series episodeIn-
Text CitationReference Page CitationReferencing figures (e.g.,
graphs, photographs)Reference Page Citation ExampleBasic
guidelines for formatting citations in the textBasic guidelines
for formatting the References page
APA (6th ed.) Format and Style Checklist
General Guidelines
( Font
Style must be Times New Roman. Font size is 12-pt.
( Running Heads
Running heads must include a maximum of 50 characters,
including punctuation and spaces. Type the page header flush
left using capital letters at the top of every page (p. 229, 8.03;
sample paper, p. 41).
Note: Page headers no longer exist in the 6th edition and now
only running heads are needed. Note the running head is
different on the title page than on the other pages, which will

necessitate the use of a section break between the title page and
the remainder of the document.
Title Page
( Double-space, use upper and lowercase, include a running
head, and number as page 1. APA contents of title page are
listed on pp. 23-25. Sample is on p. 41.
Main Body of the Text
( Margins
All four sides must be 1 in., per University of Phoenix
guideline. (APA states at least 1 in., p. 229, 8.03). Make the
right margin ragged.
( Page Numbers
The 6th edition of the APA Publication Manual says to “use the
automatic functions of your word-processing program to
generate headers and page numbers for your file” (p. 230). (See
sample papers beginning on p. 41.)
( Abstract
Use only for University of Phoenix papers if required by the
assignment. When assigned, use APA guidelines (pp. 25-27,
2.04; see sample on p. 41).
( Title of Paper
Type in upper and lowercase letters, center on first page of text,
double-space, and then start text (see sample on p. 41).
( Headings
Headings indicate the organization of the paper and establish
importance. Match headings to the complexity of the paper.

Use at least Level 1 to organize a paper. Title of paper
(centered upper and lowercase) on first page is not considered a
separate heading level. If the paper requires two headings, use
Levels 1 and 2; if three headings are required, use Levels 1, 2,
and 3, etc. (pp. 62-63, 3.02-3.03). See manuscript examples,
pp. 41-59.
( Justification
Use flush-left style, leaving the right margin ragged. Do not
hyphenate words at the end of the line (p. 229, 8.03).
( Paragraphs
Indent paragraphs 5-7 spaces or 1/2 in. Use the tab key for
consistency (p. 229, 8.03). Paragraphs should contain one topic.
Do not use one-sentence paragraphs or lengthy paragraphs (p.
68).
( Punctuation
Two spaces should be used after punctuation marks at the end of
sentences, and one space should follow commas, colons,
semicolons, all parts of a reference, and initials in a person’s
name. Uses of punctuation can be found on pp. 87-96, 4.01-
4.11.
( Abbreviations
Use of abbreviations is covered on pp. 103-104, 3.20. The first
time, spell out the full name (p. 104, 3.21). Some abbreviations
are accepted as words (p. 105, 3.22).
( Capitalization Rules
General principles of capitalization can be found on pp. 106-
111, 4.22-4.30.

( Seriation
Enumerate elements in a series to prevent misreading or clarify
the sequence, particularly if lengthy or complex (see pp. 63-65,
3.04).
( Series Within a Paragraph or Sentence
Identify elements by lowercase letters. The use of semicolons,
commas, or colons in a series can be found on p. 64. Example 1:
The three choices were (a) a blue and white flag, (b) a red and
white flag, and (c) a blue and red flag. Example 2: The three
choices were (a) a red, white, and blue flag; (b) a red, white,
and green flag; and (c) a red and white flag.
( Series in Separate Paragraphs, Such as Itemized Conclusions
or Lengthy Steps
Includes steps in a procedure using Arabic numerals (pp. 63-64,
3.04).
( Series Without Implying an Ordinal Position
New to the 6th edition Publication Manual is the use of bulleted
lists (pp. 64-65, 3.04).
( Citation of References in Text
General guidelines for reference citations can be found on pp.
174-179, 6.11-6.21.
( When Paraphrasing or Referring to an Author’s Work
Cite author(s) and year (pp. 174-178, 6.11-6.16; p. 171, 6.03)
Example: (Smith, 1997).
( When Quoting Directly

Cite author(s), year, and page number (p. 179, 6.19). Example:
Smith (1997) said, “Take me home to Kansas” (p. 2) or The
organization is the “largest in the Western Hemisphere” (Smith,
1997, p. 2). For quotations of 40 or more words, use block
quotations (p. 171). If referencing electronic media, cite the
paragraph number (pp. 171-172, 6.05).
( Citing a Secondary Source
Use infrequently; however, if you do not have the primary
source, see p. 178, 6.17.
Example: Orem (as cited in Smith, 1997).
( Citing Personal Communications or Nonpermanently Archived
Electronic Materials, such as Your Instructor’s Lectures, etc.
General guidelines can be found on p. 179, 6.20.
Example: A. C. Smith (personal communication, February 14,
1997) Exampl e:
F. J. Turner (RES 711, week 3 lecture, March 24, 2004) [This
sounds like a form of personal communication that is
recoverable, as mentioned on p. 179, which refers the learner to
section 7.10]
Reference List
( Start on a new page, titled Reference(s), centered in upper-
and lowercase letters (p. 37, 2.11).
( Alphabetize by author’s last name, double-space, and use a
hanging indent (1st line of each entry flush left, indent
subsequent lines 5-7 spaces or .5 in., p. 37, 2.11, p. 180, p. 181,
6.25).
( Citation in text must specifically match reference page (p.

174). Follow examples on pages 198-224, 7.01-A7.07.
( Note the new citation styles in the 6th edition, paying
particular attention to subsequent citations in text (pp. 174-175,
6.11-6.12; Table 6.1)
( University of Phoenix guidelines require more than one
reference unless the paper is an article analysis. The number
and variety of references should match the complexity of
assignment. Use scholarly journals unless otherwise instructed
by the faculty member. Titles of books, periodicals, and
microfilm publications are italicized.
Refer to examples of references that are frequently troublesome
(see complete list of references in table of contents, pp. 193-
198).
6th edition updates provided by Toni Williams, APA editor,
[email protected]
CMGT/400 v7
Threats, Attacks, and Vulnerability Assessment Template
CMGT/400 v7
Page 2 of 2Threats, Attacks, and Vulnerability Assessment
Template
Instructions: Replace the information in brackets [ ] with
information relevant to your project.
A Cyber Security Threat Analyst conducts analysis, digital
forensics, and targeting to identify, monitor, assess, and counter
cyber-attack threats against information systems, critical
infrastructure, and cyber-related interests. Take on the role of a
Cyber Security Threat Analyst for the approved organization
you chose. Research the following information about the
organization you chose and complete the Threats, Attacks, and
Vulnerability Assessment template.[Organization
Name/Description]

Assessment Scope
What are the tangible assets included? (Must include
virtualization, cloud, database, network, mobile, information
systems.) Identify all information systems, critical
infrastructure, and cyber-related interests and combinations that
will be assessed. Also, describe information systems, critical
infrastructure, and cyber-related interests which will not be
assessed and explain why.
[Response]
System Model
A diagram and descriptions of each asset included in the
assessment scope.
[Diagram here or attached]
[Response]
Existing Countermeasures
Describe existing countermeasure already in place.
[Response]
Threat Agents and Possible Attacks
Define 12 to 15 threat agents and possible attacks.
[Response]
Exploitable Vulnerabilities
Identify 7 to 9 exploitable vulnerabilities.
[Response]
Threat History/Business Impact
Threat History Events
Duration
Business Impact
Threat Resolution
[Response]
[Response]

[Response]
[Response]
[Response]
[Response]
[Response]
[Response]
[Response]
[Response]
[Response]
[Response]
[Response]
[Response]
[Response]
[Response]
Risks and Contingencies Matrix
Risk
Probability
Priority
Owner
Countermeasures/Contingencies/Mitigation Approach
[Response]
[Response]
[Response]
[Response]
[Response]
[Response]
[Response]
[Response]
[Response]
[Response]
[Response]
[Response]
[Response]
[Response]

CMGT 400 Grading Rubric Individual – Week 1 Threats, Attacks, and Vu.docx

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