computer networks

1. MULTIPLEXING

2. Multiplexing(2)
• Used in:
- Lowest level of transmission systems
- Higher levels of network hardware
- Protocol software
- Applications
 Separate pairs of communications travel across shared channel
 Multiplexing prevents interference
 Each destination receives only data sent by corresponding source

3. Multiplexing Terminology
• Multiplexor
- Device or mechanism
- Accepts data from multiple sources
- Sends data across shared channel
• Demultiplexor
- Device or mechanism
- Extracts data from shared channel
- Sends to correct destination

4. Why Multiplexing?
The transmission medium is used to send the signal from sender to receiver. The medium can
only have one signal at a time.
If there are multiple signals to share one medium, then the medium must be divided in such a
way that each signal is given some portion of the available bandwidth.
For example: If there are 10 signals and bandwidth of medium is100 units, then the 10 unit is
shared by each signal.
When multiple signals share the common medium, there is a possibility of collision. Multiplexing
concept is used to avoid such collision.
Transmission services are very expensive.

5. Two Basic Types Of Multiplexing
• Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
- Only one item at a time on shared channel
- Item marked to identify source
- Demultiplexor uses identifying mark to know where to deliver
• Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
- Multiple items transmitted simultaneously
- Uses multiple ``channels''

6. Transmission Schemes
• Baseband transmission
- Uses only low frequencies
- Encodes data directly
• Broadband transmission
- Uses multiple carrier
- Can use higher frequencies
- Achieves higher throughput
- Hardware more complex and expensive

7. Scientific Principle Behind Frequency
Division Multiplexing
• Two or more signals that use different carrier frequencies can
be transmitted over a single medium simultaneously without
interference.
• Note: this is the same principle that allows a cable TV company
to send multiple television signals across a single cable.

8. Wave Division Multiplexing
• FDM can be used with any electromagnetic radiation
• Light is electromagnetic radiation
• When applied to light, FDM is called wave division multiplexing
• Informally called color division multiplexing