This is from an advance genetic class Conservationists are concerned.pdf
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This is from an advance genetic class Conservationists are concerned for the fate of the endangered Amur leopard. Recent surveys of their native habitat show that there are 110 leopards left in the wild. However, 75 of these are males and 35 of these arc females. What is the effective population size for Amur leopards? Why is this a concern? Before World War II the frequency of individuals with attached earlobes (an autosomal recessive, selectively neutral trait) was estimated to be 64%. Radiation following the bombing of Japan was thought to raise the mutation rate by 10 fold. Suppose the mutation rates for earlobe attachment was raised to: A rightarrow a = 10^-4 and a rightarrow A = 10^-7. What would the frequency of the A and a alleles be in the generation born after World war II? Assuming these mutation rates remained constant, and individuals continued not to select their mates based on earlobe appearance, what will be the new equilibrium frequency of the two alleles in the population? Ninety rats live on a island, and the frequency of a recessive coat color allele in this population is 0.8. Ten rats from the mainland arc inadvertently brought to the island by a ferry boat. The frequency of the coat color allele in the mainland rat population is .20. After migration, what is the frequency of the coat color allele in the new rat population on the island? Solution 1:- Answer Effective population size is given by Ne= Nf Nm/ Nf + Nm Nm:- No. Of breeding males Nf :- No. Of breeding females Ne :- 75 x 35/ 75 + 35 = 2625/110 = 23.86 Since effective pop. Size the no. Of breeding individuals that contribute offsprings to next generation lower values means pop. Can go extinct if lower individuals breed..
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06 random drift
Five factors drive evolution in populations: mutation, migration, genetic drift, natural selection, and nonrandom mating. Genetic drift is the change in allele frequencies that occurs due to random sampling error in small populations. It can cause alleles to be lost or fixed in a population by chance alone, independent of adaptive effects. The rate of genetic drift is influenced by population size, with smaller populations experiencing stronger drift effects due to increased sampling error. Effective population size is often much smaller than actual population size due to factors like unequal sex ratios. Genetic drift reduces genetic diversity over time and can cause maladaptive evolution if drift is stronger than selection.
Population Genetics & Hardy - Weinberg Principle.pdf
This document discusses population genetics and the Hardy-Weinberg principle of genetic equilibrium. It defines key terms like allele frequencies, genotype frequencies, and gene pools. It also describes how to calculate allele frequencies and genotype frequencies in a population. The document concludes by explaining that under certain conditions like a large panmictic population with random mating, the genetic structure will remain in equilibrium with allele and genotype frequencies remaining constant from generation to generation based on the Hardy-Weinberg principle.
Genetics 303 Dr. Joe Staton Fourth exam—take home Ans.docx
Genetics 303 Dr. Joe Staton
Fourth exam—take home
Answer on separate paper, show all work, and be neat in the reporting of answers. STAPLE YOUR RESULTS!
1. In a human population, the genotype frequencies at one locus are 0.75 AA, 0.22 Aa, and 0.03 aa. What is the frequency
of the A allele [f(A)] and a allele [f(a)] for the population? Are they in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
2. Calculate the number of heterozygotes in a population with p = 0.65 and q = 0.35 (at time = 0). After 4 generations of
inbreeding between siblings (F = 0.25) in a population of 1000.
3. Human albinism is an autosomal recessive trait. Suppose that you find an isolated village in the Andes where seven
people are albino. If the population size of the village was 1777 and the population is in Hardy-Weinberg
equilibrium with respect to this trait, how many individuals are expected to be carriers (heterozygotes)?
4. A boatload of Swedish tourists, all of whom bear the MM blood group, is marooned on Haldane Island, where they are
met by an equally sized population of Islanders, all bearing blood group NN. In time, the castaways become
integrated into Island society. Assuming random mating, no mutation, no selection (based on blood group), and no
genetic drift, what would you expect the blood group distribution to be among 5000 progeny of the new Haldane
Island population?
5. You identify a population of mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) on an island. Their coat color is controlled by a single
gene: BB mice are black, Bb mice are gray, and bb mice are white. You take a census of the population and record
the following numbers of mice:
Black 432
Gray 576
White 192
(a) What are the frequencies of the two alleles?
(b) What are the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium frequencies for these three phenotypes?
(c) A heat wave hits the island. All mice with black fur die from heat stroke, but the other mice survive. What are the new
allele frequencies for the population?
(d) If the population suffers no further cataclysms after the heat wave, and the surviving animals mate randomly, what will
be the frequency of mice with black fur in the next generation?
(e) If the climate is altered permanently, so that mice with black fur die before reproducing, which following statement is
correct?
(1) At Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, f(B) will equal 0.135.
(2) The fitness of mice with gray fur (ωBb) must be equal to 0.5.
(3) The fitness of mice with black fur (ωBB) is 0.
(4) The B allele will disappear from the population in one generation.
(5) The B allele will disappear from the population in two generations.
6. Which of the following are requirements for evolution by natural selection? Explain your answer.
I Environmental change
II Differential survival and reproduction
III Heritability of phenotypic variation
IV Variation in phenotype
V Sexual reproduction
A) II, III, V B) II, III, IV C) I, II, IV.
BCORchapter23.ppt
This document provides an outline and lecture notes on the evolution of populations from a biology class. It discusses key concepts in population genetics including gene pools, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, genetic drift, founder effects, natural selection, and the mechanisms of microevolution. Examples are given of genetic variation in populations and how natural selection can act in different ways like directional, disruptive, and stabilizing selection.
Unit 3 a ch 8 s1 how populations change in size
This document discusses key concepts about populations including:
1) A population is defined as all members of a species living together in the same area and capable of interbreeding. The 3 properties of a population are its size, density, and dispersal pattern.
2) Populations can experience exponential growth in the absence of limiting factors, but will typically reach logistic growth as resources become constrained, leveling off at the carrying capacity.
3) Population growth rate is calculated by comparing population sizes over time. Limiting factors like food and space regulate population size through density-dependent and density-independent factors.
Hardy weinberg problems
This document provides a list of practice problems related to the Hardy-Weinberg principle for genetics. It includes 9 questions covering topics like calculating allele and genotype frequencies, determining expected phenotypes, and predicting future population changes given initial conditions. The problems range from basic calculations to more complex multi-step issues involving populations meeting or not meeting Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
Homozygous Alleles
The document discusses a simulation of a population of bunnies in England, where some bunnies have a recessive allele that causes them to lack fur. Over generations, as the harsh winters cause the hairless bunnies to die off at higher rates, the frequency of the recessive allele decreases. The results demonstrate natural selection, as the recessive allele becomes less common as it confers a lower chance of survival in that environment.
Hardy-Weinberg-Castle Principle of Equilibrium
The Hardy-Weinberg-Castle Principle states that under conditions of large population size, no mutation, no immigration or emigration, random mating, and random reproductive success, allelic and phenotypic frequencies will remain constant across generations. Natural populations rarely meet all these conditions, experiencing factors like non-random mating and selective pressures that drive evolution by changing frequencies over time. Studying this principle proves that natural selection is necessary for evolution and allows measurement of selective effects by comparing actual and expected allelic or phenotypic frequencies.
Recommended
06 random drift
Five factors drive evolution in populations: mutation, migration, genetic drift, natural selection, and nonrandom mating. Genetic drift is the change in allele frequencies that occurs due to random sampling error in small populations. It can cause alleles to be lost or fixed in a population by chance alone, independent of adaptive effects. The rate of genetic drift is influenced by population size, with smaller populations experiencing stronger drift effects due to increased sampling error. Effective population size is often much smaller than actual population size due to factors like unequal sex ratios. Genetic drift reduces genetic diversity over time and can cause maladaptive evolution if drift is stronger than selection.
Population Genetics & Hardy - Weinberg Principle.pdf
This document discusses population genetics and the Hardy-Weinberg principle of genetic equilibrium. It defines key terms like allele frequencies, genotype frequencies, and gene pools. It also describes how to calculate allele frequencies and genotype frequencies in a population. The document concludes by explaining that under certain conditions like a large panmictic population with random mating, the genetic structure will remain in equilibrium with allele and genotype frequencies remaining constant from generation to generation based on the Hardy-Weinberg principle.
Genetics 303 Dr. Joe Staton Fourth exam—take home Ans.docx
Genetics 303 Dr. Joe Staton
Fourth exam—take home
Answer on separate paper, show all work, and be neat in the reporting of answers. STAPLE YOUR RESULTS!
1. In a human population, the genotype frequencies at one locus are 0.75 AA, 0.22 Aa, and 0.03 aa. What is the frequency
of the A allele [f(A)] and a allele [f(a)] for the population? Are they in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
2. Calculate the number of heterozygotes in a population with p = 0.65 and q = 0.35 (at time = 0). After 4 generations of
inbreeding between siblings (F = 0.25) in a population of 1000.
3. Human albinism is an autosomal recessive trait. Suppose that you find an isolated village in the Andes where seven
people are albino. If the population size of the village was 1777 and the population is in Hardy-Weinberg
equilibrium with respect to this trait, how many individuals are expected to be carriers (heterozygotes)?
4. A boatload of Swedish tourists, all of whom bear the MM blood group, is marooned on Haldane Island, where they are
met by an equally sized population of Islanders, all bearing blood group NN. In time, the castaways become
integrated into Island society. Assuming random mating, no mutation, no selection (based on blood group), and no
genetic drift, what would you expect the blood group distribution to be among 5000 progeny of the new Haldane
Island population?
5. You identify a population of mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) on an island. Their coat color is controlled by a single
gene: BB mice are black, Bb mice are gray, and bb mice are white. You take a census of the population and record
the following numbers of mice:
Black 432
Gray 576
White 192
(a) What are the frequencies of the two alleles?
(b) What are the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium frequencies for these three phenotypes?
(c) A heat wave hits the island. All mice with black fur die from heat stroke, but the other mice survive. What are the new
allele frequencies for the population?
(d) If the population suffers no further cataclysms after the heat wave, and the surviving animals mate randomly, what will
be the frequency of mice with black fur in the next generation?
(e) If the climate is altered permanently, so that mice with black fur die before reproducing, which following statement is
correct?
(1) At Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, f(B) will equal 0.135.
(2) The fitness of mice with gray fur (ωBb) must be equal to 0.5.
(3) The fitness of mice with black fur (ωBB) is 0.
(4) The B allele will disappear from the population in one generation.
(5) The B allele will disappear from the population in two generations.
6. Which of the following are requirements for evolution by natural selection? Explain your answer.
I Environmental change
II Differential survival and reproduction
III Heritability of phenotypic variation
IV Variation in phenotype
V Sexual reproduction
A) II, III, V B) II, III, IV C) I, II, IV.
BCORchapter23.ppt
This document provides an outline and lecture notes on the evolution of populations from a biology class. It discusses key concepts in population genetics including gene pools, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, genetic drift, founder effects, natural selection, and the mechanisms of microevolution. Examples are given of genetic variation in populations and how natural selection can act in different ways like directional, disruptive, and stabilizing selection.
Unit 3 a ch 8 s1 how populations change in size
This document discusses key concepts about populations including:
1) A population is defined as all members of a species living together in the same area and capable of interbreeding. The 3 properties of a population are its size, density, and dispersal pattern.
2) Populations can experience exponential growth in the absence of limiting factors, but will typically reach logistic growth as resources become constrained, leveling off at the carrying capacity.
3) Population growth rate is calculated by comparing population sizes over time. Limiting factors like food and space regulate population size through density-dependent and density-independent factors.
Hardy weinberg problems
This document provides a list of practice problems related to the Hardy-Weinberg principle for genetics. It includes 9 questions covering topics like calculating allele and genotype frequencies, determining expected phenotypes, and predicting future population changes given initial conditions. The problems range from basic calculations to more complex multi-step issues involving populations meeting or not meeting Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
Homozygous Alleles
The document discusses a simulation of a population of bunnies in England, where some bunnies have a recessive allele that causes them to lack fur. Over generations, as the harsh winters cause the hairless bunnies to die off at higher rates, the frequency of the recessive allele decreases. The results demonstrate natural selection, as the recessive allele becomes less common as it confers a lower chance of survival in that environment.
Hardy-Weinberg-Castle Principle of Equilibrium
The Hardy-Weinberg-Castle Principle states that under conditions of large population size, no mutation, no immigration or emigration, random mating, and random reproductive success, allelic and phenotypic frequencies will remain constant across generations. Natural populations rarely meet all these conditions, experiencing factors like non-random mating and selective pressures that drive evolution by changing frequencies over time. Studying this principle proves that natural selection is necessary for evolution and allows measurement of selective effects by comparing actual and expected allelic or phenotypic frequencies.
When a population of spotted salamanders in an area of vernal pools re.pdf
When a population of spotted salamanders in an area of vernal pools remains stable for many
years and the population has stabilized because of resource limits, then carrying capacity has
been reached. density dependence is not involved. predation has decreased. density independence
occurs. Exponential growth, when graphed, appears as a(n) straight line. "S" curve. "J" curve.
wavy line that goes up and down regularly. A biologist wants to estimate the size of a population
of turtles in a lake. She captures 18 turtles on her first visit to the lake, and marks their backs
with paint. A week later she returns to the lake and captures 18 turtles. Five of these 18 turtles
have paint on their backs, indicating that they are recaptured animals. Using this information,
biologist calculate the total salamander population in the lake is about 5 15 2 10 What pattern of
population growth corresponds to the principle of a carrying capacity? S-shaped bell-shaped J-
shaped a straight line To measure the population of lake trout, 4 Q individual trout were netted
and marked with a fin clip, then returned to the lake. The next week, the lake was netted again,
and out of the 480 lake trout that were caught, 5 had fin clips. Using the markrecapture estimate,
the lake trout population size could be closest to which of the following? 1680 408 50 320
Which of the following methods will provide information to an ecologist about both the size and
density of a population? mark and release quadrat life table mark and recapture Ants living in
acacia trees attack any predators of the tree. In return, the ants live protected in the thorns of the
tree and eat the nectar and protein-rich secretions of the tree. What term describes this
relationship? competition commensalism mutualism parasitism A community ecologist might
study: all the members of a single species that live together in a single geographic area. the
interactions among species living in a single area. the behavior of a species in its natural
environment. the rates of increase or decrease in the population size of individual species in
different environments. Which term best describes the relationship between leaf cutter ants and
the plants? Leaf Cutter Ants Jangle: How Nature Works Frnm Title: (3) Intobase. All rights
Reserved. Lengtn: 03:03 mutualism communism commensalism predation Cattle egrets hitch a
ride on domestic cows and eat insects that are stirred up by their activity. What term describes
this relationship? competition commensalism parasitism predation What role would an owl that
eats a seed-eating mouse perform in a food chain? secondary consumer producer primary
consumer tertiary consumer The North Atlantic Right Whale, Eubalaena glacialis, was called the
"right whale" because they were the best whale for early whalers to kill. They have long baleen
and lots of blubber and oil. When killed, they could be towed back to land for processing
because they float. They once numbered in the millions, but.
Estimating Extinction Rates: Habitat loss, species-area curves, and the “exti...
This document discusses methods for estimating extinction rates and examines the limitations of using species-area relationships (SAR) to estimate extinction rates from habitat loss. Specifically, SAR methods may overestimate extinction rates because they assume species are randomly distributed when in reality species distributions are often non-random. The document explores how non-random spatial distributions violate the mirror-image relationship between forward and backward modeling using SAR and endemics-area curves. Data from forest plots are analyzed showing SAR may not accurately capture extinction risks from habitat loss for non-randomly distributed species.
1. Screaming Pandas are a highly endangered if annoying creature tha.pdf
1. Screaming Pandas are a highly endangered if annoying creature that you want to conserve for
future generations. If there are only 25 surviving pandas in your care:
a) How much heterozygosity will be lost in the next generation? (Hint: use the formula given
in lecture).
b) What might the long-term consequences be of this loss of genetic diversity, and why?
c) What if anything can you do to prevent this decrease in heterozygosity?
formula given: Hg+1 = Hg (1 - (1/2N)) where N = population size
2. You are a zookeeper (no, I checked; you are). One day, you discover that a baby endangered
black rhino born in your zoo carries a new mutant allele that gives it 20% higher fitness than
normal (wild-type) rhinos. Since these animals are highly endangered in the wild, you consider
releasing this lucky mutant into a natural population in Africa, hopefully to increase the average
fitness of the surviving rhinos there. Would it make more sense to release this mutant, and the
new allele it carries, into a population of 20 rhinos, or a population of 1,000 rhinos – in which
population would the mutant allele likely do the most good? Explain your reasoning.
3. Islands often show extremely modified organisms, compared to their mainland counterparts --
examples include miniature hippos and rhinos, or gigantic birds, lizards and tortoises. (A) Give
two reasons islands are likely to be strongly affected by genetic drift, and why this might lead to
extreme modifications. (B) Explain why natural selection might change the organisms on an
island from the ancestral mainland forms.
[note: this question is basically asking you to think critically about the differences between
selection and drift, and to recognize the ways each can affect a population that colonizes a new
environment like an empty island.]
Solution
a) Calculation of Heterozygosity lost in the next generation need heterozygosity or allele freq in
parent generation.
b). Loss of genetic diversity would lead to inbreeding depression and may lead to extinctions
under any selection pressure.
c).Random mating between the individuals can be done to prevent the decrease in
heterozygosity..
1. The phenotypic variance for scutellar bristles in a populat.docx
1.
The phenotypic variance for scutellar bristles in a population of Drosophilia is .35. The population is moved to new, rigidly controlled conditions in which there is no environmental variation whatsoever. The phenotypic variance in the new conditions is .25.
a.
What was the environmental variance under the old environmental conditions?
b.
What was the heritability in the old environment?
c.
What is the heritability in the new environment?
2 .
2. A population of birds has an average tarsus (part of the leg) length of 20 mm. The successful breeders in this population have an average tarsus length of 25 mm.
a.
What is the selection differential?
b.
If the narrow-sense heritability of tarsus length was 1.0, what would the average tarsus length of the offspring be?
c.
If he narrow sense heritability of tarsus length was .5, what would the average tarsus length of the offspring be?
d.
If the narrow sense heritability of tarsus length was 0, what would the average tarsus length of the offspring be?
3.
3. The mutation rate to a recessive allele is 10
-5
. The selection against the recessive allele is 10
-3
. What is the equilibrium frequency of the allele?
4.
4.
The fitnesses of the genotypes AA, Aa, and aa are .8, 1, and .9, respectively. At equilibrium, which allele(s) will be present in the population? frequency of allele a?
5.
5. Recall that the average population size for determining the effect of genetic drift (called the
effective population size
, Ne, is not the arithmetic mean, but the harmonic mean, viz.
N
e
=[E(1/N)/t]
-1
where N is the population size and t is the number of generation) A population, over 5 generations, has a size of 2000, 2500, 125, 3000, and 2900.
a.
What is the arithmetic mean population size over these five generations?
b.
What is the effective population size over this time?
c.
Compare the two numbers. What does this comparison show the importance of?
.
The evolution of populations population genetics
This document discusses population genetics and the Hardy-Weinberg theorem. It defines key terms like population, gene pool, allele frequency, and microevolution. The Hardy-Weinberg theorem states that allele frequencies will remain constant between generations if a population is large, random mating occurs, there is no mutation, migration or natural selection. The document provides examples of how to use the Hardy-Weinberg equation to calculate allele frequencies and genotype proportions in populations.
Lyme disease is spread in the northeastern United States by infected.pdf
Lyme disease is spread in the northeastern United States by infected ticks. The ticks are infected
mainly by feeding on mice, so more mice result in more infected ticks. The mouse population in
turn rises and falls with the abundance of acorns, their favored food. Experimenters studied two
similar forest areas in a year when the acorn crop failed. They added hundreds of thousands of
acorns to one area to imitate an abundant acorn crop, while leaving the other area untouched. The
next spring, 55 of the 76 mice trapped in the first area were in breeding condition, versus 11 of
the 14 mice trapped in the second area..
Give a 91% confidence interval for the difference between the proportions of mice ready to
breed in good acorn years and bad acorn years (callp1the proportion ready to breed where acorns
were plentiful and report the interval to ±0.001):
Solution
The sampling distribution of
The mean of is
The variance of is
Therefore, the standard deviation of is
Confidence interval for
Conditions: 1. both sample proportions should be of separate SRS’s from two different
2. both populations should be at least 10 times the sample size given
all have to be five or more
12.23 Lyme Disease p. 706
Lyme disease is spread in the northeastern United States by infected ticks. The ticks are infected
mainly by feeding on mice, so more mice result in more infected ticks. The mouse population in
turn rises and falls with the abundance of acorns, their favorite food. Experimenters studied two
similar forest areas in a year when the acorn crop failed. They added hundreds of thousands of
acorns to one area to initiate an abundant acorn crop while leaving the other area untouched. The
next spring 54 of the 72 mice trapped in the first area were in breeding condition versus 10 of the
17 mice trapped in the second area. Give a 90% confidence interval for the difference between
the proportion of mice ready to breed in good acorn years and bad acorn years.
Before you start your steps, write down both sample proportions and sample sizes
Step 1: We want to estimate , the difference between the mice ready to breed in good acorn years
and bad acorn years.
Step 2: We will use a two sample proportion interval.
· SRS? We are not told that our two samples are of SRSs from either population therefore we
may not be able to generalize to the whole population proportion difference.
· The population of all mice is at least 10(72) and 10(17)
These are all at least 5, therefore we can use normal approximation.
Step 3: From our TI 83/84 calculator using the two proportion z test command, a 90% CI for
is (-0.05, 0.38)
Step 4: We are 90% confident that the true proportion difference between the mice ready to
breed in good acorn years and bad acorn years is between -0.05 and 0.38.
Significance Tests for
To test the hypothesis
First, find the POOLED proportion of successes in both samples combined.
IMPORTANT: We only POOL for two proportion significance tests AND your calculator does i.
Population genetics
This document summarizes key concepts in population genetics and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. It defines population genetics as the study of gene and genotype frequencies in populations. The Hardy-Weinberg law states that allele and genotype frequencies remain constant from generation to generation in random mating populations of infinite size with no evolutionary influences. Factors like selection, mutation, migration, and genetic drift can disrupt Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium over time.
Population dynamics
1) Survivorship curves classify populations into three types based on mortality rates - Type I has low mortality until old age, Type II has steady mortality throughout life, Type III has high early mortality but low later mortality.
2) Population growth occurs when birth rates exceed death rates. The per capita rate of increase (r) indicates if a population is growing (r > 0) or declining (r < 0).
3) Logistic population growth limits exponential growth by incorporating a carrying capacity (K), producing a sigmoid growth curve as population size approaches K.
Snake bites
Animal bites, especially from snakes, dogs, and monkeys, are a major public health problem worldwide. Snake bites affect millions each year, causing over 125,000 deaths. The highest risk groups are rural poor communities in Africa and Southeast Asia. Prompt treatment with antivenom is essential for venomous bites to reduce mortality and morbidity.
Genetic drift
Genetic drift refers to changes in allele frequencies in a population due to random fluctuations. Over many generations, genetic drift usually results in the loss or fixation of an allele. The rate of genetic drift depends on population size, with smaller populations experiencing greater drift due to chance fluctuations. Genetic drift can lead to loss of genetic variation and influence how populations diverge genetically over time.
Lect15_EvolutionSNP.ppt
Evolution occurs gradually over generations as the genetic makeup of a population changes through natural selection, mutation, and genetic drift. Natural selection and genetic drift are the two most important causes of changes in allele frequencies in populations. Genetic drift leads to allele substitutions in a random manner and is influenced by population size, with smaller populations experiencing faster genetic changes than larger ones due to increased effects of random sampling errors. Over time, genetic drift can cause populations to become genetically differentiated even if they started with identical genetic compositions.
Microevolution Changing Allele Frequencies
This document discusses microevolution and the processes that can cause changes in allele frequencies within a population over time, leading to evolution. It specifically discusses:
- Mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, and natural and artificial selection as the four processes that can cause changes in allele frequencies.
- Examples of how immigration or emigration of a few individuals can impact allele frequencies more in a small population compared to a large population.
- Genetic drift occurring more dramatically in small populations through bottlenecks or founder effects, impacting genetic diversity.
- Conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium when allele frequencies remain stable without evolution occurring.
Gene pool and h w law
The document discusses key concepts related to gene pools and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. It defines a gene pool as the total set of genes in a population and explains that gene and genotype frequencies can be used to describe the proportions of alleles and genotypes in a population. The Hardy-Weinberg law states that allele frequencies will remain constant across generations if a population is large, randomly mating and experiences no evolutionary influences. The document provides an example calculation of expected genotype frequencies based on known allele frequencies according to the Hardy-Weinberg model.
Snouters are small critters that live on both sides of the Ohio Rive.pdf
Snouters are small critters that live on both sides of the Ohio River. A population on the north
side of the Ohio River is fixed for an allele for blue feet. The population on the south side of the
river is fixed for an allele for pink feet. Forty blue-footed snouters from the north and 60 pink-
footed snouters from the south colonize a newly formed island in the middle of the river.
Please calculate the following.
1.)What are the genotype frequencies on the island at the time of colonization (Parental
Generation, P1)? (Just the colonizers before reproduction)
2.)What are the allele frequencies on the island at the time of colonization (P1)? (Just the
colonizers before reproduction, N = 100)
3.)What are the genotype frequencies of the offspring of the next generation (First generation of
offspring, F1 ), assuming random mating?
4.) What are the allele frequencies of the offspring of the next generation (F1 )? Heterozygotes
have purple feet that are susceptible to snouter purple-foot fungus that sterilizes purple-footed
snouters (They cannot reproduce). Assume that the F1 generation above is the parents for the
next set of questions.
5.)Calculate the allele frequencies of the parents that can breed (F1 with no purple footed
individuals). Calculate the genotype and allele frequencies of their offspring (F2) in the second
generation assuming random mating (Hint: the sum of the allele frequencies represented by the
homozygotes are equal to 1, keep this in mind when you calculate the allele frequency of F1 as
parents. It may help if you assume a population size for F1 prior to reproduction.) (2 pt) Has
evolution occurred? Why? If the purple foot fungus were to continue on this island for several
generations, what color feet would most likely become fixed on the island and why?
Solution
1). Assume that the genotype for the blue feet snouters is BB and for the pink feet snouters is PP.
Thus the genotypic ratio before reproduction would be: Blue: Pink = 40: 60 = 2:3
Genotypic frequencies of BB = 0.4
The genotypic frequency of PP = 0.6.
Population genetics
This document discusses key concepts in population genetics, including defining a population as a group of the same species in a specific area. It provides an example of studying the frequencies of dominant and recessive alleles for stripe patterns in a population of lizards. The frequencies are used to determine if the population is evolving over time or remaining stable under certain conditions. Equations are presented to calculate allele frequencies (p and q) from sample data and determine percentages of genotypes.
Mouse hardy weinberg_student
- Researchers studied the genetics of fur color in rock pocket mouse populations, investigating how coat color relates to survival in different environments.
- Two varieties of mice occur - light-colored and dark-colored - that correspond to the two major substrate colors in their desert habitat. The dark volcanic substrates are patches separated by kilometers of light-colored sand and granite.
- Data was collected on 225 mice across 35km of desert, recording substrate color and coat color frequencies. Calculations using Hardy-Weinberg equations estimated genotype frequencies within the populations.
Genetic drift & hardy weinberg equilibrium
The document discusses Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which describes populations where genotype frequencies remain stable between generations because five conditions are met: the population is very large to prevent genetic drift, there is no migration or gene flow, no new mutations, random mating occurs, and no natural selection influences survival. Deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium indicate evolution is occurring due to factors like natural selection, genetic drift, or gene flow changing allele frequencies across generations.
Evoluton in small populatin
Evolution in small population
by HAIDER ALI
In biology evolution is the change in the characteristics of a species over several generations and relies on the process of natural selection,
The theory of evolution is based on the idea that all species are related and gradually change.
Adams et al 1977 number of sex alleles
This document discusses estimating the number of sex alleles and queen matings in a population of Apis mellifera (honey bees) based on the frequency of diploid males observed. The number of sex alleles is estimated to be 18.9 based on data from a population of 90 hives in Brazil, which is larger than previous estimates of 10-12 alleles. The best estimate of the number of matings per queen is 17.3, obtained using a maximum likelihood approach assuming a prior distribution on the number of matings. The distribution of diploid males depends on both the number of sex alleles and the number of drones that mate with each queen.
11u bio 10
Genetic drift occurs when random chance alone causes changes in allele frequencies in a small population without selective pressures. A catastrophe reduced a beetle population to 25% green and 75% brown alleles randomly. If the last few green beetles fail to pass on the green allele, it may be lost forever through genetic drift. Genetic drift can reduce genetic diversity and occurs through genetic bottlenecks, where a population is drastically reduced, or the founder effect, where a small group from a population establishes a new population with low genetic variation.
International business1. What is the current status of Pakistan in.pdf
International business
1. What is the current status of Pakistan in the world market place? support your answer with
research. please give citiation.
2. What is the ease of doing business in Pakistan? support your answer with research. please give
citiation.
3. Are other countries wanting to invest in Pakistan? support your answer with research. please
give citiation.
4. What do you see as the future of your country in the world market place? support your answer
with research. please give citiation.
Solution
Answer 1). According to World Bank report Pakistan ranks fourth in terms of value (4.2 billion
dollars) with the same global market share as Sri Lanka, although apparel’s share of total country
exports is lower at 19 percent. Foreign direct investment (FDI) has not played an important role;
in the apparel sector, the share of foreign-owned firms is estimated to be less than 2 percent, and
only slightly higher in the textile sector. Wages and working conditions are better in the formal
industry than in the large cottage sector, but short term or temporary contracts are widely used,
particularly for women. The September 2012 factory fire in Karachi recently highlighted poor
safety standards in the country. Pakistan can benefit from the following policies: increase
product diversity by reducing barriers on imports so as to ease access to manmade fibers (such as
duty and tax remission for exports, and export processing zones); attract foreign direct
investment (FDI) by adopting policies to reduce red tape and increase transparency to close the
gap with South Asian countries whose textile and apparel industries are located primarily on the
coast; diversify markets by taking advantage of access to emerging markets; shorten lead times
by improving road infrastructure to facilitate access to ports for exporting firms; shorten lead
times by clustering strategies to provide key infrastructure and common facilities; enhance
perceptions of stability as many buyers will not travel to Pakistan, which makes sourcing
complicated.
Answer 2) Pakistan has slipped three places on the Word Bank’s Ease of Doing Business Index
and is now ranked a lowly 147th among 190 economies, denting the government’s pro-business
image ahead of next general elections.
The index is mostly used as a guide by foreign investors to learn more about a country, aiding
decisions on pouring in money in the economy.
Pakistan, however, slipped from its last year’s rating despite the introduction of some reforms in
areas of starting a business and making international trade relatively easier. If one government
department is to be blamed for the overall poor performance, it is the Ministry of Finance, as the
country’s ranking nosedived on the indicators of paying taxes and getting credit.
The World Bank released the Doing Business 2018 report on Tuesday that covers 190 economies
and measures how close each economy is to global best practices in business regulations.
In South Asia, Bhutan.
Imagine a polygon (not necessarily convex) with 2015 sides. Suppose .pdf
Imagine a polygon (not necessarily convex) with 2015 sides. Suppose there is a circle that has
exactly one common point with each of its sides. None of the vertices of the polygon is a point of
the circle. Prove that at least one of the sides is tangent to the circle.
Solution
Since sides of polygon tuches circle only once and vertices
Do not tuches the circle. This implies that polygon is convex and circle is inside polygon
(incircle ) .since by Def. Of tangent each side of polygon is tangent to the circle..
More Related Content
Similar to This is from an advance genetic class Conservationists are concerned.pdf
When a population of spotted salamanders in an area of vernal pools re.pdf
When a population of spotted salamanders in an area of vernal pools remains stable for many
years and the population has stabilized because of resource limits, then carrying capacity has
been reached. density dependence is not involved. predation has decreased. density independence
occurs. Exponential growth, when graphed, appears as a(n) straight line. "S" curve. "J" curve.
wavy line that goes up and down regularly. A biologist wants to estimate the size of a population
of turtles in a lake. She captures 18 turtles on her first visit to the lake, and marks their backs
with paint. A week later she returns to the lake and captures 18 turtles. Five of these 18 turtles
have paint on their backs, indicating that they are recaptured animals. Using this information,
biologist calculate the total salamander population in the lake is about 5 15 2 10 What pattern of
population growth corresponds to the principle of a carrying capacity? S-shaped bell-shaped J-
shaped a straight line To measure the population of lake trout, 4 Q individual trout were netted
and marked with a fin clip, then returned to the lake. The next week, the lake was netted again,
and out of the 480 lake trout that were caught, 5 had fin clips. Using the markrecapture estimate,
the lake trout population size could be closest to which of the following? 1680 408 50 320
Which of the following methods will provide information to an ecologist about both the size and
density of a population? mark and release quadrat life table mark and recapture Ants living in
acacia trees attack any predators of the tree. In return, the ants live protected in the thorns of the
tree and eat the nectar and protein-rich secretions of the tree. What term describes this
relationship? competition commensalism mutualism parasitism A community ecologist might
study: all the members of a single species that live together in a single geographic area. the
interactions among species living in a single area. the behavior of a species in its natural
environment. the rates of increase or decrease in the population size of individual species in
different environments. Which term best describes the relationship between leaf cutter ants and
the plants? Leaf Cutter Ants Jangle: How Nature Works Frnm Title: (3) Intobase. All rights
Reserved. Lengtn: 03:03 mutualism communism commensalism predation Cattle egrets hitch a
ride on domestic cows and eat insects that are stirred up by their activity. What term describes
this relationship? competition commensalism parasitism predation What role would an owl that
eats a seed-eating mouse perform in a food chain? secondary consumer producer primary
consumer tertiary consumer The North Atlantic Right Whale, Eubalaena glacialis, was called the
"right whale" because they were the best whale for early whalers to kill. They have long baleen
and lots of blubber and oil. When killed, they could be towed back to land for processing
because they float. They once numbered in the millions, but.
Estimating Extinction Rates: Habitat loss, species-area curves, and the “exti...
This document discusses methods for estimating extinction rates and examines the limitations of using species-area relationships (SAR) to estimate extinction rates from habitat loss. Specifically, SAR methods may overestimate extinction rates because they assume species are randomly distributed when in reality species distributions are often non-random. The document explores how non-random spatial distributions violate the mirror-image relationship between forward and backward modeling using SAR and endemics-area curves. Data from forest plots are analyzed showing SAR may not accurately capture extinction risks from habitat loss for non-randomly distributed species.
1. Screaming Pandas are a highly endangered if annoying creature tha.pdf
1. Screaming Pandas are a highly endangered if annoying creature that you want to conserve for
future generations. If there are only 25 surviving pandas in your care:
a) How much heterozygosity will be lost in the next generation? (Hint: use the formula given
in lecture).
b) What might the long-term consequences be of this loss of genetic diversity, and why?
c) What if anything can you do to prevent this decrease in heterozygosity?
formula given: Hg+1 = Hg (1 - (1/2N)) where N = population size
2. You are a zookeeper (no, I checked; you are). One day, you discover that a baby endangered
black rhino born in your zoo carries a new mutant allele that gives it 20% higher fitness than
normal (wild-type) rhinos. Since these animals are highly endangered in the wild, you consider
releasing this lucky mutant into a natural population in Africa, hopefully to increase the average
fitness of the surviving rhinos there. Would it make more sense to release this mutant, and the
new allele it carries, into a population of 20 rhinos, or a population of 1,000 rhinos – in which
population would the mutant allele likely do the most good? Explain your reasoning.
3. Islands often show extremely modified organisms, compared to their mainland counterparts --
examples include miniature hippos and rhinos, or gigantic birds, lizards and tortoises. (A) Give
two reasons islands are likely to be strongly affected by genetic drift, and why this might lead to
extreme modifications. (B) Explain why natural selection might change the organisms on an
island from the ancestral mainland forms.
[note: this question is basically asking you to think critically about the differences between
selection and drift, and to recognize the ways each can affect a population that colonizes a new
environment like an empty island.]
Solution
a) Calculation of Heterozygosity lost in the next generation need heterozygosity or allele freq in
parent generation.
b). Loss of genetic diversity would lead to inbreeding depression and may lead to extinctions
under any selection pressure.
c).Random mating between the individuals can be done to prevent the decrease in
heterozygosity..
1. The phenotypic variance for scutellar bristles in a populat.docx
1.
The phenotypic variance for scutellar bristles in a population of Drosophilia is .35. The population is moved to new, rigidly controlled conditions in which there is no environmental variation whatsoever. The phenotypic variance in the new conditions is .25.
a.
What was the environmental variance under the old environmental conditions?
b.
What was the heritability in the old environment?
c.
What is the heritability in the new environment?
2 .
2. A population of birds has an average tarsus (part of the leg) length of 20 mm. The successful breeders in this population have an average tarsus length of 25 mm.
a.
What is the selection differential?
b.
If the narrow-sense heritability of tarsus length was 1.0, what would the average tarsus length of the offspring be?
c.
If he narrow sense heritability of tarsus length was .5, what would the average tarsus length of the offspring be?
d.
If the narrow sense heritability of tarsus length was 0, what would the average tarsus length of the offspring be?
3.
3. The mutation rate to a recessive allele is 10
-5
. The selection against the recessive allele is 10
-3
. What is the equilibrium frequency of the allele?
4.
4.
The fitnesses of the genotypes AA, Aa, and aa are .8, 1, and .9, respectively. At equilibrium, which allele(s) will be present in the population? frequency of allele a?
5.
5. Recall that the average population size for determining the effect of genetic drift (called the
effective population size
, Ne, is not the arithmetic mean, but the harmonic mean, viz.
N
e
=[E(1/N)/t]
-1
where N is the population size and t is the number of generation) A population, over 5 generations, has a size of 2000, 2500, 125, 3000, and 2900.
a.
What is the arithmetic mean population size over these five generations?
b.
What is the effective population size over this time?
c.
Compare the two numbers. What does this comparison show the importance of?
.
The evolution of populations population genetics
This document discusses population genetics and the Hardy-Weinberg theorem. It defines key terms like population, gene pool, allele frequency, and microevolution. The Hardy-Weinberg theorem states that allele frequencies will remain constant between generations if a population is large, random mating occurs, there is no mutation, migration or natural selection. The document provides examples of how to use the Hardy-Weinberg equation to calculate allele frequencies and genotype proportions in populations.
Lyme disease is spread in the northeastern United States by infected.pdf
Lyme disease is spread in the northeastern United States by infected ticks. The ticks are infected
mainly by feeding on mice, so more mice result in more infected ticks. The mouse population in
turn rises and falls with the abundance of acorns, their favored food. Experimenters studied two
similar forest areas in a year when the acorn crop failed. They added hundreds of thousands of
acorns to one area to imitate an abundant acorn crop, while leaving the other area untouched. The
next spring, 55 of the 76 mice trapped in the first area were in breeding condition, versus 11 of
the 14 mice trapped in the second area..
Give a 91% confidence interval for the difference between the proportions of mice ready to
breed in good acorn years and bad acorn years (callp1the proportion ready to breed where acorns
were plentiful and report the interval to ±0.001):
Solution
The sampling distribution of
The mean of is
The variance of is
Therefore, the standard deviation of is
Confidence interval for
Conditions: 1. both sample proportions should be of separate SRS’s from two different
2. both populations should be at least 10 times the sample size given
all have to be five or more
12.23 Lyme Disease p. 706
Lyme disease is spread in the northeastern United States by infected ticks. The ticks are infected
mainly by feeding on mice, so more mice result in more infected ticks. The mouse population in
turn rises and falls with the abundance of acorns, their favorite food. Experimenters studied two
similar forest areas in a year when the acorn crop failed. They added hundreds of thousands of
acorns to one area to initiate an abundant acorn crop while leaving the other area untouched. The
next spring 54 of the 72 mice trapped in the first area were in breeding condition versus 10 of the
17 mice trapped in the second area. Give a 90% confidence interval for the difference between
the proportion of mice ready to breed in good acorn years and bad acorn years.
Before you start your steps, write down both sample proportions and sample sizes
Step 1: We want to estimate , the difference between the mice ready to breed in good acorn years
and bad acorn years.
Step 2: We will use a two sample proportion interval.
· SRS? We are not told that our two samples are of SRSs from either population therefore we
may not be able to generalize to the whole population proportion difference.
· The population of all mice is at least 10(72) and 10(17)
These are all at least 5, therefore we can use normal approximation.
Step 3: From our TI 83/84 calculator using the two proportion z test command, a 90% CI for
is (-0.05, 0.38)
Step 4: We are 90% confident that the true proportion difference between the mice ready to
breed in good acorn years and bad acorn years is between -0.05 and 0.38.
Significance Tests for
To test the hypothesis
First, find the POOLED proportion of successes in both samples combined.
IMPORTANT: We only POOL for two proportion significance tests AND your calculator does i.
Population genetics
This document summarizes key concepts in population genetics and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. It defines population genetics as the study of gene and genotype frequencies in populations. The Hardy-Weinberg law states that allele and genotype frequencies remain constant from generation to generation in random mating populations of infinite size with no evolutionary influences. Factors like selection, mutation, migration, and genetic drift can disrupt Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium over time.
Population dynamics
1) Survivorship curves classify populations into three types based on mortality rates - Type I has low mortality until old age, Type II has steady mortality throughout life, Type III has high early mortality but low later mortality.
2) Population growth occurs when birth rates exceed death rates. The per capita rate of increase (r) indicates if a population is growing (r > 0) or declining (r < 0).
3) Logistic population growth limits exponential growth by incorporating a carrying capacity (K), producing a sigmoid growth curve as population size approaches K.
Snake bites
Animal bites, especially from snakes, dogs, and monkeys, are a major public health problem worldwide. Snake bites affect millions each year, causing over 125,000 deaths. The highest risk groups are rural poor communities in Africa and Southeast Asia. Prompt treatment with antivenom is essential for venomous bites to reduce mortality and morbidity.
Genetic drift
Genetic drift refers to changes in allele frequencies in a population due to random fluctuations. Over many generations, genetic drift usually results in the loss or fixation of an allele. The rate of genetic drift depends on population size, with smaller populations experiencing greater drift due to chance fluctuations. Genetic drift can lead to loss of genetic variation and influence how populations diverge genetically over time.
Lect15_EvolutionSNP.ppt
Evolution occurs gradually over generations as the genetic makeup of a population changes through natural selection, mutation, and genetic drift. Natural selection and genetic drift are the two most important causes of changes in allele frequencies in populations. Genetic drift leads to allele substitutions in a random manner and is influenced by population size, with smaller populations experiencing faster genetic changes than larger ones due to increased effects of random sampling errors. Over time, genetic drift can cause populations to become genetically differentiated even if they started with identical genetic compositions.
Microevolution Changing Allele Frequencies
This document discusses microevolution and the processes that can cause changes in allele frequencies within a population over time, leading to evolution. It specifically discusses:
- Mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, and natural and artificial selection as the four processes that can cause changes in allele frequencies.
- Examples of how immigration or emigration of a few individuals can impact allele frequencies more in a small population compared to a large population.
- Genetic drift occurring more dramatically in small populations through bottlenecks or founder effects, impacting genetic diversity.
- Conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium when allele frequencies remain stable without evolution occurring.
Gene pool and h w law
The document discusses key concepts related to gene pools and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. It defines a gene pool as the total set of genes in a population and explains that gene and genotype frequencies can be used to describe the proportions of alleles and genotypes in a population. The Hardy-Weinberg law states that allele frequencies will remain constant across generations if a population is large, randomly mating and experiences no evolutionary influences. The document provides an example calculation of expected genotype frequencies based on known allele frequencies according to the Hardy-Weinberg model.
Snouters are small critters that live on both sides of the Ohio Rive.pdf
Snouters are small critters that live on both sides of the Ohio River. A population on the north
side of the Ohio River is fixed for an allele for blue feet. The population on the south side of the
river is fixed for an allele for pink feet. Forty blue-footed snouters from the north and 60 pink-
footed snouters from the south colonize a newly formed island in the middle of the river.
Please calculate the following.
1.)What are the genotype frequencies on the island at the time of colonization (Parental
Generation, P1)? (Just the colonizers before reproduction)
2.)What are the allele frequencies on the island at the time of colonization (P1)? (Just the
colonizers before reproduction, N = 100)
3.)What are the genotype frequencies of the offspring of the next generation (First generation of
offspring, F1 ), assuming random mating?
4.) What are the allele frequencies of the offspring of the next generation (F1 )? Heterozygotes
have purple feet that are susceptible to snouter purple-foot fungus that sterilizes purple-footed
snouters (They cannot reproduce). Assume that the F1 generation above is the parents for the
next set of questions.
5.)Calculate the allele frequencies of the parents that can breed (F1 with no purple footed
individuals). Calculate the genotype and allele frequencies of their offspring (F2) in the second
generation assuming random mating (Hint: the sum of the allele frequencies represented by the
homozygotes are equal to 1, keep this in mind when you calculate the allele frequency of F1 as
parents. It may help if you assume a population size for F1 prior to reproduction.) (2 pt) Has
evolution occurred? Why? If the purple foot fungus were to continue on this island for several
generations, what color feet would most likely become fixed on the island and why?
Solution
1). Assume that the genotype for the blue feet snouters is BB and for the pink feet snouters is PP.
Thus the genotypic ratio before reproduction would be: Blue: Pink = 40: 60 = 2:3
Genotypic frequencies of BB = 0.4
The genotypic frequency of PP = 0.6.
Population genetics
This document discusses key concepts in population genetics, including defining a population as a group of the same species in a specific area. It provides an example of studying the frequencies of dominant and recessive alleles for stripe patterns in a population of lizards. The frequencies are used to determine if the population is evolving over time or remaining stable under certain conditions. Equations are presented to calculate allele frequencies (p and q) from sample data and determine percentages of genotypes.
Mouse hardy weinberg_student
- Researchers studied the genetics of fur color in rock pocket mouse populations, investigating how coat color relates to survival in different environments.
- Two varieties of mice occur - light-colored and dark-colored - that correspond to the two major substrate colors in their desert habitat. The dark volcanic substrates are patches separated by kilometers of light-colored sand and granite.
- Data was collected on 225 mice across 35km of desert, recording substrate color and coat color frequencies. Calculations using Hardy-Weinberg equations estimated genotype frequencies within the populations.
Genetic drift & hardy weinberg equilibrium
The document discusses Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which describes populations where genotype frequencies remain stable between generations because five conditions are met: the population is very large to prevent genetic drift, there is no migration or gene flow, no new mutations, random mating occurs, and no natural selection influences survival. Deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium indicate evolution is occurring due to factors like natural selection, genetic drift, or gene flow changing allele frequencies across generations.
Evoluton in small populatin
Evolution in small population
by HAIDER ALI
In biology evolution is the change in the characteristics of a species over several generations and relies on the process of natural selection,
The theory of evolution is based on the idea that all species are related and gradually change.
Adams et al 1977 number of sex alleles
This document discusses estimating the number of sex alleles and queen matings in a population of Apis mellifera (honey bees) based on the frequency of diploid males observed. The number of sex alleles is estimated to be 18.9 based on data from a population of 90 hives in Brazil, which is larger than previous estimates of 10-12 alleles. The best estimate of the number of matings per queen is 17.3, obtained using a maximum likelihood approach assuming a prior distribution on the number of matings. The distribution of diploid males depends on both the number of sex alleles and the number of drones that mate with each queen.
11u bio 10
Genetic drift occurs when random chance alone causes changes in allele frequencies in a small population without selective pressures. A catastrophe reduced a beetle population to 25% green and 75% brown alleles randomly. If the last few green beetles fail to pass on the green allele, it may be lost forever through genetic drift. Genetic drift can reduce genetic diversity and occurs through genetic bottlenecks, where a population is drastically reduced, or the founder effect, where a small group from a population establishes a new population with low genetic variation.
Similar to This is from an advance genetic class Conservationists are concerned.pdf (20)
When a population of spotted salamanders in an area of vernal pools re.pdf
When a population of spotted salamanders in an area of vernal pools re.pdf
Estimating Extinction Rates: Habitat loss, species-area curves, and the “exti...
Estimating Extinction Rates: Habitat loss, species-area curves, and the “exti...
1. Screaming Pandas are a highly endangered if annoying creature tha.pdf
1. Screaming Pandas are a highly endangered if annoying creature tha.pdf
1. The phenotypic variance for scutellar bristles in a populat.docx
1. The phenotypic variance for scutellar bristles in a populat.docx
Lyme disease is spread in the northeastern United States by infected.pdf
Lyme disease is spread in the northeastern United States by infected.pdf
Snouters are small critters that live on both sides of the Ohio Rive.pdf
Snouters are small critters that live on both sides of the Ohio Rive.pdf
More from lohithkart
International business1. What is the current status of Pakistan in.pdf
International business
1. What is the current status of Pakistan in the world market place? support your answer with
research. please give citiation.
2. What is the ease of doing business in Pakistan? support your answer with research. please give
citiation.
3. Are other countries wanting to invest in Pakistan? support your answer with research. please
give citiation.
4. What do you see as the future of your country in the world market place? support your answer
with research. please give citiation.
Solution
Answer 1). According to World Bank report Pakistan ranks fourth in terms of value (4.2 billion
dollars) with the same global market share as Sri Lanka, although apparel’s share of total country
exports is lower at 19 percent. Foreign direct investment (FDI) has not played an important role;
in the apparel sector, the share of foreign-owned firms is estimated to be less than 2 percent, and
only slightly higher in the textile sector. Wages and working conditions are better in the formal
industry than in the large cottage sector, but short term or temporary contracts are widely used,
particularly for women. The September 2012 factory fire in Karachi recently highlighted poor
safety standards in the country. Pakistan can benefit from the following policies: increase
product diversity by reducing barriers on imports so as to ease access to manmade fibers (such as
duty and tax remission for exports, and export processing zones); attract foreign direct
investment (FDI) by adopting policies to reduce red tape and increase transparency to close the
gap with South Asian countries whose textile and apparel industries are located primarily on the
coast; diversify markets by taking advantage of access to emerging markets; shorten lead times
by improving road infrastructure to facilitate access to ports for exporting firms; shorten lead
times by clustering strategies to provide key infrastructure and common facilities; enhance
perceptions of stability as many buyers will not travel to Pakistan, which makes sourcing
complicated.
Answer 2) Pakistan has slipped three places on the Word Bank’s Ease of Doing Business Index
and is now ranked a lowly 147th among 190 economies, denting the government’s pro-business
image ahead of next general elections.
The index is mostly used as a guide by foreign investors to learn more about a country, aiding
decisions on pouring in money in the economy.
Pakistan, however, slipped from its last year’s rating despite the introduction of some reforms in
areas of starting a business and making international trade relatively easier. If one government
department is to be blamed for the overall poor performance, it is the Ministry of Finance, as the
country’s ranking nosedived on the indicators of paying taxes and getting credit.
The World Bank released the Doing Business 2018 report on Tuesday that covers 190 economies
and measures how close each economy is to global best practices in business regulations.
In South Asia, Bhutan.
Imagine a polygon (not necessarily convex) with 2015 sides. Suppose .pdf
Imagine a polygon (not necessarily convex) with 2015 sides. Suppose there is a circle that has
exactly one common point with each of its sides. None of the vertices of the polygon is a point of
the circle. Prove that at least one of the sides is tangent to the circle.
Solution
Since sides of polygon tuches circle only once and vertices
Do not tuches the circle. This implies that polygon is convex and circle is inside polygon
(incircle ) .since by Def. Of tangent each side of polygon is tangent to the circle..
In 2017, Jasmine and Thomas, a married couple, had taxable income of.pdf
In 2017, Jasmine and Thomas, a married couple, had taxable income of $150,000. If they were to
file separate tax returns, Jasmine would have reported taxable income of $140,000 and Thomas
would have reported taxable income of $10,000. Use Tax Rate Schedule for reference.
What is the couple’s marriage penalty or benefit? (Do not round intermediate calculations.
Round your answer to 2 decimal places. Input the amount as positive value.)
Solution
Answer
Married Couple
Taxable Income
Tax if jointly filed
Tax if single
Jasmine
140,000
32,181.75
Thomas
10,000
1,033.75
Jointly
150,000
28,977.50
33,215.50
Tax on Jointly Filed = $10452.5 + 25%* (150000-75900)
= 28,977.50
Tax if filed separately
Jasmine = $18713.75 + 28%* (140000-91900)
= $32,181.75
Thomas = $932.5 + 15%* (10000-9325)
= $1,033.75
Marriage benefit = $4,238 (33,215.50 - 28,977.50)
Married Couple
Taxable Income
Tax if jointly filed
Tax if single
Jasmine
140,000
32,181.75
Thomas
10,000
1,033.75
Jointly
150,000
28,977.50
33,215.50.
In a maternity ward, four babies become accidentally mixed up. The AB.pdf
In a maternity ward, four babies become accidentally mixed up. The ABO types of the four
babies are known to be O, A, B and AB. The ABO types of the four sets of parents are
determined. Indicate which baby belongs to each set of parents. AB times O A times O A times
AB O times O
Solution
A) AB * O : Child might be A or B
B) A* O : Child might be A or O
C) A* AB: Child might be A ,B or AB.
D) O*O : Child will be O.
Explanation: The above results are through genotype match between mother and father having
the particular blood groups.
For example: A blood means AA or AO , O means OO, B means BB or BO ,AB means AB.O
allele is masked by presence of A and B allele and expresses in presence of 2 O alleles.A punnet
square cross will depict the above results..
How has the social change driven the development of new information .pdf
How has the social change driven the development of new information technologies, such as cell
phone, text messaging, movie recommendation software?
Solution
now a days people are so far increasing their knowledge very effectively. They also good in their
educational levels. By looking on that usage of the technology has been grown largely so that the
there might be social wareness on what exactly the technology is holding now a days. Internet is
also very easily accessed by everyone and everyone is maintaing smartphones and they can see
the world in it.There are many applications that come in to existance for the basic
communication like texting sharing their views, posting etc in their cell phones and then after
everyone can book their tickets of movies through internet in different applications that are
available in the market. By the response that is coming from the users there will huge
devolepment of the technology and many new applications with extra updates like location
finding, booking tickets etc., finally the technology making the functioning of the people less so
that the people can also improve their knowledge lead their life digitally..
HIV protease activates waterfor a hydrolysis reactions using what ty.pdf
HIV protease activates waterfor a hydrolysis reactions using what type of two residues?
Solution
The question deals with the action of mechanism of HIV protease.. The main active site for the
lies in the identical sub units which has a sequence of (Asp-Thr-Gly) .. The position of these are
(25-26-27) .
As it is a homodimer hence both the Asp(25) residues act as a catalytic site for this.. The water
plays an important role in the mechanism where water acts as a Nucleophile..
This water along with the (2 -Asp) residues discussed above brings out the mechanism of
breaking or hydrolysis of scissile bonds peptides bonds,(these are covalent bonds which can be
broken by enzymes)..!!
The two residues are 2 - Asp which are at position 25..!.
Fair Value and Equity Methods Conceptual Questions1. What are the .pdf
Fair Value and Equity Methods Conceptual Questions
1. What are the two fair value methods to account for investments?
2. What type of security can be accounted for under both methods?
3. What type of security can be accounted for under only one of these methods? Which method is
that?
Solution
Cost method and equity method
Stock or equity securities with more than 50% ownership
Available for sale securities, Equity method.
Do larval and adult lampreys have the 5 chordate characteristics Wh.pdf
Do larval and adult lampreys have the 5 chordate characteristics? Which feature has evolved
into a new structure? What characteristics make them craniates? Do they have the vertebrate
characteristics?
Solution
The larvae of lamprey is called ammocoetes.larvae of lamprey have the 5 chordate characteristics
such as notochord,dorsal nerve cord,pharyngeal slits,endostyle and post anal tail.endostyle is
present in larvae stage but not in adult lamprey.
A well developed cranium and jaw bone makes them craniates..
Describe and explain how sound travels in each Solids Liquids G.pdf
Describe and explain how sound travels in each: Solids: Liquids: Gas: Outer Space: List an
example for each kind of energy transfer: Thermal to electrical: Electrical to mechanical:
Mechanical to sound: Electrical to light: Define and give an example of each term as it relates
to light: Reflection: Refraction: Absorption: Lens: Define each term as it relates to electricity:
Open circuit: Closed Circuit:
Solution
1) Sound travels in different forms in different medium
Solids:
In solids, sound waves travel as both longitudinal as well as transverse waves. Longitudinal
waves are alternate regions of compressions and rarefractions caused by pressure deviations from
the mean pressure. On the other hand, transverse waves are caused by alternate regions of shear
stress developed perpendicular to the direction of propogation of the sound wave.
Liquids:
In liquids, sound travels through alterante regions of high pressure(compression) and low
pressure(rarefraction). Such type of waves are known as longitudinal waves. The source causing
the sound vibrates, thus compressing and expanding the air in the region near the source. This
gets propogated in space through longitudinal waves.
Gasses:
Like in liquids, sound travels through through longitudinal waves in gasses too.. The source
causing the sound vibrates, thus compressing and expanding the air in the region near the source.
This gets propogated in space through longitudinal waves.
Outer Space:
Sound requires some medium for propogation. Since outer space is devoid of any matter, sound
does not travel in outer space.
2)
Thermal to Electrical: Thermoelectric generators, Thermocouples etc
Electrical to Mechanical: AC Generator
Mechanical to sound: Bells, Percussion Instruments
Electrical to light: Torch light, Light Bulbs
3)
Reflection: The change in direction of light wave on hitting a surface is known as reflection. Eg:
Mirror
Refraction: Bending of light wave as it travels from one medium to another is known as
refration. refraction mainly happens due to difference in the refractive index between to the two
mediums. Eg: Contact lens, lens in microscopes
Absorption: The phenomenon by which light wave could be absorbed by a material when
incident on it is known as absorption. Eg: Absorption of light by chlorophyl for photosynthesis
Lens: lens is an optical device that bends light in a required fassion through refraction. depending
on the requirement and the shape of the lens, it can be used to focus the light beam or disperse.
Eg: Contact lens
4)
Open circuit: An electrical circuit without a complete path between the terminals of the power
source is known as open circuit
Closed circuit: An electrical circuit with atleast one complete path between the terminals of the
power source is known as open circuit.
Contrast apomixis with sexual reproduction in flowering plantsSo.pdf
Contrast apomixis with sexual reproduction in flowering plants
Solution
Answer:
The development of embryo without the ferlization is called apomixis. Embryo is developed by
the fusion of haploid male and female gametes in sexual reproduction.
During apmixis parental combination are only produced but recombinants are not produced.
During sexual reproduction, crossing over in gamete foramation thereby new cobmiantions will
be produced.
Before dawn Josh hurriedly packed some clothes for a job-interview t.pdf
Before dawn Josh hurriedly packed some clothes for a job-interview trip while his roommate was
still sleeping. He reached in his disorganized sock drawer where there were M black socks and
M navy blue socks, although they appeared to be the same color in the dimly lighted room. Josh
grabbed N socks, and with no time to spare, he then raced to the airport to catch his plane.
a. What is the probability that Josh packed at least A black socks so that he will be dressed
appropriately the day of his interview?
b. What is the probability that Josh packed at least B black socks so that he will be dressed
appropriately the latter day of his trip as well?
Solution.
5. A child’s toy oven uses an incandescent light bulb to bake cookie.pdf
5. A child’s toy oven uses an incandescent light bulb to bake cookies or cakes. It resembles a
conventional oven, except that the heating element is simply a 60 W electric light bulb. a. The
light bulb is completely enclosed inside the oven and is barely visible from the outside.
Nonetheless energy enters the empty oven in one form and leaves in another. What are these two
forms? c. Some that is not a child’s toy is Nitinol. What is that, and how is it affected by
temperature that is different from other metals? d. Inside the oven, the light bulb is located just
below the food. What heat transfer mechanism carries most of the heat from the bulb to the food?
e. If the bulb were above the food rather than below it, what heat transfer mechanism would
carry most of the heat from the bulb to the food? It would be mostly radiation. f. The oven’s door
locks when the oven is hot. The lock uses a horizontal bimetallic strip. The lower piece of metal
in the strip expands more when heated than the upper piece of metal. Which way does the strip
curl when the oven is hot? It will curl to U shaped.
Solution
A)Enters as electrical energy of the filament and leaves as electromagnetic radiation
C)It is a nickel- titanium metal alloy with some unique properties. It is also known as Nickel
titanium. This alloy exhibits the superelasticity or pseudoelasticity and the shape memory
properties. It means this unique metal can remember its original shape and shows great elasticity
under stress.
Nitinol alloys exhibit two closely related and unique properties: shape memory effect (SME) and
superelasticity (SE; also calledpseudoelasticity, PE). Shape memory is the ability of nitinol to
undergo deformation at one temperature, then recover its original, undeformed shape upon
heating above its \"transformation temperature\". Superelasticity occurs at a narrow temperature
range just above its transformation temperature; in this case, no heating is necessary to cause the
undeformed shape to recover, and the material exhibits enormous elasticity, some 10-30 times
that of ordinary metal
D)Radiation mostly some convection too .
E)Mostly radiation
F)As noted above, different materials expand differing amounts when heated. As an example,
brass expands nearly twice as much as steel. If you take a straight strip of brass and bond it to a
an strip of steel, you will have what is called a bimetalic strip. When heated, the brass side will
expand more than the steel side, and so the entire strip will curve, with the brass on the outside of
the curve.
8. Upon reviewing former CEO Jeff Swartz’s final blog post, do you a.pdf
8. Upon reviewing former CEO Jeff Swartz’s final blog post, do you agree or disagree with his
finding that the business world has shifted to sustainability
Solution
Yes agree that world is shifting to sustainability
The era of corporations integrating sustainable practices is being surpassed by a new age of
corporations actively transforming the market to make it more sustainable.
Business sustainability has come a long way. From the dawn of the modern environmental
movement and the establishment of environmental regulations in the 1970s, it has become a
strategic concern driven by market forces. Today, more than 90 percent of CEOs state that
sustainability is important to their company’s success, and companies develop sustainability
strategies, market sustainable products and services, create positions such as chief sustainability
officer, and publish sustainability reports for consumers, investors, activists, and the public at
large.
This trend will not abate anytime soon. Surveys show that 88 percent of business school students
think that learning about social and environmental issues in business is a priority, and 67 percent
want to incorporate environmental sustainability into their future jobs. To meet this demand, the
percentage of business schools that require students to take a course dedicated to business and
society increased from 34 percent in 2001 to 79 percent in 2011, and specific academic programs
on business sustainability can now be found in 46 percent of the top 100 US master of business
administration (MBA) programs.
For all this interest, we should expect the world to become more sustainable. But problems such
as climate change, water scarcity, species extinction, and many others continue to worsen.
Sustainable business is reaching the limits of what it can accomplish in its present form. It is
slowing the velocity at which we are approaching a crisis, but we are not changing course.
Instead of tinkering around the edges of the market with new products and services, business
must now transform it. That is the focus of the next phase of business sustainability, and we can
see signs that it is emerging.
The first phase of business sustainability, what we at the University of Michigan’s Erb Institute
call “enterprise integration,” is founded on a model of business responding to market shifts to
increase competitive positioning by integrating sustainability into preexisting business
considerations. By contrast, the next phase of business sustainability, what we call “market
transformation,” is founded on a model of business transforming the market. Instead of waiting
for a market shift to create incentives for sustainable practices, companies are creating those
shifts to enable new forms of business sustainability.
Enterprise integration is geared toward present-day measures of success; market transformation
will help companies create tomorrow’s measures. The first is focused on reducing
unsustainability; the second is focuse.
Write a program that moves the ball in a pane. You should define a pa.pdf
Write a program that moves the ball in a pane. You should define a pane class for displaying the
ball and provide the methods for moving the ball left, right, up. and down, as shown in Figure
Check the boundary to prevent the ball from moving out of sight completely. Exercise uses the
buttons to move the ball.
Solution
public class Exe extends Application
{
public void start(Stage primaryStage) throws Exception
{
double width = 400;
double height = 400;
BallPane ballPane = new BallPane(width / 2,height / 2, Math.min(width,height) / 15);
Button btUp = new Button(\"Up\");
btUp.setOnAction(e -> ballPane.moveUp());
Button btDown = new Button(\"Down\");
btDown.setOnAction(e -> ballPane.moveDown());
Button btLeft = new Button(\"Left\");
btLeft.setOnAction(e -> ballPane.moveLeft());
Button btRight = new Button(\"Right\");
btRight.setOnAction(e -> ballPane.moveRight());
HBox buttons = new HBox(btUp, btDown, btLeft, btRight);
buttons.setAlignment(Pos.BOTTOM_CENTER);
buttons.setSpacing(10);
buttons.setPadding(new Insets(10, 10, 10, 10));
BorderPane pane = new BorderPane();
pane.setCenter(ballPane);
pane.setBottom(buttons);
Scene scene = new Scene(pane, width, height);
primaryStage.setScene(scene);
primaryStage.setTitle(\"Click to move ball\");
primaryStage.show();
}
private class BallPane extends Pane
{
private Circle mCircle;
public BallPane()
{
this(0, 0, 10);
}
public BallPane(double centerX, double centerY, double radius)
{
mCircle = new Circle(centerX, centerY, radius);
getChildren().add(mCircle);
}
public void moveUp()
{
if (mCircle.getCenterY() - mCircle.getRadius() - 10 < 0) return;
mCircle.setCenterY(mCircle.getCenterY() - 10);
}
public void moveDown()
{
if (mCircle.getCenterY() + mCircle.getRadius() + 10 > getHeight()) return;
mCircle.setCenterY(mCircle.getCenterY() + 10);
}
public void moveRight()
{
if (mCircle.getCenterX() + mCircle.getRadius() + 10 > getWidth()) return;
mCircle.setCenterX(mCircle.getCenterX() + 10);
}
public void moveLeft()
{
if (mCircle.getCenterX() - mCircle.getRadius() - 10 < 0) return;
mCircle.setCenterX(mCircle.getCenterX() - 10);
}
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Application.launch(args);
}
}.
1. Answer the following questions about OSI modela.At which layer.pdf
1. Answer the following questions about OSI model:
a.At which layer of the OSI reference model, routers operate?
b. At which level of the OSI model, bits are packaged into frames?
c. List the layers of the OSI model from top to down.
d. Mark those from the following list that operate at the presentation layer?
i.MIDI
ii.FTP
iii.SMTP
iv.TFTP
v.JPEG
e. List the two protocols at the Transport Layer.
f. What is the difference between logical and physical address? Do your research (do not copy
your answer). Which type of address is used in the network layer of the OSI model?
g. Which OSI layer implements IP?
2. Answer the following questions about Router:
a. What is a router?
b. How many types are routers are available to use? Name them.
c. Explain how a router works?
d. How many interfaces can be assigned to a router?
3. Describe the components of address classes A~E of TCP/IP addresses. Also explain
mathematically how many maximum network and hosts per network can be addressed by these
classes.
4. Answer the following questions:
a. what is the difference between IP address and MAC address?
b. What is the difference between IPv4 and IPv6? Why IPv6 was introduced? Show an example
of each and explain how they are represented mathematically.
Solution
1) a) At what level of OSI the routers operates : The routers operates at the third layer of the
model which is Network Control Layer, where a router examines the packets\' data structure and
determine whether to forward or not.
b) At which level of the OSI model, bits are packaged into frames : Bits are packaged into
frames at data link layer, which setups the links accross the physicsl network.
c) Layers of OSI model : The seven layers of OSI are Physical Layer, Data Link Layer, Network
Layer, Transport Layer, Session Layer, Presentation Layer, Application Layer.
Application Layer : At this layer communication partners are identified where we see some one
to talk to.
Presentation Layer : This is basically part of Operation System where incoming and outgoing
data are changed from one format to another.
Session Layer: This layer basically handles session and conversations/communications where
services include authentication and reconnecting service after interruption.
Transport Layer : This layer manages packetiztion of data, delievery of those packets, checking
for error.
Network Layer : This part is responsible for handling addressing and routing of packets.
Data Link Layer : This setup links between physical networks putting packets into frames.
Physical Layer : This layer communicates, conveys bit stream through network.
d) The protocols that work on transport layer are UDP(User DataGram Protocol),
TCP(Transmission Control Protocol)
e) Logical Address : In terms of memory logical address is the location where an item resides
with the perspective of executing program.
Physical Address : Its the actual address or location residing in memory which is defined in
binary form.
g) The Network Layer impleme.
17. Of these, which represents a heterozygote a. aa b. Aa c. .pdf
17. Of these, which represents a heterozygote?
a. aa
b. Aa
c. AA
d. both a. and c.
18. Active transport across a cell membrane is
a. moving a molecule from lower to higher concentration
b. moving a molecule from higher to lower concentration
c. moving a molecule from outside the cell to inside the cell
d. a method by which cells get rid of waste products
19. All of the following are true about the cell membrane except _____.
a. They are mainly composed of lipids and proteins
b. All polar molecules pass freely, directly through the membrane
c. They are selectively permeable.
d. They have a lipid bilayer
20. Which cellular process produces the most ATP?
a. Photosynthesis
b. aerobic respiration
c. meiosis
d. anaerobic respiration
21. A plant can regulate the amount of water in its cells by
a. moving to a more aqueous environment
b. increasing the amount of solute in the cytoplasm
c. reducing its rate of respiration
d. drinking a tall glass of refreshing rain water
22. Eye color is represented by the alleles AaBBCc. This is an example of ______.
a. complete dominant inheritance
b. heterozygote advantage
c. sex-linked inheritance
d. polygenic inheritance
23. During amniocentesis the baby\'s cells are obtained from the ____.
a. fluid around the embryo
b. placenta
c. uterine wall
d. developing embryo
Solution
17.The word \'hetero\' itself means different and zygote means an eukaryotic cell formed by a
fertilization event between two gametes.The answer is (b) as there are two different alleles A and
a.
18.a)moving a molecule from lower to higher concentration.
When the movement of molecules across acell membrane from a region of their lower
concentration to aregion of their higher concentration in the direction against some gradient or
the other obstructing factor this is called active transport.
19.(b)All polar molecules pass freely,directly through the membrane.
The cell membrane allows only selective molecules to pass,which are required to the membrane.
20.(aerobic respiration)
Beccause the majority of ATP is produced in the mitochondria during aerobic respiration.
21.(b)increasing the amount of solute in the cytoplasm
because the stomata opens up and aquire the water and stores it.The amount of water in the cells
get regulated by increasing the amount of solute in the cytoplasm.
22.(d)Polygenic inheritence
As the capital letters are indicated as dominant.Here A has appeared once,B has appeared twice
and C has appeared once ,which becomes a dominant allele as there are less recessive characters.
23.(a)Fluid around the embryo
Which has cell of the baby and help in diagnosing,whether the baby is a male or female by
chromosomal detection..
When a researcher is working with a large set of scale data, whic.pdf
When a researcher is working with a large set of scale data, which measures are we most likely
to see her report?
When a researcher is working with a large set of scale data, which measures are we most likely
to see her report?
Solution
There are four scale of measures
1) Ordinal
2) Nominal
3) Interval
4) Ratio
These are all measures of Qualitative characteristics
We usually use frequency distribution and classify the data in different class
For the measure of central tendency median or mode is most frequently used and we do not use
median which is an average of the given values
The mode, median are allowed to measure central tendency of interval variables, while measures
of statistical dispersion include range and standard deviation. Since one can only divide by
differences, one cannot define measures that require some ratios, such as the coefficient of
variation. More subtly, while one can definemoments about the origin, only central moments are
meaningful, since the choice of origin is arbitrary. One can define standardized moments, since
ratios of differences are meaningful, but one cannot define the coefficient of variation, since the
mean is a moment about the origin, unlike the standard deviation, which is (the square root of) a
central moment..
Which functions of the lymphatic system are not assisted by another s.pdf
Which functions of the lymphatic system are not assisted by another system? Explain.
Solution
The functions of lymphatic system that are not assisted by another system is the transport of
white blood cells containing lymph to all parts of the body.This function is carried out by the
help of lymphatic vessels or ducts that are connected to lymph nodes to filter the lymph.The right
lymphatic duct and the thoracic lymphatic duct together drain lymph to the right side of
neck,head ,arm and to the circulatory system via left subclavian vein..
The symbiotic relationship in which the symbiotic benefits from the r.pdf
The symbiotic relationship in which the symbiotic benefits from the relationship but the host u
neither harmed nor benefited is called: mutualism. parasitism. commensalism. competition.
niche interactivity. Communities of organisms are made up of: populations of different species.
different habitats. two or more populations of the same species. ecosystems. interacting niches.
The primary source of energy for primary production is: high temperatures. sunlight. hydrogen
bonds. glucose. carbohydrates. Chemosynthetic organisms use the energy from ____ to
produce organic molecules. the sun chemical reactions the water other organisms. glucose
The proper order of predator-prey relationships is herbivore-producer-carnivore. carnivore-
producer-herbivore. herbivore-carnivore-producer. producer-herbivore-carnivore. carnivore-
herbivore-producer. With each change in trophic level we can expect a _____ % transfer of
biomass. 5 10 25 50 20 When nutrients are limited, they do all the following except: reduce
metabolism. decrease growth rates. a fleet growth form. immobilize an organism. cause algal
blooms.
Solution
1. Mutualism: It is a way two organisms of different species exist in a relationship in which each
indiviual benefits from the activity of other.
Parasitism: It is a non-mutual relationship between species, where one species, the parasite,
benefits at the expense of other, the host.
Commensalism: is relationship between indiviuals of two species, in which one species obtains
food or other benefits form the other without either harming or benefitting the latter.
Compettion: Competition is an interaction between organisms in which both the species are
harmed.
The correct answer is Option C.
2. A community of organisms is made up of populations of different species that interact with
each other in some way. Option A is the correct answer.
3. The primary source of energy for the primary production in plants is sunlight. Sunlight is
trapped in the leaves of the plants and is used to synthesize glucose. The correct answer is B..
What are brain ventricles. and what functions have been ascribed to t.pdf
What are brain ventricles. and what functions have been ascribed to them over the ages? What
experiment did Bell perform to show that the nerves of the body contain a mixture of sensory
and motor fibres? What did Flourens\' experiments suggest were the functions of the cerebrum
and the cerebellums? What is the meaning of the term animal model? A region of the cerebrum
is now called Broca\'s area. What function do you think this region performs, and why? What
are the different levels of analysis in neuroseience research? What questions do research- ers ask
at each level? What are the steps in the scientific process? Describe each one. Allman JM.
1999. Evolving Brains, New York: Scientific American Library. Clarke E, O\'Malley C. 1968.
The Human Brain and Spinal Cord, 2nd ed. Los Angeles: University of California Press. Corsi
P, ed. 1991. The Enchanted Loom. New York: Oxford University Press. Crick F. 1994. The
Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific Search for the Soul. New York: Macmillan Finger S.
1994. Origins of Neuroscience. New York: Oxford University Press. Glickstein M. 2014.
Neuroscience: A Historical introduction. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Solution
Ques-1: What are brain ventricles, and what functions have been ascribed to them over the ages?
Answer:
Brain ventricles: these are the cerebrospinal fluid filled spaces mainly present within the brain
useful to protect brain from shocks. Over the ages mainly from Anno domino 130 to 200,
scientist and Greek physician, Galen have illustrated about these hollow and fluid filled spaces.
According to him, brain ventricles are going to function for a balance of cerebrospinal fluids and
sensation and humors associated with movements are mediated by these brain ventricles within
the brain through cranial nerves. According to Galen, these ventricles are mainly involved in
registering sensations and perceptions finally to promote motor activity through limb
movements. French scientists have illustrated that these ventricles are mainly enabled fluid-
mechanical theory of brain function to mediate limb movements via muscle activity..
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220711130083 SUBHASHREE RAKSHIT Internet resources for social science
220711130100 udita Chakraborty Aims and objectives of national policy on inf...
220711130100 udita Chakraborty Aims and objectives of national policy on inf...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ ÔN TẬP VÀ PHÁT TRIỂN CÂU HỎI TRONG ĐỀ MINH HỌA THI TỐT NGHIỆP THPT ...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ ÔN TẬP VÀ PHÁT TRIỂN CÂU HỎI TRONG ĐỀ MINH HỌA THI TỐT NGHIỆP THPT ...
This is from an advance genetic class Conservationists are concerned.pdf
- 1. This is from an advance genetic class Conservationists are concerned for the fate of the endangered Amur leopard. Recent surveys of their native habitat show that there are 110 leopards left in the wild. However, 75 of these are males and 35 of these arc females. What is the effective population size for Amur leopards? Why is this a concern? Before World War II the frequency of individuals with attached earlobes (an autosomal recessive, selectively neutral trait) was estimated to be 64%. Radiation following the bombing of Japan was thought to raise the mutation rate by 10 fold. Suppose the mutation rates for earlobe attachment was raised to: A rightarrow a = 10^-4 and a rightarrow A = 10^-7. What would the frequency of the A and a alleles be in the generation born after World war II? Assuming these mutation rates remained constant, and individuals continued not to select their mates based on earlobe appearance, what will be the new equilibrium frequency of the two alleles in the population? Ninety rats live on a island, and the frequency of a recessive coat color allele in this population is 0.8. Ten rats from the mainland arc inadvertently brought to the island by a ferry boat. The frequency of the coat color allele in the mainland rat population is .20. After migration, what is the frequency of the coat color allele in the new rat population on the island? Solution 1:- Answer Effective population size is given by Ne= Nf Nm/ Nf + Nm Nm:- No. Of breeding males Nf :- No. Of breeding females Ne :- 75 x 35/ 75 + 35 = 2625/110 = 23.86 Since effective pop. Size the no. Of breeding individuals that contribute offsprings to next generation lower values means pop. Can go extinct if lower individuals breed.