ice parts identification

1. Roger C. Montepio
Engine-Review
Convert fuel chemical energy into mechanical
power
Combustion of the fuel causes one or more
reciprocating pistons, to turn a crankshaft
Transmission of power:
Crankshaft via
flywheel
Connecting
rod
Piston Output shaft
Desired load

2. Roger C. Montepio
Piston and Crankshaft
Reciprocating motion
to rotary motion

3. Roger C. Montepio
What happen inside the Piston?

4. Roger C. Montepio
Engine Framework
Serves as an enclosure
Support all the component parts of the engine
mechanisms and systems
Formed by a number of components that are
rigidly held together

5. Roger C. Montepio
Principal Engine parts?
1. Cylinder/cylinder
block
2. Cylinder head
3. Piston
4. Piston rings
5. Piston pin
6. Connecting rod
7. Crankshaft
8. Flywheel
9. Valve system
10. Fuel supply and
carburetion system
11. Ignition System
12. Cooling system
13. Lubrication System
14. Governing System
Components of
engine framework

6. Roger C. Montepio

7. Roger C. Montepio
Cutaway drawing
of a 2.2Li
displacement 4-
cycle spark
ignition engine
-Bore=87.5mm
-stroke=92mm
-compression ratio
= 8.9
-Power max=
65kW
-5000rev/min

8. Roger C. Montepio
Cylinder block
Cylinder block and
crankcase – the
main structural
unit
- monoblock
construction

9. Roger C. Montepio
Cylinder block and crankcase
of a tractor
Liquid-cooled In-line
type engine

10. Roger C. Montepio
Liquid-cooled V- type engine
Cylinder block and crankcase
of a tractor

11. Roger C. Montepio
Air-cooled type engine
Cylinder block and crankcase
of a tractor

12. Roger C. Montepio
Components of engine block
- divides into two major compartment
(cylinder block the upper half and crankcase the
lower half
-cylinder block specific component
1. Surface
2. Tappet inspection window
3. Tappet guide
4. Push rod hole, cylinder bore
5. Crankcase, camshaft recess, oil pump
recess, water pump recess
6. Main journal cap

13. Roger C. Montepio
Function:
- provide the space in which the piston
operates
- hollow spaces in the block provide for
the circulation of the cooling medium
- houses the cylinder liners
Cylinder block

14. Roger C. Montepio
Cylinder liners
Removable cylinders - Cylinder liners or sleeves can be
classified as:
Dry type – serves as the inner lining and cylinder
wearing surface
- usually much thinner and easier to replace
Wet type- serves as the entire cylinder wall and
comes into direct contact with the coolant

15. Roger C. Montepio

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Cylinder head
Its function is to cover the upper end of the
cylinder
Is a part where the valves and rocker arms
may be housed
Contains the pocket or space above the
cylinder and piston called combustion chamber

17. Roger C. Montepio
Component parts?
1. Surface – plane surface that presses the gasket against the
surface of the block for purpose of sealing
2. Combustion space – part of cylinder head surface directly
over the piston surface
3. Pre-combustion chamber – part where the fuel is first
injected and burned
4. Valve guide – drilled hole above the valve ports where the
valve stem is inserted
5. Valve cage – removable parts of cylinder head during/when
servicing

18. Roger C. Montepio
Component parts?
6. Water jacket – water compartment surrounding the cylinder
for cooling water to be stored
7. Push rod hole - hole at the cylinder head or block where the
push rod is inserted
8. Stud bolt hole
9. Oil hole
10. Nozzle hole and heater
11. Water pump mounting recess
12. Valve ports
13. Water outlet spout recess, water hole
14. Water jacket expansion plug

19. Roger C. Montepio
Crankcase and oil pan
Crankcase – part of the engine w/c supports and
encloses the crankshaft and camshaft
- serve as mounting for such accessories as oil
pump, oil filter, generator, starter motor and ignition
part
Oil pan – the lower part of the crankcase
- serve as reservoir for the lubricating oil
- components are base, baffle plate, drain plug
and depth stick guide

20. Roger C. Montepio
Piston
part of both the 2-
stroke and 4-stroke
engines that receives
the energy from the
combustion
transmit power to the
crankshaft

21. Roger C. Montepio
Piston
Piston moves (acceleration) from TDC to BDC
or vise versa at 50mph (80kph) at the
midpoint from stop, then decelerate to stop
again
Piston head subjected to pressure in excess
of 1000psi (6895 kPa)
Piston head is subjected to temperatures
well over 600˚F (316˚C)

22. Roger C. Montepio
Piston
 Construction materials-weight is the
primary consideration in designing
a. gray cast iron – used in heavy duty engines and low
speed, more wear resistant
b. Cast steel – used in heavy duty engines and low
speed
c. Aluminum alloy- suitable for high operating speed,
best material for piston construction
- disadvantage: high coefficient of expansion,

23. Roger C. Montepio
Piston
 Piston- has built-in
features to help them control
expansion
a. Piston crown – is machined
to a diameter approx. 0.03-
0.04 in (0.762-1.106mm)
smaller than skirt area
b. skirt area – has slot cut up
on the side

24. Roger C. Montepio
Piston
c. Skirt area has T-slot, an
additional horizontal slot to
retard heat transfer
d. Piston aluminum has steel
braces cast into the piston

25. Roger C. Montepio
Types of Piston
1. Trunk or standard – (strut, skirt, plain)
2. Crosshead -

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Types of standard
Strut-type aluminum alloy – has struts
embed made of steel or invar to control
piston expansion and strengthen the piston
Split skirt aluminum alloy
- the purpose of piston skirt is to keep the
piston from rocking in the cylinder
Plain cast iron

27. Roger C. Montepio
Purpose of partial skirt
Lightens the piston
Reduces the contact area with the cylinder wall
Allows the piston to be brought down closer to
crankshaft

28. Roger C. Montepio
Piston structure
Ways of making piston strong
and lighter:
a. Piston heads are made
as thin, to keep strong,
additional ribs are cast
into underside
b. Piston pin is reinforced
called pin bossing

29. Roger C. Montepio
Treatment applied to the piston to
add strength and more wear
resistant
Piston is coated with tin w/c will work into the
cylinder wall
Piston is anodized to produce harder outside
surface… making the metal surface to aluminum
oxide

30. Roger C. Montepio
Terminologies
Anodizing – is the process that produces a
coating on the surface by electrolysis
Piston clearance – is the space between the
piston wall and cylinder wall (0.0005 inch when cold)
-aluminum alloy requires about twice as much clearance as cast
iron
-Too much clearance will cause loss of compression, oil pumping,
and piston slap
-Too little clearance will cause piston to stick when hot

31. Roger C. Montepio
Piston Rings
What is its functions?
 To retain compression, or provide seal
Reduce the cylinder wall and piston wall contact area
Control of the oil and cylinder lubrication, or prevent
lubricating oil from bypassing the piston
Control of transmission of heat away from the piston
and the cylinder wall or provide solid bridge to conduct
heat from the piston to the cylinder wall
One-third of the heat absorbed by the piston passes to
the cylinder wall through piston rings
Ring-like part inserted around the groove of piston

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Classed of piston rings
Compression ring – usually plain
one-piece ring
- always placed in the grooves
nearest the piston head
Oil ring – grooved or slotted
- Located either in the lowest
groove above piston pin or in a
groove near the piston skirt

34. Roger C. Montepio
Types of Compression ring?

35. Roger C. Montepio
Purpose of Compression ring?

36. Roger C. Montepio
Purpose of Compression ring?

37. Roger C. Montepio
Purpose of Compression ring?

38. Roger C. Montepio
Configuration of Piston rings
Number of rings varies from 3 to 5
Ordinary engines have 3 rings per piston
Diesel engines have 5 rings per piston

39. Roger C. Montepio
Purpose of 2nd compression ring?
To hold back any blow by
that may have occurred at the
top ring
Assembled in 60 degrees
offset

40. Roger C. Montepio
Configuration and operation of oil rings
1. Channelled 2. flexiflex

41. Roger C. Montepio
Inner rings or expander – special, flexible,
spring-steel bands placed in the ring grooves
under regular rings – purpose of creating better
contact between ring and wall
Piston ring clearance – space at the joint of
the ring

42. Roger C. Montepio
Piston ring End clearance
Cylinder diameter
(inch)
End Clearance
(inch)
1-1 31/32
2-2 31/32
3-3 31/32
4-4 31/32
5-6 31/32
7-8
0.005-0.013
0.007-0.017
0.010-0.020
0.013-0.025
0.017-0.032
0.023-0.040

43. Roger C. Montepio
Piston pin
Made of casehardened alloy steel
Function is to join the connecting rod to the
piston
Kept the piston from axial movement by
internal spring lock ring or circlips
Lubricated by splash from crankcase or by
pressure

44. Roger C. Montepio
Methods of anchoring
Piston pin
The pin is clamp to the connecting rod by means
of a clamp screw or setscrew
The pin is anchored to the piston by means of
setscrew and the bearing is in the connecting rod
The pin is allowed to float and is held in place by
means of snap rings at each end of the pin

45. Roger C. Montepio
Connecting rod
Made of drop-forged steel
Rod like part of the engine that connects the
piston with the crankshaft
Type are:
conventional type – one having a halve cap for
crankshaft crankpin
crosshead type – design to minimize eccentricity of
the crankshaft, usually used in diesel engine

46. Roger C. Montepio
Parts of connecting rod (I-
beam type)
1.Wrist pin boss
2.Bushing
3.Body
4.Oil hole
5.Cap bolt
6.Cap

47. Roger C. Montepio

48. Roger C. Montepio
Crankshaft
Made of drop-forged steel
The main turning part of the engine having the
eccentric arm
The connecting rod is attached
Takes or receive the downward thrust of the piston
and connecting rod when air-fuel is burned

49. Roger C. Montepio
In-line engine type

50. Roger C. Montepio
Flywheel – absorb the violent thrust of power stroke
and then release the energy back to the crankshaft
- provide additional power to the engine to run
smoothly and helps overcome increased load
- Contributes uniform rotation of crankshaft
Lubrication system – provides a constant supply
of oil to the engine
- to lubricate and cool the moving parts
Engine Accessory System

51. Roger C. Montepio
Engine Accessory System
Fuel system – supplies the engine
with the properly proportioned
fuel and air mixture
-regulates the amount of the
mixture supplied to the engine to
control engine speed and power
output

52. Roger C. Montepio
Ignition system – ignites the fuel and air
mixture in the combustion chamber at the
precise moment needed
Cooling system – removes the excess heat
from the engine, generated by combustion
Engine Accessory System