4. Ventral Hernia
Any protrusion of viscera through anterior abdominal
wall
Categorized as spontaneous and acquired
Spontaneous hernia:
Umbilical and paraumbilical-71 %
Epigatric-25%
Others-4%
5. Acquired Hernia
Incisional
o Laparotomy 89%
o Laparoscopy 5%
Parastomal 6%
9. Umbilical Hernia:
Umbilical hernia occurs when the umbilical
scar closes incompletely in the child or fails
and stretches in later years in the adult
patient
In infants
Congenital and common
Closes spontaneously by 2 years of age
If persist after 5 years –surgical repair
10. In adults
Largely acquired
Female>male
hernia does not protrude through umbilical cicatrix
protrusion through the linea alba just above the
the umbilicus -supraumbilical
occasionally below the umbilicus (infraumbilical) –
so called as paraumbilical hernia
11. Etiology
multifactorial, commonly found in association with
processes that increase intraabdominal pressure
pregnancy
obesity
ascites
persistent or repetitive abdominal distention in
bowel obstruction or peritoneal dialysis
12. Clinical Features
Pain and swelling are the main symptoms
Pain increases on prolonged standing or heavy
exercise
Content: mostly omentum
13. Treatment
Reduce weight of the patient
Treat the cause of ascites
Mayo’s operation – vest over pants repair :
imbrication of superior and inferior fascial edges
For smaller defects – open umbilical hernia repair
For larger defects - >2 cm – mesh repair – open
or laparoscopic
14. Epigastric Hernia :
Hernia protruding through interlacing fibres of the linea
alba anywhere between umbilicus and xiphisternum
protrusion of extraperitoneal fat - fatty hernia of linea alba
Multiple in up to 20% of patients and approximately 80%
are in midline
15. Etiology:
Sudden strain leading to tearing of interlacing
fibers of linea alba
Clinical Features:
Symptomless
Painful- in partial strangulation of fat
Referred dyspepsia
On palpation – feels firm, no cough impulse and
cannot be reduced
16. Treatment:
Midline defect is usually elliptical in nature with the
long axis oriented transversely
Hernia will often not be seen on laparoscopy owing
to the lack of peritoneal involvement through the
hernia defect
Open repair – excision of incarcerated preperitoneal
tissue and simple closure of defect
17. Incisional Hernia
It is herniation through a weak abdominal scar (scar of
previous surgery)
Etiology:
Factors related to patients:
1. Obesity – due to fat encroaching in between the muscle layers
2. Advanced age
3. Multiparity,malnutrition,peritoneal
dialysis,jaundice,hypoproteinemia,anaemia, malignant diseases
4. Coughing,vomting and overzealous ventilation in early postoperative
period
5. Steroids and chemotherapy
18. 6.Smoking in postoperative period.
7.Causes which increases the intra-abdominal pressure(BPH, straining,
stricture urethra or rectum, ascites)
Factors related to procedure:
o Vertical incision higher chances of incisional hernia than horizontal
incision
o Layered closure of the abdomen has got higher chance than single
layer
o Continuous closure has got higher chances than interrupted closure
19. o Using absorbable suture material
o Emergency surgical wound has higher chances than elective
surgical wound
o Laparotomy wound
20. Clinical Features:
Pain and swelling in the vicinity of previous scar
Bulging more prominent on standing and coughing,reduces
spontaneously on lying down
Attacks of subacute intestinal obstruction
Expansile impulse on cough
skin over the hernia is thin and atrophic
21. Treatment :
Preventive measures
Reduction of weight in obese before elective procedures
Treat any respiratory diseases- chr.bronchitis
Very careful closure of abdomen
Single layer closure 5-8mm
5mm apart
2-0 suture
4:1 suture length
All precautions to prevent immediate postoperative wound
infection should be taken
22. Operative treatment:
Primary repair
Defect small <2cm
Viable surrounding tissue
As a result of technical error in initial operation
Prosthetic repair
Larger defect >2 to 3cm
23. Mesh placement options:
Onlay technique: after primary
closure of the fascial defect
mesh is placed over the
anterior fascia
Advantages: no direct contact
with viscera
Disadvantages:
More chances of seroma
formation
superficial location of mesh-
more prone for infection
24. Inlay technique: interposition of prosthetic mesh
between the fascial edges.
Very high recurrence rates
Sublay/ underlay technique:prosthetic mesh placed
below the fascial components
25. Retromuscular technique:
also called as Rives-Stoppa-Wantz Retrorectus Repair
placement of mesh under the rectus muscle & above the
posterior rectus sheath
Advantage
intraabdominal forces hold the prosthesis against the muscles.
Forces that created the hernia now are used to prevent its
recurrence
26. Component separation technique
skin and subcutaneous fat dissected
free
from the anterior sheath of the
rectus abdominis muscle and the
aponeurosis of the external oblique
muscle.
external abdominal oblique is
incised 1 to 2 cm lateral to the
rectus abdominis muscle.
27. • external oblique separated
from the internal oblique
Dissection carried to posterior
axillary wall
Additional length can be achieved by incising post rectus sheath
above the arcuate line
28. Laproscopic surgical repair
IPOM(intraperitoneal onlay mesh)
IPOM plus:
defect >2cm
6 to 10 cm difficult to close
>10 cm: laproscopic TAR or Robotic TAR
29. Lap vs open
Whenever feasible laproscopic repair is preferred.
30. Advantages of LAP
Lower rate of wound infection
Shorter hospital stay
Quicker return to work
Presence of swiss cheese defect can be seen
32. Parastomal hernia
Common complication after stoma creation
Incidence highest in colostomies-50%
Usually asymptomatic
Complications like bowel obstruction and
strangulation rare
Treatment :
Primary fascial repair-recurrence
Stoma relocation
Prosthetic repair
33. Spigelian hernia
Unusual hernia
Occurs through the
Spigelian fascia –composed
of aponeurotic layer
between rectus muscle
medially and semilunar line
laterally
Often interparietal
34. Clinical features:
more common in 4th to 7th decade
small swelling lateral to rectus muscle- above level of
umbilicus(10%),below umbilicus(90%)
sharp pain or tenderness at this site
ultrasound abdomen and CT scan are useful to
establish the diagnosis
Complications: high risk of incarceration due to
narrow neck
Treatment: Primary Repair or Mesh repair
35. References:
sabiston textbook of surgery,south asia edition
Schwartz’s principles of surgery,10th edition