Key words and definitions. Social science unit 1.

1. SOCIAL UNIT 1 KEY WORDS AND DEFINITIONS
• INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: It started in Britain in the 1760 and
spread accross Europe during the first part of the 19th century.
This revolution happened thanks to the creation of new machinery and
inventions in Factories and made people move from small rural areas to
cities.
• CIVIL WAR: It is a war among people from the same country.
• FRENCH REVOLUTION: It started in 1789 in France and it brought with
it ideas of liberalism and the end of absolute monarchy to giving power to
the people.
• ABSOLUTISM: It means that one person holds all the power. An absolute
monarch had the power to make any decisions without taking into account
peoples opinión.
• TREATY OF FONTAINBLEAU: Signed by Carlos IV Prime minister,
Manuel Gody and Napoleón Bonaparte in 1807. They agreed to invade
Portugal and divide it between each other.
• MUTINY OF ARANJUEZ: Carlos IV´s son, Fernando didn´t agree with
the Treaty of Fontainebleau and led this mutiny against Godoy and forced
his father to abdicate in his favor.
• SPANISH WAR OF INDEPENDENCE: The french invasion caused an
uprising in Madrid on the 2nd of May 1808. It was a war against the french
and also a civil war, because the spanish people were divided, between
supporters of José Bonaparte and supporters of a spanish monarch. With
the help of the british the spanish defeated the french and Fernando the
VII was recognised as King of Spain.
• CONSTITUTION 1812: Signed in Cádiz on the 19th of March 1812, also
known as “la Pepa”, it was the first constitution in Spain and the most
liberal of its time. It established:
─ freedom of press. ─ freedom of expression
─ equality for all ─ nationsl sovereignity

2. ─ voting rights for all men iver 18. ─ a constitutional monarchy.
• FERNANDO VII REIGN: It can be divided in 3 periods:
─ Absolutism: ● It meant the end of the french occupation.
 He declared the constitution (1812) ilegal.
 He became an absolute monarch.
─ Liberal Trienium: ● There were some military rebellions.
● Fernando VII revoked the constitution again.
─ Ominous/dark decade: ● periods of represions.
● Problem of succesion.
● SALIC LAW: This law declared that only men members of the royal
family could be crowned.
● REGENCY PERIOD: Period in which the queen Maria Cristina and General
Espartero ruled Spain, because the heir, Isabel II, daughter of Fernando
VII, was too young.
● CARLISTS WARS: They took place during the Regency period. The
carlists supported Carlos (Fernando VII´s brother) and wanted an absolute
monarchy.
● PARLIAMENTARY MONARCHY: The power of the monarch wasn´t
absolute and it was limited by the parliamnet.
● SOCIAL CHANGES:
─ Upper class: Formed by the nobility and also a new social class called
BOURGEOISIE, that included Factory owners and bankers.
─ Middle class: Formed by merchants, doctors, lawyers and small
landowners.
─ Working class: Formed by agricultural workers and Factory workers that
had very little chance to improve in their social status.

3. ● THE LABOUR MOVEMENT: The working conditions and the salary were
really bad so the workers started to organise themselves in unions to
demand improvements in these conditions.