Deconstruction In The Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin

Deconstruction In The Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin
Going over literary texts isn't like reading other contents we have. We, as analysists ought to know
about each word that has sense or significance, on the grounds that this type of content isn't there
just to give us a delight in analyzing it, it gives us more insight. The insight we receive, we can
discover it straightforwardly or by implication in the text. If the insight isn't obvious in the text you
must uncover it. It's sort of like a profound breaking down to uncover it. One of the hypothesis that
we can utilize is deconstruction. I will be using the deconstruction approach for "The Story of an
Hour" by Kate Chopin. "The Story of an Hour" is a common story that could happen in everyday
life, however has further importance to investigate. The story tells us about the illegal bliss of a
spouse, Louise Mallard, for her new autonomy since she received the news that her other half,
Brently, kicked the bucket. The story starts when Louise got the news that her significant other
passed away from a train accident. At that point she went to her room, began to sob, and in that
room she envisions numerous things about the bitterness and distress until the satisfaction and
delight overcome her. In any case, her happiness was at its peak when her significant other got back
home, and it turned out to be a lie. Specialists arrive and articulate that Louise passed on of a heart
attack expedited by bliss.
Now deconstruction was discovered by Jacques Derrida. Deconstruction is a
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Structure, Sign and Play in the Discourse of the Human...
‘Structure, Sign and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences' (Derrida, 1978: 278 –293) may
be read as the document of an event, although Derrida actually commences the essay with a
reservation regarding the word "event", as it entails a meaning "which it is precisely the function of
structural – or structuralist – thought to reduce or suspect" (278). This, I infer, refers to the
emphasis within structuralist discourse on the synchronous analysis of systems and relations within
them, as opposed to a diachronic schemata occupied with uncovering genetic and teleological
content in the transformations of history. <br> <br>The event which the essay documents is that of a
definitive epistemological break with structuralist thought, of the ... Show more content on
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The "guiding thread" Derrida chooses is Levi–Strauss' opposition between nature and culture. (I am
in parts paraphrasing elements from page 282 – 287). Derrida writes that Levi–Strauss encounters a
scandal, which is the "incest prohibition" (283). The scandal is in that the prohibition is
simultaneously universal and thus natural, while also at the same time as "a system of norms and
interdicts" (283): it is cultural. The contradiction encountered by Levi–Strauss is that the difference
established in the nature/culture binary opposition is erased or at least questioned. Due to this
erasure of difference the origin of this prohibition becomes unthinkable as the "whole of
philosophical conceptualisation is designed " (283/284) to leave the possibility of the
conceptualisation unthinkable, that is, the meaning of the construction of meaning, difference having
been erased, becomes itself impossible to bring to account. <br> <br>Levi–Strauss, by way of this
realization, is forced to move from metaphysics to metacommentary (cf. Jameson, 1988) because
even though he

Difference Between Foucault And Barthes
background in assessing the author on the other hand, which he considered "tyrannical". According
to Barthes' statement from the essay "History or Literature?" in on Racine, proves the above –
mentioned argument, in which he initially assumed that text is a "grave" of author when text came
out, then the reader was born which is also stated in the "the Death of the Author", then Barthes
criticised that old critic considered author "genius" meaning that the creator is so sophisticated. He
also signified another fact about classic thinkers that they disregarded the history of the writer which
left nothing to the writer since history shaped gracious literary aspect of the writer, if they are
emptied from them, then writer will stay just as sculptor which can ultimately be defined as a
valueless object, "the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Foucault's essay tended to dismiss the author from his position with respect to analyse the texts
while Barthes granted all the interpretative responsibly to the reader. Both theorists apprehended the
notion of author has no authority in directing the interpretation of their writings. Foucault, in his
essay "What Is an Author?" argues that the critics should not evaluate the text in relation with its
author, instead, they should analyse the text itself in the light of the its structure, basic form and its
design architecture. His brief description of author is just a discursive person. Foucault commented
on himself in his essay for being focused on a specific subject, he justifies that it is not because they
were interesting to him but because the subject may have something to do his personal life. He
affirms that his experience with the things that surround him would help him better recognize or
understand them when he does any theoretical work (Mills, 11). Foucault interlinks "author" and
"work", in way that author's text is counted as his work thus he argues that if author is

Evaluation of the Usefulness of Selected Examples of...
Within this paper, I shall evaluate the usefulness of selected examples of Foucault's theories from a
feminist perspective. To begin, a short introduction will outline the era in which Foucault wrote, as
this has been seen as influential to his work, inspiring him to move away from the former
ideological ways of thinking about the world (Taylor and Vintges 2004, Mills 1997). I shall then go
on to consider the changing nature of feminism, which has moved on from viewing patriarchy and
men as the oppressors of women, and is persistently developing more complex analyses of the ways
in which gendered power relations operate. I wish to discuss the ways in which Foucault's
theorisation of power and his methodology of discourse analysis have been ... Show more content on
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Foucault felt it necessary to dispense with ideologies such as socialism, communism and liberalism,
which had all made claims to 'absolute truth' and which had resulted in widespread devastation
(Taylor and Vintges 2004: 2). Foucault's work focussed on the ways in which power operates
throughout society. In his earlier work this was on the ways in which societies govern their subjects;
his later focus was on the ways in which humans are subjectified within society, and the ways in
which conduct is guided by self–governance (Mills 2003). He wanted to move beyond an analysis of
behaviours and ways of thinking that relied on the concept of ideology, and throughout his work he
highlighted the oppressive function of 'truths' and the effects of 'norms', when they are adopted
unquestioned and uncritically (Mills 1997:30). Although Foucault openly refused the label of
sociologist, poststructuralist, or postmodernist, his work has been aligned with these disciplines, and
he has had a significant impact within these schools of thought (Smart 2002).
Traditional feminist theorisation focussed on the notion of patriarchy, that male dominated society
serves the needs of men, while oppressing women (Walby 1990). However, the view that all men
oppress all women is now widely seen as inaccurate and oversimplified. While some women are
indeed victims of male oppression, this is not the case for all women, as some may be in positions in
which they exert

Structuralism and Reality in Wrestling Essay
When discussing structuralism, I find that it takes a realistic viewpoint of how the world is
represented, as we essentially are awash in concepts and signs via the structures of communication
and language. In this week's readings I found more depth to the ideas behind structuralism that my
previous exposures, especially when looking to Roland Barthes' "The World of Wrestling" from his
collection Mythologies. "The World of Wrestling" provided ample insight into how the structuralist
idea of difference plays into deriving meaning (or meanings) from literature in innumerable ways,
especially in how the reception of specific mythemes and signifiers evoke structurally conditioned
responses from the public.
One of the most important concepts ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Livre, or book, cannot represent the actual physical existence of the book, rather it acts as a pointer
toward the idea of the "real" object or concept out in the world. So thus, each utterance in a language
points to a concrete concept, and how that concept is understood through language reflects on how a
speaker (or writer, artist, comedian, dancer, so on; all are forms of expression and/or language)
views and interprets the world based on their given "structural" understanding of the world. Each
"reader" assumes, due to prior exposure to the structure of their given communication (be it French,
English, American Sign Language), that when the signifier appears, the built–in, tag–along concept
will follow.
Extending this to literature each text is a "speech act" in its own right. Looking at an individual text,
as the New Critics would, would equate evaluating his pitch and equating it to meaning. In this case
an individual text is an utterance within the system, an example of parole (Bressler 99). However,
looking at the text for how it expresses meaning, how it works on its audiences preconceptions (or
lack thereof) exposes the underlying structures at play, not only in the world of literature, but in how
the world

Use Of Discourse And Social Media Within The Arab Spring
Throughout the years there have been many Occupy Movements; Occupy Wall Street, Occupy
Central in Hong Kong and Occupy Nigeria are just a few that were inspired by the Arab Spring.
Looking at the Arab Spring in terms of ideas of power is a useful framework because it enables us to
gain information which could be useful for future occupy movements as well as giving us a different
interpretation to that of the social norm. We will then be able to connect that newly analysed idea of
power with obedience and disobedience within the Arab Spring.
Power is often seen as being held by those in authority positions such as Presidents, prime ministers
and military officials. We are able to reflect on this traditional notion of power and connect it with
the power at play in the Arab Spring, and thus gain an in depth look into the idea of discourse and
social media within the Arab Spring. Through the post–structural theory and prominent thinkers
such as Hobbes and Foucault we are able to look at the Arab Spring in a broad sense, looking at
ideas such as the Ripple Effect which other theories may not enable us to look at. Also introduced
will be the perspective of Max Weber's structuralist theory, this stark contrast of post–structuralism
will further solidify the idea that looking at the Arab Spring with the post–structural theory is a
useful framework.
The idea of Occupy movements and ideas of power is "not confined to a particular political or
economic form of government" (The Subject

Comparison Of Pop Art, Postmodernism, And World War II
Pop Art, Postmodernism, and World War II
Pop Art, a form of Postmodernism, describes the genre of art during and after WW2. The question I
am exploring within this topic is why did the influence of the time period of World War II create
such sexual and abstract works of art ? The points of view I encountered delivered two basic
positions on the same issue. I studied a web site as well that offered graphics to support and explain
it's position
(http://www.azstarnet.com/~nik/AME/time/popart/index.html )
The idea or actual creation of sexual and abstract images have been around for centuries, Yet the
idea of linking a genre of art works to the times in which they were created doesn't appear as a major
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He titles his argument "After the
Orgy " which touches alot on the idea of Pop Art and modernism today, but the main position of the
argument discusses the root of Pop as an orgy. Webster defines the word orgy as, "a gathering
marked by unrestrained indulgence." So I suppose in this case Baudrillard considers the idea of Pop
Art , being sexual and abstract images, as an orgy of the times.
Art critic Roland Barthes explains Pop Art to take the place of machines, "It utilizes the mechanical
process of reproduction: the object itself which in everyday life we incessantly personalize by
incorporating into our individual world the object is, according to Pop
Art everything left over once we have mentally amputated all it's possible themes and uses."
Baudrillard digs deeper into the history of Pop Art to discuss it's motives in terms of religion. He
explains the religion of Pop Art as an iconoclasm, which by definition describes the act to destroy
religious images. He states that iconoclasm is practiced in Pop not by the distruction of religious
images but by the creation of them.
From this I gathered the idea of sexuality in Pop Art was a form of rebellion against religion as well.
Baudrillard discusses the rebellion of the Iconolaters (Pop Artists) who gained insight to those who
represented or pretended to represent God and at the same time hid under false appearance to cover
up the

My Experience With The Hip Hop Culture
PART ONE A When reflecting on my experiences and knowledge of popular culture, I arrived with
a number of remarkable questions and concerns:
Why do I care so much about the lives of celebrities? (Why do I 'Keep Up With the Kardashians'?)
Do I want to be like the celebrities I glorify? Is my desired profession for working in the film
industry driven by popular culture eminence? How influential or 'brainwashing' has popular culture
been a factor in my lifestyle? Is it a good or bad influence? Does popular culture have an effect on
my self–esteem? Has popular culture prematurely exposed me to social vices? (Sex? Drugs?
Violence?) Why do I identify with the hip–hop culture? What is the message that I am given when
listening to hip hop music? What does my taste in music say about me? Am I defined by society due
to popular culture stereotypes? Is my judgment or perception on beauty along with different races,
gender, and sexualities skewed by popular culture standards and stereotypes? What benefit or
significance do I receive from consuming popular culture news? Does popular culture offer me any
more than just material to fill my time with frivolous talk and gossip? How much time am I
consuming because of popular culture? Why do I feel 'out the loop' if I'm not immersed in the latest
trends? How am I empowered of my knowledge about popular culture news? Do I get sense of
shared identity, meaning and purpose through popular culture? Does popular culture sell me as a

Political Art Ideas By Karl Marx And Friedrich Engels
Songyi Yoo
12/19/14
Art 006 Final
Essay #1: Political Art Ideas There was a time in history where oppression was very present in
Geremy, specifically dealing with the Natzis and communism. It was a time of great struggles for
different social classes. Once history starts to form new movements, culture and art also become
affected. Due to this time communism in the 1900s made Marxism come about. It is a movement in
art associated with Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that looks at the different levels of class and the
conflict in each one. Not only in Russia was there problems within the governmental structure, it is a
worldwide problem. The Mexican Murals are also a reflection of this idea. Therefore, Russian
Constructivism and the Mexican Mural movement employ Marxism as a theory. First, Russian
Constructivism was created by a group of Russians in the 1990s. In general their work is
geometrical and non–mimetic. Some of the important figures of this time would be Tatlin, Malerich,
Lissitzky, and Kandinsky. They wrote the, 'Programme of the First Working Group of Constructives'
which has three main points. One that Scientific communism is heavily influenced by the theory of
historical materialism. Two, real experimentation is important. Three, there are three disciplines
known as Tectonics, Faktura, and Construction. Finally Russian
Constructivists declare war on art which relates to the communistic ideas of Marxism. Additionally,
the Mexican Mural movement, also called

Defining Change Essay
Defining Change
Change can be defined as an event that occurs when something passes from one state or phase to
another, the result of alteration or modification, to lay aside, abandon, or leave for another, become
different in essence; to lose one's or its original nature, to make different; cause a transformation, or
to make or become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former
characteristics or essence. There are many different views as to the complexity of change. Some
may believe change is an illusion and nothing ever really changes. However, the majority, such as
the post structuralism theorists, believe that change is inevitable. Change can be viewed ... Show
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Also, our political world would not be the same. How would we advance in our associations with
other countries, if not for the effects of change? Our government, our laws, our beliefs would not
have changed from those of our early ancestors. Hence, it is visible that without change our society
would be 'stuck in a rut' – with no way to advance and improve.
Roland Barthes was interested in the way that signifiers – words which are derived of meaning
unless associated with an image or object – were related to each other (intertextuality) and the way
they reflect the context and culture from which they came. He believed that no text can stand alone
as an isolated work. Rather they echo and reflect each other. Thus, he said, we should never do
author centered studies and wrote of the "Death of the Author". Rather, he stated that we should look
at a text in its relation to other texts. Barthes ideas led to Post structuralism.
Structuralists believed that meaning in literature could be determined by studying the language
structures – the signs or signifiers – which represented ideas within a particular culture e.g. white as
a sign or symbol of purity or innocence. Post Structuralists, however, argued that meaning can never
be fully understood because the cultural ideas represented by those "signs" are themselves
constructed by a society rather than

Taking a Look at the Structuralism Movement
Structuralism
The foundation of the structuralism movement began with the idea that this was new theory. The
structure of influence came from a combination of three anthropologists. Levi Strauss took the ideas
of Marcell Mauss and Emilie Durkheim and applied them to the structure of cultural anthropology.
His argument was that few factors separate us from apes/other animals due to language, culture, and
myth. The use of structuralism is a relatively new and highly controversial theory. "The Academy of
Anthropology sees structuralism as elements of human culture and they must be understood in terms
of their relations to a larger, over arching system of structure." The school of phenomenology in
Germany began from 1910–1930. Developed through Ferdinand de Saussure he proposed that
languages were constructed full of hidden rules that practitioners know but are unable to articulate.
The fundamental way of thinking about the world; this predominantly concerned with the perception
and description of structures.
1. The idea of wholeness, internal coherence
2. The idea of transformation, new material constantly by and through it
3. The idea of self regulation, no appeals beyond itself in order to validate its transformation
procedures
The argument is that structure of human thought processes is the same in all cultures and these
mental processes exist in the form of binary oppositions. The element of culture must be understood
in term of their relationship. The structure

What Is The Difference Between Realism And Realism
Realism Realism in international relations theory is one of the dominant schools of thought in
international relations. Realism or political realism prioritizes national interests and security
concerns in addition to moral ideology and social reconstruction. The term is often associated with
political power. The term is often associated with political power.
Realism believes that the state is the main actor of the most important in determining the direction
of a country. This means there is no term mentioned as an International Organization but merely the
State. Realism also believes the State is deciding on the future of the people. In connection with it,
the state is certainly confident that whatever actions are correct and appropriate ... Show more
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Constructivism Realism agree with the theory that says the world is in anarchy (chaos).
Constructivism also said that international relations can be established through conflict and
cooperation. So here assessed the importance of existing institutions namely through regulative and
constitutive. Each country needs to comply with the decree. If away, then there are various forms of
action to be taken such as military, economic supply restrictions and others. So countries need to
assess national interests whether to cooperate or not.
Constructivism also emphasizes the influence of culture in international relations. This is because
the relationship is true not only taking into account the political and ideological aspects alone, but
also the cultural aspects. For example if there are cultural similarities between actors will be more
likely to facilitate collaboration and no conflicts will occur. This can be seen through the
relationship between Malaysia and Indonesia that have similar culture, namely cultural and religious
expression of Islam. So any misunderstandings easily solved without involving big

Mental Health Discourse
The body and behaviours are defined as normal and abnormal through 'othering', a conceived
structure of 'knowledge'. This piece of work will explore how those deemed mad were understood
and managed.
This assignment will delve into mental health discourse and narratives in a theoretical historic
context allowing for analysis and conclusions to be drawn. Discourse perceived those displaying
unacceptable behaviour termed 'madness' as a threat to the stable fabric of society by diminishing
cohesiveness and causing inner fragmentation Burger (2014). 'Early institutions created to house the
behavioural deviant were commonly referred to as asylums' (Burger 2014 :140).
Introspection of the asylum as an institution and the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The knowledge applied to 'madness' was accepted by the masses as truth not as a conceived reality.
Jacobs and Griffiths (2007) St Mary of Bethlem was one of the first small capacity private
institutions housing the insane which charged for its services, it remained the only hospital for
mental illness in England into the 1600s. (Clark 1965) In 1518 the Royal College of Physicians were
formed to regulate the care of people within London.
(Barker 2008)The Poor Law 1601 differentiated between learning disabilities and mental illness and
required individual parishes to set up housing provision for paupers within their community. Those
in authority decided insanity, decisions were subjective and without any medical knowledge. Bartlett
(1999) inexperienced un–qualified county officials decided if an individual was insane. Through a
poststructuralist lens power was created through the mechanism of structure and discourse which
scrutinised individuals and determined madness. Beveridge (2014) in the 1700s psychiatry brought
in the dawn of change, Foucault called this the time of enlightenment. Digby (1985) York Retreat
was founded in 1796 was one of the few asylums set up before the 1800s it was fundamental in
considering the person. Foucault (1965) there is a move from the classic age to the modern era of
medicine.
Allan (2013) more doctors in the 1800s were

Little Bee By Jacques Lacan And Chris Cleave's Little Bee
Language can be seen throughout all cultures and intertwined in every part of people's daily lives. It
can be argued as the building blocks of society, as there are virtually no means of communication
without some form of language. For the nigerian refugee Little Bee, language has to do with life or
death, trying to survive in her new world when she has been detained in England. She struggles with
learning the "Queen's English", all the while trying to stay safe without the protection of her friends
from home and the language that she is accustomed to. Two men: post–structuralist psychoanalyst,
Jacques Lacan and nineteenth century linguist and semiologist, Ferdinand de Saussure, both have
famous theories about language that can be related to the book Little Bee, by Chris Cleave. The
ability for Little Bee to learn a new variation of her own language can be outlined in the works of
both Jacques Lacan and Ferdinand de Saussure.
Both men devoted their lives to the study of language and how it related people to the world around
them. Jacques Lacan's theory, described by author Fredric Jameson as "The Prison House of
Language", means that once we have learned a language, we can not see outside of it; there is no
other way to communicate or represent the world. Saussure goes more in depth into language and
has more points about the role that language plays. His main model, "structuralism," can be defined
as the methodology that parts of culture are understood by their

Literary And Cultural Theory During The Modern And...
Theories investigating subjectivity have dominated the field of literary and cultural theory during
the modern and postmodern period. The way we understand subjectivity effects the way we
understand the world around us, whether the subject is viewed in the Cartesian manner as a fixed
entity, with a pre–existing nature that is not affected by the discourses that surround the it, or if we
view the subject as one produced in and through the forces of power available in the time period,
whether they be political, social or linguistic. The dominant model of understanding the subject up
till the 20th century has been the model provided by Descartes, one where the self is understood as
being independent and unsupported, where it is considered a private and autonomous experience
deriving meaning and substance on its own without the assistance or influence of external factors.
According to Descartes "true self–knowledge cannot rely on the contingent and fallible perceptual
ideas that are not essential to one 's true self." During the age of Enlightenment reason and empirical
knowledge were foregrounded, and were focused upon as the most important factors in
understanding the world, consequently the individual was also emphasized as the creator of
meaning. Human beings were understood as being born with great potential, and a stable, true self
that if given the right to its unrestrained expression, could flourish and achieve anything.
Heidegger was one of the first thinkers to

Examples Of Alienation In Ponthan Mada
In the film, Ormakalundayirikkanam, there is a scene which portrays the real life situation of a
Theyyam performer, moving away from the upper class people, he achieves an elated divine and
powerful status while performing the rituals. This contradiction where he is considered as a demi–
god while performing and an outcaste in the society in other times, brings the real life situation of
the low caste in a feudal set up. In the same film, the director also represents the political reality of
Kerala Liberation Struggle of 1959 through the contradicting views of the Communist party and
Congress party. The parties' perspectives on the 'Education Bill', 'Agrarian Relation Bill', and other
associated human rights violations along and their adverse ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The scene which shows the cart wheel and the water wheel moving in different directions signify the
contradictions in the world of feudal class and working class. In the same film, director has also
used the same technique to present the persona of the character Resmi, who is also a victim of
alienation. In Alicinte Aneshanam, the director uses these approaches to makes the protagonist
understand the real nature of her husband, and the perceived difference when looked from a familial
perspective and non familial perspectives, leads her to self realization. Through these binary
oppositions, TV Chandran persuades the women folk to come out of the family confinement to
understand the reality, and to overcome the alienation they are facing the society. In Mangamma,
through the opposites, TV Chandran portray the differences between idealism and the social reality,
and women's' struggle to exists in that contradicting situation. The scene of the beggar singing
Subrahmaniya Bharathiar's poem in the day, and trying to molest her in the night depicts the
hypocrisy in the persona of males in a male chauvinistic society. The scene 82B, depicts
Mangamma's perceptions of a real male through the comparison of characters Velayudhan and

Post Structuralism And Post Modernism
Hassrad and Cox (2013) sought to create a model that modernizes and adapts the Burrell and
Morgan's model to unpack the meta–theoretical assumptions of the paradigm not accounted for –
post–structuralism, and more broadly, post modernism. This section will briefly discuss each of
Burrell and Morgan's original criteria in relation to the literature on third–order analysis to justify
the use of this modification. Hassard and Cox see three main approaches to organizational
theorizing, structural, anti–structural and post–structural. Hassard and Cox (2013) also make notable
adaptations to the understanding of paradigms by rethinking them as less insulated and static and
allow for significant ambiguity and contradiction. Finally, Hassard and Cox also modernize the
existing paradigmatic structure by updating terminology for several concepts, namely, replacing
nomothetic with deductive, idiographic with interpretive and anti–positivist with constructionist, in
order to offer more accessible or contemporary terms. These dimensions remain intact in terms of
their definition in the original Burrell and Morgan model. Structural and post–structural approaches
to organizational theorizing can be understood as the subjective–objective dimension as discussed
perviously. Hassard and Cox (2013) argue that for the "nature of social science,", post–structural can
be classified, paradigmatically, as: ontologically relativist, epistemologically relationist, and
methodologically reflexive; it

Statement Of Purpose For Liberal Arts
Statement of Purpose
Protyusha Dey
M.A. applicant in Liberal Arts
"Our culture is more shaped by the arts and humanities than it often is by politics." – Jim Leach
The unique mechanics of patterns and paradigms which unites and divides us as part of the human
race is something that has always appealed to me. India is a country that lives in multiple eras at the
same time. It is my homelands unique diversity and ethos which encouraged me to incline towards
Liberal Arts. Given my education background in media and communication I see changing
dynamics of culture due to globalization. Which needs to be understood, preserve and critiqued as it
has the ripple effect world over. Understanding and sharing knowledge has always come naturally to
me given my desire to explore and research in Liberal Arts I see myself in academia in the future.
Humanities is very important for deliberating the human race as it encompasses fields such as
literature, arts, philosophy and religion these are subject that even STEM(science, technology,
engineering, and mathematics) need the perspective of to serve the human kind better. An M.A.
program at John Hopkins would be the perfect place to help me realize my full potential, thereby
holding me in good stead for a career in academia.
I was introduced to the intellectually stimulating processes of evaluating ideas, ... Show more
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My education in media studies has instilled in me the power of question and critiquing ideas and
ideologies. To debate and not adhere to a single pathway is necessary for a healthy culture thrive. I
would love to study this at a greater detail. I believe Liberal Arts is a field which help evolve not just
in terms of academia but personally too. In terms of a career, I see myself teaching, writing
criticism, and going into editing. A doctoral study is something I see myself pursuing after

Structuralism And Post-Structuralism In Language
Structuralism originated in the works of Ferdinand de Saussure, a Swiss linguist in the 20th century.
An attempt to study a specific whole as a complex system of interrelated parts, it soon came to be
applied to many other fields. Structuralism is closely related to Semiotics and Saussure focused on
the underlying system of language, 'langue' instead of the use of language. Yet, the discovery of
'langue' is possible only with an examination of parole, speech. Apart from favouring the synchronic
development of language over the diachronic version, he also asserts that linguistic signs consist of a
signifier and a signified. Hence, this approach is different from those that focus on the relationships
between words and the objects they implicate. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, Post–Structuralist writing is emotive. Such texts will tend to be euphoric, urgent and
flashy.
The general notion of Structuralism is that the world is constructed by language. It is only through
linguistics, that reality is envisioned. In contrast, Post–Structuralism argues that realities are created
by languages. All aspects of human experience become textual and everything one thinks of, be it
about self or the world, depends on language.
Both Structuralism and Post–Structuralism arise from Saussure's linguistic theory and so, emphasize
on language. In this way, there are identical. Moreover, both accept language as a system of signs
that exists separately from any physical or mental reality. Similarly, Structuralism and Post–
Structuralism will also together acknowledge that a subject is possible only through language.
Hence, language overrides humans as the source of action and meaning and so, Structuralism and
Post–Structuralism are non–humanistic [5]. Structuralism is deterministic as all power to structure
one's perceptions lie with the system. Hence, Structuralism is, in particular, anti–humanist

Analysis Of The Movie ' Shaun Of The Dead '
Post modernism can be seen as a turning against structuralism and the rigid thinking of genre. Shaun
of the Dead(Focus) is a postmodern film as a combination of two genres: horror and comedy. Horror
and comedy are both opposites but did very well together in this film. Shaun of the Dead is a post–
modern as it had all of the elements of a horror film but is in fact a comedy. The film was directed
and written by "Edgar Wright" (Wright) and co–written by "Simon Peggs" (Peggs). The film is a
hybrid romantic, zombie and a comedy. These genres contradict each other therefore resulting the
film to be seen as a comedy as these opposing genres are not normally combined with each other.
Shaun of the Dead follows a version of a horror film with codes by consisting blood, gore, zombies
and isolation. Instead of Vladimir Propp's character theory(Propp) the lead character of a cool and
strong male lead, there is an average lead age thirty–something, who works at an electronic shop
with his best friend who plays video games all day on their couch. The average lead also doesn't
want to take some responsibility, so this makes him the anti–hero. This adds another element of
humor in the film because of not having characteristics of typical hero. In the beginning of the film,
Shaun is shown as the lead character. His appearance is zombie– like because of his behavior and
lifestyle in a humorous way. The ironic of that is the he is the human fighting against the zombies
later on, not

Public Policy Reflection Paper
This has been in my thoughts as I've been drafting my way into my own dissertation ideas. My
background in critical social studies means I am very familiar with building arguments, so some of
this uncertainty is expected. AT the moment, I know enough to say I am on the right track with my
research ideas and know that public administration, and public policy in particular, is the right field
for me.. However, I also feel rather critical of the policy process literature. It has been claimed,
"public administration exists to realize the governance of society" (Raadschelders, 1999, p. 288).
Yet, what society believes policy to be, and for whom, changes over time and across place. I feel at
this moment public policy in the United States will change dramatically and I worry that our field is
ill equipped to deal with these changing views of policy. Consequently, most of my underlying
thoughts and reflections have been on understanding how can we adapt to this changing atmosphere.
My difficult questions surround the doing and the reading of the policy process. There are three
areas that I would like further explore: the role of citizen participation in the policy process,
importance of critical and postmodern perspectives in understanding public policy, and the role of
government.
Citizen Participation
Many of the theories covered this term view "policy subsystems," as a relatively small group of
administrators, legislators, and lobbyists who controlled basic public

Sexual Connotation In Roland Barthes's The Death Of The...
Roland Barthes' essay "the Death of the Author" (1968) marks the "transition from structuralism to
poststructuralism", in which he "celebrates the demise of the author as ushering in an era of joyous
freedom" (Barry 65) granted to the literary text and its reading. The text becomes an open–ended
and a polysemic discourse, and as such open to multiple meanings. He favours "the essential verbal
condition of literature", in which the role of the reader is that of "something who holds together in a
single field all the traces [intertextuality included] by which the written text is constituted" (Leitch
1324–25). His poststructuralist perspective makes him see "a text's unity" lying not in its origin (an
author), but its destination (a reader). In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the process of occurrence of writing, Barthes sees, the reader as experiencing the intensities, the
pleasure of the text, the erotics of reading texts that are always coming into being. Barthes equates
the reading experience, so often, with a kind of 'orgasmic', thus, giving it hedonistic or say 'inherent
sexual connotation'.
In his essays "From Work to Text" and "Theory of the Text" Barthes contrasts "the traditional
author–based notion of The Work with The Text", and state "that while a work can be held in the
hand and seen on the shelves of libraries and bookshops, the text only exists when it is produced by
the new reader". To him "the Text is experienced only in an activity, in a production" (Barthes cited
in Allen 83).
To Barthes, as has been pointed out, the text is a kind of woven or spun fabric seen as made up of
"quotations, references, and echoes". Never–the–less, "this intertextual weave is potentially infinite"
in the sense that when we come to deal with the text we find it as if it has been something "already
written and the already said". The new reader of the text notices that "the quotations a text is made
of are anonymous, irrecoverable, and yet already read: they are quotations without quotation marks"
(Barthes cited in Allen

The 's Impact On Society
Deconstructionism has impacted society today due to the effects of reading and the difficulty of
defining the word from the sole creator, Jacques Derrida, and how other philosophers have
influenced it. Although there is a definition for the school of thought Deconstructionism, it has been
confused with different definitions due to the influences of other philosophers on the definition
given by Derrida. One philosopher that influenced Deconstructionism was Friedrich Nietzsche,
whom we usually associate to Nihilism. The other philosopher that influenced this school of thought
was Ferdinand de Saussure, who was one of the two founders of semiology. "It must be noted that
Derrida 's style of writing contributed not only to his great popularity but also to the great animosity
some felt towards him. His style is frequently more literary than philosophical and therefore more
evocative than argumentative" (Lawlor). According to Derrida, in essence, the definition of
Deconstructionism is the way of reading and understanding the difference between "text" and
"meaning". The school of thought itself is notoriously difficult to define, and attempts to explain it
in a straight–forward way, understandable way have been academically criticized for being too
removed from the original texts, and even contradictory to the concepts of Deconstructionism. In an
article for Postmodernism, it states, "Because at its functional level all language is a system of
differences, says Derrida, all

Posttructitalism And Postcolonialism
Although theory may have a reputation for being disconnected from reality, it is grounded in
everyday thinking that helps us plan and understand the actions we take in our everyday social lives
(Sears, 2010, pp. 16–17). Accordingly, theories like poststructuralism attempt to explain these
aspects of human society. In this paper, after explaining the origins and major tenets of
poststructuralism, I will argue that a poststructural lens is most conducive to a critical analysis of the
causes and effects of oppression. I will demonstrate this by discussing how discourses produce and
maintain power relations, how the effects of these oppressive relations are channeled through a
complex network of power, and how deconstruction offers pathways for challenging oppression.
Poststructuralism Poststructuralism is derived from the theoretical work of Ferdinand de Saussure, a
structural linguist who argued that language does not simply reflect reality, but constructs the things
it describes (Healy, 2005, p. 197). Poststructuralism differs from other postmodernist theories in that
it is primarily concerned with the influence of language on power, knowledge and identity (Healy,
2005, p. 197). In contrast, postmodernism is moreover concerned with rejecting modernist "truths,"
such as rationality being the way to progress (Healy, 2005, p. 197). Yet another post theory,
postcolonialism is focused on interrogating and responding to the legacies of European colonization
(Healy, 2005, p. 198).

Pulp Fiction
Sociology 2XX
Critically anlayse a popular culture 'text' utlising relevant theories and debates
In sociological theory there are many concepts discussed that are utilized in the analyses of society
and culture. Some of the main concepts are Postmodernism, Historical Materialism, Structuralism,
Interpretive Sociology and Poststructuralism to name a few. These theories are relevant to the
research of understanding certain or specific cultural texts. These concepts provide problems and
solutions associated with some of the research approaches fore–mentioned. Analysing the main
dimensions will be covered by discussing the appropriate concepts separately and by individually
contrasting the classical and modern theories with Quentin ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Dialectical materialism is the view that that the world exists independently of our perception of it
and that as it is sole reality it has primacy over the ideal, the imagined, and the spiritual.
In the film Pulp Fiction, by Quentin Tarantino the theme of capitalism was truly apparent, from the
discussion of the Big Mac in France by Jules and Vince to the success of the gang boss Marsellus. It
is relatively evident that it played a big part in making the film especially where other more obvious
displays of greed and capitalism are in the final scenes when the couple, Honey Bunny and
Pumpkin, holds up the restaurant. The man explains to his wife that nobody ever thinks to rob a
coffee shop and he makes the point that it is the perfect crime of opportunity. All of the primary and
characters and protagonists display materialistic personas, attempting to recreate their own past and
future by means of consumption and a form of class struggle against the gang leader, portraying a
land owner or bourgeoisie, by the 'workers'.
Postmodernism is a term which is highly contested in the sociological world, where it is used to
indicate a significant detachment from modernism. It is easier to give the uses of the term; 'to give a
name to the present historical period, to name a specific style in arts and architecture and to name a
point of rupture or disjuncture in epistemology' (Buchanan, 2010). For this,

The Communication Model Of Communication
1. What is the transmission model of communication? Where does it come from? What does it do
well in helping us understand the process of communication in everyday life? What are its
limitations? The transmission model of communication as defined by James Carey is a process
whereby messages are transmitted or sent and distributed over distance and into space for the
purpose of control. The transmission model includes a sender on one end and a receiver on the other.
In the middle is the median that the message is being sent through. This comes from the nineteenth
century from religious origins. For example, to try to understand this model, we can think about
missionaries. The missionaries were sent from the Roman Catholic Church to other countries to
spread the teaching of Jesus in order to gain control of the people. The transmission does well in
helping us understand the efficiency, convenience, and influence/ control of communication in
everyday life. The limitations if the transmission model is that the transmission model doesn't let us
understand the importance of context – that information takes on its meaning in particular times, in
particular situations, with particular people. Another one of its limitations is that the medium is
neutralized and the transmission model doesn't differentiate between different medium such as,
newspapers, social media, and amber alert on a highway reader board. Lastly, the information is
homogenized. For example, all the information

Structuralist Disposition Of Foucault ' The Works Of Derrida
structuralist disposition of Foucault. The works of Derrida encourage us to consider the condition of
strategies that ultimately refers to a radical exteriority – something remaining outside to power and
authority. This analysis of the 'outside ' acts as the catalyst to resist any form of authority without re–
affirming or confirming to the structure of authority that attempts to displace. Christopher Norris
defines deconstruction as a series of moves, which involve the disassembling of opposition and
hierarchies and revealing 'aporias ' and elements of self contradiction. (Norris, Chritopher in Derrida
(London: Fontana Press, 1987), p. 19). So, deconstruction is conceptualized as a strategy of raising
questions about philosophies claim to reflexive self identity. In introducing the concept of
'supplement ', Derrida writes 'it is not any less remarkable that the so called living discourse should
suddenly be described by a metaphor borrowed from the order of the very thing one is trying to
exclude from it '. (Derrida, Jacques in Dissemination, trans. Barbara Johnson , Chicago, IL:
University of Chicago Press, 1981, p. 148). In that sense, speech is dependent on the writing that it
tends to exclude ultimately leading to writing as the logic of supplementarity ; a supplement is
necessarily excluded by the presence but is also in indispensable for the formation of its identity.
This unearthing of the logic of supplementarity is considered to be a deconstructive move adopted

Posttructuralism And Structuralism
Poststructuralism mainly criticizes the dependence of structuralism on tradition and opposes
traditional structuralism to focus research on objectivity and rationality. It attempts to restore
irrational tendencies, pursue from the logic, but produce non–logical results. There is seldom a
coherent theory in the field of poststructuralism, but each theory begins with a critique of
Structuralism. Take the documentary as an example, in the view of the poststructuralist theorists,
there is nothing else other than ideology, and any objective and true claim is doubtful in the
documentary expression. For many people, such a poststructuralist approach is disappointing. If the
documentary cannot get any form of objectivity or authenticity, even full of "fiction" like other
feature film, then, how does documentary confirm its identity and value? For the moment, the
response of the theorists to this issue is not sufficient, but I am in favor of Carl's point of view. Carl
(1996) argues that the theory of poststructuralism and postmodernism is untenable as a philosophy.
Also, as a basis for political analysis and political action, it is a failure. The research on
poststructuralism is political, because many poststructuralists believe that the world which people
living now is just a social construct, and there are many different ideology promoters who want to
be hegemonic. This is obviously not acceptable.
The documentary is a non–fictional art technique. It restore and record the past or

Development Of Media And Communications Study
In this essay I shall analyze the development of media and communications study and the themes
that have helped it to improve during the last century. A persistent concept in this field is equality
because theories like Marxism, Cultural Studies, Feminism, Structuralism and Post–structuralism,
Subcultural Theory and Postmodernism examined this notion and gave it a meaning in that period of
time. Against this background, a central question that motives this paper is: 'How is equality
developed by each ideology and how media manipulate it through the popular culture?' By
definition, equality means that all people have their own opportunity to express themselves because
we conceive the world differently. But we still create ourselves in ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Marxism is a political, economical and social system founded by Karl Marx (1818 – 1883) and
Frederick Engels (1820 – 1895) who tried to reorganize the world through their revolutionary
ideologies and theories. Thus its intention is to dismiss the evolution of the Bourgeoisie society,
because, in the 18th century, one of the essential concepts was the notion of class struggle. As John
Storey points out, 'each significant period in history is constructed around a particular mode of
production; that is, the way in which a society is organized' (2006: 47) . This quote suggests that
Marx, through the analyze of global production, asserts that people have to live and work in equal
conditions, without differences between the class of wage–earners and the ruling class. Even if it is
said that the Marxism is out–of–date, it still exists, nowadays, because of the media factors that
sustain its manifestations. For instance, mass media promotes obscenity and presents degeneration
as a normal subject.
What we usually have in mind when we talk about Cultural Studies is the fact that it is like an
amalgam composed by traditions, arts, values, thoughts, faith, which is transmitted from generations
to generations. Theorists as Richard Hoggart, Raymond Williams, Stuart Hall and also the Centre for
Contemporany Cultural Studies brought a new vision on culture. "Lived culture is culture as

Life and Death
When a woman gets pregnant, she and her partner make a serious decision whether they should give
birth to the unborn child or abort it. However, sometimes every couple can have a different outlook
about giving birth or aborting because every male and female has his or her ways of thinking. In
"Hills Like White Elephants," the author, Ernest Hemingway tells a story of an American man and
his girlfriend, Jig, who have a disagreement in the train station on the subject of whether to keep the
unborn child or to abort. However, the author uses binary opposition of life and death to portray the
polemic argument a couple encounters regarding abortion. As a symbol for the binary opposition of
life and death, he represents the couple's expressions, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, Jig says, "Then what will we do afterward" (401)? Literally, this statement shows Jig's
concerns about what will happen after the operation, like the emotions she will feel, because
abortion is something that can leave emotional damage on her after the operation. However,
symbolically, Jigs concerned feelings suggest that Jig is not quite sure about abortion. Therefore,
Jig's feelings can be a representation of life because if a woman is sure about abortion, she will do
the operation. As a result, one can conclude that Jig is just wasting time with her unsure feelings to
postpone the abortion.
However, The American's feeling suggests to the readers his agreement on abortion, which
symbolizes death. As the American states to Jig, "I know we will. You don't have to be afraid. I've
knows lots of people that have done it" (402). The American states his feeling after Jig states, "And
you think then we'll be all right and be happy" (402). Literally, the American wants Jig to have an
abortion because he does not want to settle down and raise a family. Instead, he wanted to continue
his trip around the world. As the author states, "He did say anything but looked at the bags... There
were labels on them from all the hotels where they had spent nights" (403). The bag that has all the
labels from all the hotels brings evidence that the American likes living his life by having trips and
not by making a family. Therefore, symbolically, when

Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein : The Modern Prometheus (...
In Mary Shelley's Frankenstein: The Modern Prometheus (1818), many binary comparisons appear
and reveal to the reader deeper meanings beyond the written word. One of the most important
juxtapositions represents the binary scale of solitude versus companionship as evident in the
protagonist Victor Frankenstein and the Creature whom he creates. Although these characters
compare in a plethora of ways, a Structuralist focus on the latter's forced seclusion and search for
camaraderie, compared to Frankenstein's self–isolation and rejection of love, will allow the reader to
understand the underlining tragedy of the story. This juxtaposition is important when read from the
viewpoint of a French Structuralist, as this theory makes binary comparisons which allow for deeper
meanings to come light; therefore, the Creature's separation from community is only meaningful as
a binary comparison to Frankenstein's self–segregation.
Structuralism is deeply rooted in the base idea that each element has a reverse component. The
opposites play off of each other in order to best convey an idea. For example, light and dark enhance
each other by their contrast. Only when it is dark outside do people carry flashlights. The presence
of darkness allows for a deeper appreciation of the light. However, in order for a comparison to have
value, the reader and writer must agree on context. A theorist cannot say, "Flashlights and the night
are opposites" without providing a realm of interpretation.

Role Of Minor Characters In Perfume
During the closing decades of the post 19th century, the aspects of both French post–structuralism
and the history behind the Renaissance movement have constituted a strong driving force towards
several works of literature and cultural studies. Throughout the context of this Written in Translation
paper, the several minor characters in Perfume by Patrick Suskind, are evident of portraying a
behaviour that represents a contemplation of several societal norms and societal pressures set during
the time period of French post structuralism and the Renaissance movement. As a result, these minor
characters set a negative influence towards the upbringing of Grenouille, as he suffered from a lack
of humanity and disassociation of sensibility. Suskind illustrates perspectives of a satirist and a
bourgeois conformist through his characters. These characters also embrace the negative aspects of
black humour and satire through a lack of humanity and disassociation of sensibility. These minor
characters are clearly of post–structuralism and the Renaissance movement as many of the negative
traits displayed are from these time periods. In the beginning of the novel, black humour and satire
were two significant aspects associated by the caretakers of Grenouille. Throughout the novel,
Marquis de La Taillade Espinasse and Baldini portray their character in such a way that it strongly
reflects and emphasizes the lack of humanity and disassociation of sensibility. Furthermore, these
minor

The Feminist Movement Of The 18th Century Enlightenment...
In our modern, selfie–centric, and Facebook–likes–driven culture, it is widely understood that the
formation and discovery of the "self" are crucial to one's potential happiness. It is often advised that
one must first focus on the well–being, contentment, and happiness of one's self before working to
provide such things for another. However, this mentality is relatively new in human history. It was
once considered selfish to think of the "self" before the welfare of one's community since they were
once much more deeply and rigidly bound together. As one can imagine, the transition from a
community–centric society to that of a self–centric society was neither easy nor quick. It caused
strife for many generations as those of the community–based society saw their values being
displaced and those who fought for the self–centric changes they felt were necessary and right
clashed over differing values. A prime example of this would be the feminist movement of the 18th
Century Enlightenment movement; women were fighting to be perceived as equals, and they often
conveyed ideas on their society and their positions in it though literature. In Mary Robinson's
satirically ironic The Natural Daughter, she does just that by narrating the life of Martha, a young
woman who rebuffs societal notions of ideal ladyhood and instead commits to being her "self."
When we first meet Martha, she is traveling with her overbearingly pompous father, resigned
mother, and idyllic younger sister. "Julia

Structure, Sign And Play On The Discourse Of Human Sciences
Derrida: Structure, sign and play in the discourse of human sciences.
While understanding Derrida, many scholars consider early life of Derrida as a marginalized
European and being a Jew has special significance1. He later theorized that marginalization in terms
of 'absence ', a loaded term in Derrida 's works which we will visit later in this chapter. It was a
high–time for existentialism, phenomenology and structuralism represented many renowned
thinkers like Husserl, Sartre, Strauss, and others. While the concern of structural linguistics was to
formulate scientific understanding of language as structured expression/entity, others were skeptic
about fundamental presuppositions of neutral binaries, the virtuality of the 'center ' and who rejected
subjective humanism of existentialists.
'Deconstruction ' is literary technique derived by Derrida to show that there are many unquestioned
metaphysical notions that we use in structured language, and arbitrary hierarchy is maintained
between various binaries. Speaking in terms of linguistics, relation between signified and signifier is
anything but neutral, as it privileges one constituent of binary over other. For example, privilege of
speaking voice over written text, privilege of presence over absence, privilege of masculine over
feminine and so on. Thus for Derrida logocentrism is invariably present in the history of western
metaphysics which somewhere privileges author over his text.
Derrida 's method is to look for

Examples Of Structuralism In I Wandered Lonely As A Cloud
I am putting to use a structuralist view upon the poem "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" because it
can be related to with simpleness, put down to the fact that it is positioned in the lyrical genre.
Structuralism is a theory in which all elements of human culture are thought to be part of a system
of signs. Robert Scholes demarcated structuralism as a reaction towards despair and modernism
(Scholes, Robert. Structuralism in Literature: An Introduction, 1975). 'I Wandered Lonely as a
Cloud' is a poem that commemorates the utmost beauty of nature to such a degree that the poet
believes it to be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As previously stated, structuralism is a theory in which all elements of human culture are thought to
be part of a system of signs. Structuralists are concerned with issues such as form and genre. The
reason why I chose to apply a structuralist perspective upon William Wordsworth's poem is due to
the fact that that it can be easily interacted with because it is positioned in the lyrical genre. The
rhyming scheme is in the form ABABCC. The rhyming couplet evident at the end of each stanza
creates an unpretentious break caused by the addition of a new stanza. As a result, the final line of
teach stanza contains an additional sense of emphasis. The final line of the poem mentions "the
show" and conveys images of dancing daffodils, a long–lasting impression discussed by
Wordsworth. The meter of this poem is an iambic tetrameter. The meter creates a rhythm with a
musical, song like quality, to which the daffodils may dance. Wordsworth also employs consonance
and alliteration to create the sense of rhythm. The form of a poem is of utmost importance to
structuralist critics. "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" is twenty four lines long and it features four
stanzas with six lines each. In each individual stanza there is a perceptible pattern – the first line
rhymes with the third line and the second line rhymes with the fourth line. The stanzas finish with
the inclusion of a rhyming couplet. By concentrating the first three stanzas on the lake experience
and the final on the memory of that experience, Wordsworth amalgamates the content of the poem.
It is interesting to note that despite the obvious fact that "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" is built as a
sonnet although it is a lyrical poem. Wordsworth employs figurative language such as comparisons,
personification, epithets and metaphors so as to express his feelings to the reader. As a sub–genre, "I
Wandered Lonely as

Analysis Of A Visit From The Goon Squad
Taking a structuralist approach to A Visit From the Goon Squad, I immediately take into
consideration the way the text is presented. The combination of many short stories based on many
different characters. It makes taking a structuralist approach a little more tricky as finding meaning
within the text is spread as they don't solely focus on a single character. Unlike something with a
more simple structure, you would find a love story or horror. I instead try to look at the combination
of stories as whole to make a structure.
It's important we take a look at the characters. Dolly or La doll is a primary character in the novel
mentioned in "A to B". She is first depicted as someone high in her career only motivated by money
from the start. She experiences a downfall after she agrees to work with a client the general. He is an
ex–dictator with a very colorful past and attempting to escape execution for his war crimes. She also
has the poor relationship with her currently younger daughter at the time. This is all seen in chapter
8 "selling the general". It is later known that dolly is doing what she must not for the greed of
money. It becomes clear later she is instead working in order to keep her daughter Lulu living a
decent life. She is desperate for money because she needs to keep Lulu in private school.
The general was a cool used to shift our idea of Dolly. He is used in order to make the reader
question the motives on why dolly would take him on as a client. It's only

Critical Analysis Of I Wandered Lonely As A Cloud
"Critical theory", in terms of literature, can be defined as a form of criticism through the close
reading of a text and the application of knowledge acquired from the study of the humanities. The
"multiple readings" mentioned in the question refers to the different schools of literary criticism –
for example, structuralism, feminist theory, new historicism/cultural materialism, ecocriticism and
postcolonial criticism. It is true to say that Wordsworth's "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" can be
read and interpreted in many different ways, especially when both the original and revised versions
of the poem are taken into account. In my opinion, the most interesting criticism that can be applied
to this poem is structuralism, which I will be analysing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Accessed: 22 November 2015), Barthes references factors of structuralism, such as parallels in plot,
which change the way we interpret "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud". What Barthes calls binary
opposites are showcased in the first and fourth stanzas respectively. The first stanza creates a lonely
and lost feeling whereas there is a sense of jubilance in the fourth stanza as "the bliss of solitude" is
expressed. The feeling of loneliness is lamented in the opening stanza whereas it is described as
joyous in the last stanza, which I believe can be reduced to a dyad of happy/sad; the next question is
which side of the dichotomy the poem verges on. In my opinion, the images expressed in the poem
as well as the language used (such as "sprightly" and "jocund") mean that "I Wandered Lonely as a
Cloud" sides with the idea of happiness, mainly due to the scenic descriptions and the warm ending
to the poem, "and then my heart with pleasure fills / and dances with the daffodils" William
Wordsworth, "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud", Poems (1815) Cited in Harvey Sucksmith,
"Orchestra and the Golden Flower: A Critical Interpretation of the Two Versions of Wordsworth's "I
Wandered Lonely as a Cloud", The Yearbook of English Studies vol. 4 (1974), pg. 149–158. The
binary opposites in the poem allow the reader to experience an emotion, in this case loneliness, on a
spectrum when reading the poem rather than having one

Literary Theory By Jonathan Culler Theory And Literary...
Aim– The aim of this paper is to check which of the terms–– 'Theory' or 'Theories'––can be used in
literary studies. Objective– An attempt has been made in this paper to check which of the above
mentioned terms is more applicable in literary studies using Jonathan Culler's Literary Theory: A
Very Short Introduction (1997). Argument– In this paper I argue that the term 'Theory' is applicable
more in literary studies. Introduction– The word 'theory' has been derived from, Greek word,
'theoria', which means "looking, viewing or beholding". The word has been used in English since the
late 16th century. Modern use of the word "theory" are derived from the original definition, but have
taken ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
. .' (Culler 2) What does theory mean here? First, theory signals 'speculation'. Secondly, 'My theory
is that . . .' also claims to offer an explanation that is not obvious. But generally, according to Culler,
to count as a theory, not only must an explanation not be obvious; it should involve a certain
complexity. A theory must be more than a hypothesis: it can't be obvious. Theory involves some
complex relations of systematic kind among a number of factors; and it cannot be easily confirmed
or disproved. If one bears all these factors in mind, it becomes easier to understand what goes by the
name of 'theory'.
Theory as genre Works that are regarded as theory have effects beyond their original field. Theory in
a sense is not a set of methods for literary study but it is an unbounded group of writings about all
things under the sun, from the most technical problems of academic philosophy to various ways
which people have talked and thought about the

Narrative Analysis : ' Narrative ' Family Therapy '
Narrative Family Therapy in Practice
Introduction
When narrative therapy first came into my life, I was not able to realize its brilliance. I had the
misconception that the modality found where problems stemmed from and then showed clients how
to cope with problems when they reoccur. Then I saw narrative therapy in action during a session
with clients of my colleagues. The idea of problems being outsiders intruding on the system was
fascinating and co–authoring a new narrative with a client sounded fulfilling. When all of a client's
knowledge is considered socially constructed rather than learned, it helps the therapist to see the
client and the client's problems as separate entities. Meaning becomes attributed to these problems
through the client's interactions with their social environment.
"Life experience is richer than discourse. Narrative structures organize and give meaning to
experience, but there are always feelings and lived experience not fully encompassed by the
dominant story" (White & Epston, 1990, p. 20). Effective therapy is seen as an enjoyable experience
presenting options for dialogue, rather than monologues, about the problem.
One of the greatest things about narrative therapy is it teaches clients to realize that they are not the
problem but that the problem is the problem (Biever et al.; Johnson, 1994; Tomm, 1989; M. White
& Epston, 1990). This creates the safe space without the identified person, but rather the identified
problem.
Situate self with

Deconstruction In The Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin

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