ship wrecks and underwater cities considered to be underwater treasure with hidden resources and too many stories to be told there.

1. SHIPWRECKS AND
UNDERWATER
CITIES

2. Pirates of the Caribbean

5. The lost city of Atlantis
In the mysterious world of ancient abandoned cities, none are more iconic – or debated –
than the lost city of Atlantis.

6. • Excavation by marine
archaeologists.
• Underwater explorers and
divers.
.

7. How marine archeological sites were
discovered?
■ Deep diving.
■ Multibeam Sonar Data
■ Satellites like google earth.
■ Marine excavation techniques
■ Remote-sensing surveys typically include
the use of geophysical equipment such as
side can sonar to detect object on the
seafloor; bathymetric systems to acutely
measure water depth; and subbottom
profilers to view beneath the seafloor.
■ Equipment:
– (ROVs) that are controlled by pilots
on ship.
– Foley’s team tested an autonomous
diving robot that could search the
ocean bottom for hours under its
own command.
– The REMUS 100 vehicle (for
Remote Environmental Monitoring
Underwater System) is equipped
with Global Positioning System
technology, side-scan sonar and a
video camera.

8.  Using sonar.
 Using satellite.

9.  Robotic submarines or autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and
‘internet of underwater things’.

10. Underwater Archaeological Excavation
Techniques:
■ Most “tools of the trade” used on terrestrial
archaeological digs are used underwater in our
excavations as well.
– Hand trowels, square units, clipboards,
pencils, tape measures, and other hand tools
are all used underwater to excavate sites as
they are used on land.
■ However, rather than shovel dirt into a bucket or
wheelbarrow and bringing it to a fine screen to
shake it, or wash it with water to remove the dirt,
we use a 100ft hose connected to a large dredge
engine with a pump that moves 600 gallons of
water a minute to suck the seafloor sediments like
a giant vacuum cleaner. The dredge tube brings
the sediments from the bottom and deposits them
on our 8 by 12 foot floating screen deck that has
mesh as fine as 1/16th of an inch to catch even the
smallest of artifacts or bone fragments.

11. “Ships were the way that people
communicated and moved about the ancient
world,” says Foley. “So if we can find these
ancient wrecks, we get a much clearer view of
the very dim past.”

12. Reasons for shipwrecks:
■ The human-related causes include:
1. Economic - inferior construction, equipment or
repair; improper loading, fraud; piracy; mutiny;
arson; war
2. Seamanship - inferior quality or behavior of
captain, officers or crew in navigation or ship-
handling
3. Technological - inaccurate charts, new technology,
lack of safe shelter
4. Other - fire of unknown origin, disease, etc
■ The nature-related causes include:
1. Atmospheric - wind of various degrees from squall
to hurricane; and reduced visibility by fog, rain,
snow, etc.
2. Oceanic - currents, tides, etc.
3. Climatic - ice, icebergs
4. Tectonic - earthquakes, volcanos, tidal waves

13. Reasons for underwater cities
■ Earthquakes
 The lost city in Egypt: Thonis-Heracleion

14.  Lost Kingdom of Cleopatra
“It’s a unique site in the world,” said Goddio, who has spent two decades searching for
shipwrecks and lost cities below the seas.

15.  Pavlopetri, Greece
the oldest underwater archaeological town site in the world, dating back 5,000
years.

16.  Port Royal, Jamaica
Port Royal, once called “the most wicked and
sinful city in the world”

17. ■ Floods
 The Lost Underwater City of Shicheng (Lion City), China: Covered in water to
build hydroelectric power station in 1959 and was forgotten.

18.  Baiae, an Ancient Roman Underwater City in Italy
A submerged archeological park still holds the wonders of a Roman Sodom.

19.  Tsunami
 Atlit-Yam-Israel

20. ■ Storms
 The lost underwater city of Dunwich

21. ■ Swallowed by rising waters after the end of the last ice age
 Underwater City in the Gulf of Cambay, India.

22. Benefits of discovering marine archeological
sites:
Treasures.
Tourist attraction sites. It can provide hard surfaces
that may be associated with
a high biomass of
biologically diverse
organisms for study.

23. WHY STUDY marine archeology?
A bronze statue of the Roman
Emperor Augustus, recovered from
an underwater site in the Aegean.
The statute was cast about the year
10 B.C., and now is on display at
the National Archaeological
Museum in Athens.
Shipwrecks may be connected to important historical
events. People working to protect the marine environment
can learn important lessons from shipwrecks about how
currents, weather, technology and human error can damage
the environment

24. Why should we examine shipwrecks in
deep water?
■ By comparing deep water and shallow water wrecks with information from land
excavations, we will get a new understanding of the ancient world.

25. Science beyond archeological underwater
sites preservation:
■ Identification and production of materials
(cores).
■ Industrial chemistry.
■ Acidic environment.
■ Chemical monitoring and management.
■ Biochemistry of movement.
■ Chemistry of art.
■ Forensic chemistry.
■ Bacterial corrosion.

26. “I have heard it said that some people do not
believe in the existence of cities beneath the sea.
What a pity not to believe in facts which are as
strange as any legend. - Nic Flemming”