Trauma And Trauma

Trauma And Trauma
Trauma can shake an individual or academic system to its very core, and school psychologists have
a unique opportunity to mitigate many of trauma's negative effects through education, prevention,
and advocacy. The personal and professional role they play in providing services can help foster
individual and community resiliency, while furthering the psychological field to develop effective
intervention frameworks. The National Childhood Survey of Children's Heath Survey (NCSCHS)
reported 40,992 youth had at least one adverse childhood experience. The survey classified an
adverse childhood experience as socioeconomic hardship, divorce/separation of parent, death of
parent, parent served time in jail, witness to domestic violence, victim of neighborhood ... Show
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McConnico et al (2016) stress the need for reflective practice for professionals to prevent secondary
trauma and burnout. They describe it as "the need to be honest and authentic about the thought,
beliefs, and assumptions that influence practice and the relationships they have with their children
and families." Aucott and Soni (2016) reported there was an increase of anxiety and depressive
symptoms by staff who participated in a Critical Incident Stress debriefing after a traumatic incident
in their school. Further research on this topic can include ways to implement mindfulness, identify
burnout warning signs, and study the longer–term impacts on school staff after a traumatic incident
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The Effects Of Psychological Trauma On Women 's Childhood...
Quantitative Article Review
The Purpose of the Study.
According to the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study by the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC, 2014), over 60% of insured adults in the U.S. had experienced childhood
trauma, with 16% admitting to multiple types of abuse. This number can be even higher if the study
sample included uninsured individuals, especially those who were in the high–risk, low
socioeconomic status, and underrepresented population. Child abuse and neglect can cause both
short–term and long–term effects, such as improper brain development, impaired cognitive and
socio–emotional skills, lower language development, and high risk for chronic diseases, anxiety, and
substance abuse (CDC, 2016). Given this information, the purpose of the study by Grabbe, Ball and
Hall (2016) is to explore the severity of psychological trauma in women who were abused as a child
(Grabbe, Ball, & Hall, 2016). The goal is to gain an understanding of what happened during the
women's childhood that may have prevented them from further abuse (Grabbe, et al., 2016).
Consequently, using that information to conceptualize interventions for prevention and treatment of
childhood and adolescent abuse (Grabbe, et al., 2016).
Design, sampling techniques and data collection. Was data collection clearly described and justified?
The main objective as stated within the article was "to explore trauma survivors' perspectives on
what had happened to

Ego Resilience As A Protective Factor
Ego–Resilience as a Protective Factor Between
Childhood Trauma & Psychopathology
Jace Pincock
University of Utah
Introduction Clinical research reveals that psychological trauma during childhood increases the
likelihood of developing psychological or functional disorders in adulthood. However, a significant
percentages of adults with a history of trauma remain psychologically healthy. These individuals
have been described as resilient. Resilience is the ability of human beings to persevere, rebound and
even flourish after experiencing traumatic events (Bonnano, 2004)
Although there has been an increase in resilience research, the psychological processes involved are
still debated. An important issue is whether resilience develops as a consequence of trauma
(resilience as an outcome) or if resilience is a relatively common characteristic of many people that
can emerge with or without traumatic experiences (resilience as a trait or ego–resiliency). In this
study, Dr. Phillipe proposed an integration of these two perspectives by showing that ego–resiliency
can play an important protective role in the relationship between childhood trauma and the
development of psychopathology.
A total of 118 outpatients at a psychology clinic completed questionnaires measuring their level of
childhood trauma, ego–resiliency, anxiety, depression, and self–harm behaviors. Results revealed
that ego–resiliency was a significant mediator of the relationship between childhood trauma

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Essay
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has been the focus of considerable attention, and some
controversy, since it was formally recognised in 1980 by the American Psychiatric Association. This
essay will discuss the history of this relatively new diagnosis and its place within the DSM–IV–TR,
whilst three perspectives of pathological reaction to trauma, namely, socio–cultural, psychological
and biological factors will also be compared. In conclusion this essay will discuss how the three
perspectives contrast and contribute to our understanding of PTSD. PTSD is a common anxiety
disorder in Australia with a twelve month prevalence of 3.3% (McLennan 1997, p.18), and in its
more serious forms, it is a chronic and disabling psychiatric disorder ... Show more content on
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174). Untreated, PTSD symptoms can last a lifetime, impairing health, damaging relationships and
preventing people achieving their potential. However, prospects for recovery are good when treated
correctly (Kinchin 2005, p. 199). According to Foa (2008, p.26), PTSD is seen to be a 'multi–faceted
disorder' that poses a number of significant notional and practical challenges with regard to
achieving an accurate assessment. Several strategies may be adopted by primary health care
providers to assist patients with both acute and chronic forms of PTSD and various scales exist to
measure severity and frequency of PTSD symptoms. Because not every traumatised person develops
PTSD, researchers are still trying to understand what causes, and increases, the risk of developing
PTSD. So far, most of our knowledge of PTSD comes from war survivors, people who lived through
concentration camps, and victims of combat from WWII, Korean and Vietnam wars (Bootzin &
Ross 1988, p.176). Based on research to date it is believed that PTSD is caused by a combination of
several factors including social, biological and psychological and each help contribute to our
understanding of the disorder. Socio–cultural FactorsAccording to Parson (1994, p.158) race, sex,
ethnicity and

African American Psychological Trauma Essay
Psychological trauma is described as a type of damage to the mind that occurs as a result of a
brutally distressing event. Trauma is usually the result of an overwhelming amount of stress that
surpasses one's ability to cope. However, trauma will vary between individuals, in accordance to
their experiences. Not everyone who experiences a traumatic event will become traumatized, people
tend to react to situations differently. However, it is common to experience posttraumatic stress
disorder (PTSD) after being exposed to a traumatic event. Some examples of traumatic events
include: property loss, death of a loved one, witness of violence, sexual assault, captivity, and motor
accidents. Psychological traumatic experiences often include physical ... Show more content on
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Racism and discrimination are the leading and growing factors of psychological trauma amongst
African Americans. As stated in the article, Racism's Psychological Toll, by Jenna Wortham, "Race–
based stress reactions can be triggered by events that are experienced indirectly, or externally, like
social media or national news events." I agree that this is exceptionally true because, being a
member of the black community, I often am scared for my brother's safety when he goes out. In the
media, we often are shown images of police brutality and the mistreatment of black men. Due to the
police shootings of black men, African Americans tend to experience racial trauma. African
Americans experience racial trauma when they are witnessing harm and injury to other African
Americans because of racism. Repeatedly witnessing African Americans suffering on television
news is painful, and for some triggers very strong emotion. This emotion leads to stress, depression,
and anger. This is how most riots and protests come about. People are tired of being constantly
mistreated and want to see change. These acts of terrorism tend to trigger strong emotional reactions
to the public view. Which is why African Americans being so angered. In today's society, most
physical altercations or police brutality is between police and an African American male. They are
killing black men carelessly and they don't think twice about their actions because they know they
won't face any

The Effects of Psychological Trauma on Family Essay
Psychological Trauma can alter, destroy and create a lot of bad impacts in a person's life. The main
definition of psychological trauma is the results of unique individual experience of an unusually
event that invaded a person's sense of security and safety, making he or she feels helpless and at risk
of dangerous situation, and the ability to assimilate his or her emotional experience is overwhelmed
at certain situation. (Lawrence Robinson, 2011) A much more serious psychological trauma can
leads to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PSTD) in certain circumstance. Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder (PSTD) is an anxiety disorder that certain peoples can change after seeing or living
through a dangerous incident or after expose to any event that ... Show more content on
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The first category of the factor that causes psychological trauma is the dissimilarity between single
blow and repeated trauma. A single blow trauma carries the meanings of one–time events that
creates a deep impression on an individual under shocking circumstance and then processed become
retain detailed memories that stays in mind for a long time in life. These memories are remaining
vivid even though that person tries to forget it. The event can be natural disasters such as tsunami,
earthquakes, hurricane and etc., technological disaster such as Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster,
the sinking of titanic, the Exxon Valdez oil spill, and car accidents, and also criminal cases such as
rape, kidnap, and robbery, and so on so forth. (Ten Top Technological Disasters, n.d.) A pretty
simple example for single blow will be, Yamashita, a citizen in Japan who stayed several years in
Fukushima Japan, and so due to serious damage on the nuclear plant from 9.0 earthquakes followed
by tsunami that hit Japan on 11th march 2011 (United Nation Scientific Committee on the Effects of
Atomic Radiation, 2002–2012), he decided to migrate to others country for health reason because
this natural disaster adds on with technological disasters creates a very deep and impression in his
mind that certainly produced trauma. Hence, a single event can causes serious mental destructions
on an individual that can be continued over many years of life regarding of the

Psychological Trauma Case Study
Care Plan Evaluation
Milestone One: Outline of Case Analysis – Needs
A. Assess the impact of physical trauma on the children and family.
The family of Anamalia has undergone both physical and psychological trauma as can be seen in the
case study. Eloni and Kolomalu have both faced physical trauma. The short–term effects include the
injuries that Kolomalu may get from the physical abuse of Eloni as well as injuries that Eloni faced
from his stepfather's abuse. The long–term effects of physical trauma, according to Brand et al.
(2017), may include drug and substance use as can be seen in the case of Eloni. On the other hand,
anger outbursts and detaching emotions from actions and thoughts may also be experienced. In the
case of Eloni, he already ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The risk of exposure connects to Eloni's access to drugs and weapons which assist him in the
behavior he has portrayed. However, the resiliency factors include the availability of the human
services department which has placed him under custody. On the other hand, Anamalia's academic
qualifications present a high chance of getting employment. The employability or ability of a
caretaker to provide relate to the caretaker's ability to safeguard children from abuse and trauma
(Stewart et al., 2015). This resiliency factor relates to Anamalia alone due to her

Psychological Trauma Case Study
The plight has been ignored, and this is detrimental to their normal lives. Some of them have
families, and they cannot adequately concentrate on their normal lives because of the trauma. The
first responders are open to constant scenarios involving intense stress, and therefore, most of them
suffer emotional and mental stress. The overall effect is that if the problem is left unattended to they
eventually suffer from psychological trauma. Psychological trauma impairs the capacity of the
responders to function in the society and handles the future emergency situations correctly.
Therefore, it is imperative that the first responders are accorded the proper techniques to mitigate the
effects of the trauma they encounter in their services. Therefore,

Psychological Trauma In Edwidge Danticat's Breath, Eyes...
Trauma in Breath, Eyes Memory Psychological trauma is one way a distressing event can affect
someone, and can lead to long–term post–traumatic stress disorders. The novel Breath, Eyes,
Memory by Edwidge Danticat follows the life of a young girl, Sophie, who leaves her home in Haiti
to live with her mother in New York. Her mother, Martine, is a survivor of rape and "testing", a
method used by mothers to determine whether their daughters are still virgins. Sophie is "tested" by
Martine during her teenage years, and is also subject to emotional abuse by her. Throughout the
novel, both Martine and Sophie's struggles are depicted as they contend with their burdens. Danticat
uses characterization and plot structure to illustrate the significant, ... Show more content on
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Through her use of plot, Danticat shows how deeply and strongly trauma can affect a person. One
way the plot supports this theme is through conflict. After a while of living with Sophie, Martine
begins to suspect her of having a boyfriend. She then begins to "test" Sophie, as well as emotionally
neglecting her. This affects Sophie deeply, enough to drive her to a drastic act of self–harm: she
breaks her own hymen with a pestle. Sophie describes the deed: "My flesh ripped apart as I pressed
the pestle into it. I could see the blood dripping down onto the bed sheet. I took the pestle and
bloody sheet and stuffed them into a bag. It was gone, the veil that always held my mother's finger
back every time she tested me"(88). This illustrates the lengths Sophie would go to in order to
escape her mother's abuse, as well as the strength of her resolve. She completed her act with the
resolution of carrying a scar forever. From this quote, it can be inferred that Sophie felt so cornered
she felt injuring herself was her only way out. As the book progresses, Sophie must face her own
feelings about her mother, who has sexually and emotionally abused her. Her conflict is focused on
her struggle to figuring out how to interact with her mother,

Psychological Trauma Essay
The term "Psychological trauma" refers to damage wrought from a traumatic event, which that
damages one's ability to cope with stressors. "Trauma" is commonly defined as an exposure to a
situation in which a person is confronted with an event that involves actual or threatened death or
serious injury, or a threat to self or others' physical well–being (American Psychiatric Association,
2000). Specific types of client trauma frequently encountered by which therapists and other mental
health workers frequently encounter in a clinical setting include sexual abuse, physical , or sexual
assault, natural disasters such as earthquakes or tsunamis, domestic violence, and school or/and
work related violence (James & Gilliland, 2001). Traumatic ... Show more content on
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Van der Kolk (1987) notes that human responses to trauma are relatively constant across various
types of traumatic stimuli, where individuals have poor tolerance to arousal stimuli and may
experience social and emotional withdrawal. These changes in the body's arousal and perception
prevent the continuance of "normal" life, and require help. Traumatic events also produce profound
and lasting changes in physiological arousal, emotion, cognition, and memory. Moreover, traumatic
events may result in the severance of these normally integrated functions from one another.
Traumatized individuals may also suffer from the memories of the tragic or horrifying experiences
they have undergone. Frequently, as a result of these many symptoms, it becomes inevitable for the
individual to develop certain complications associated with trauma–related disorders, such as
posttraumatic stress disorder. Herman (1992) categorizes the symptoms of post–traumatic stress
disorder into three major categories: hyperarousal, intrusion, and constriction. She describes
hyperarousal as the "persistent expectation of danger," intrusion as the "indelible imprint of the
traumatic moment," and constriction as the "numbing response of surrender" (Herman, 1992, p. 35).
There is, however, evidence that suggests that

Collective Trauma Among African Americans
Collective Trauma among African Americans The study of psychology refers to collective trauma as
the effect experienced by many people in the aftermath of a tragedy or event. The pain of collective
traumatic disorders is common among soldiers who experienced military combat, but has the
potential to affect an entire community. Although, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) can alter
relationships with the family and the community, future generations will not have to endure combat
directly to experience collective trauma. Many Veterans suffering from PTSD might shy away from
others due to stigmas associated with the diagnosis. Some might have difficulty concentrating, or
have guilty feelings, cannot find work, feel helpless, fearful, or have a loss of interest in usual
activities. All ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A significant investigation into the field of trauma is whether those affected experience and responds
to trauma in ways as other diverse groups of individuals. Biological, psychological or sociocultural
factors are causes in the differences in the response to trauma, and are additional shields against the
development of PTSD (Ruglass, & Tackett, 2016). It has often been realized that there are
limitations when grouping individuals according to race, ethnicity or culture. When referring to race,
biological or physical characteristics are used to classify groups of people based on (e.g. Caucasian
or African American, etc.). Identifying one with a particular group based on culture and heritage
corresponds to their ethnicity. Racial or ethnicity minority group members typically experience a
significant amount of racism, prejudice and discrimination, due to their minority status. Although
racial and ethnic minority groups comprise about thirty seven percent of the United States citizens,
Ruglass & Tackett (2016) assert that there is little research in trauma on these

Psychological Trauma In Children
Psychological trauma in children is defined as the mental result of one or more external situations
which causes temporary helplessness beyond a person's ordinary coping skills (Ogawa, 2004). One
of the most disturbing and devastating trauma in society is the abuse and neglect of children. Many
abused children suffer from emotional and behavioural difficulties, which often require
psychotherapy (James & Mennen, 2001). Abused children describe trauma pain as overwhelming
feelings of anxiety, sadness, emptiness, loneliness, dirty and cheap. As such trauma pain is
extremely unpleasant, and most abused and deprived children employ defense mechanisms to deny
and repress the trauma. The four most common defense methods used by traumatized children ...
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When Klein was unable to interpret what Ann was trying to convey, she would become violent. Ann
threw toys around the room and at screamed, "You haven't yet seen what's the matter, what
happened to me!" (p.209). Ann behaved in such a way that it became impossible for Klein to think
or speak. When Klein finally understood, her interpretation came too late. By that stage Ann was
shouting and singing so she could not hear Klein. In rage against Klein, Ann trashed the therapy
room and expressed that she did not care about anything, her feelings or anything else (Spillius,
1988,

Psychological Effects Of Trauma
Trauma is when an individual experiences an extremely stressful event that leaves a helpless and
emotionally out of control feeling. Trauma can alter an individual's behavior, this can leave an
individual unable to trust others, disconnected, and feeling numb. Trauma resort from multiple
sources such as sexual, physical, or verbal abuse, neglect, bulling, serious illness and separation
from parent. Trauma can leave an individual to struggle with unstable emotions, memory loss, and
anxiety for a large part of their lives.
The impact of traumatic events can alter the developmental and function of the brain. When
experienced a traumatic event, it can affect an individual mentally and physically. "Individuals in
chronically abusive relationships, of any type of abuse have shown to experience complex
symptomatology above and beyond that of individuals experiencing one–incident traumatic events.
However, some researchers have found that psychological abuse, which would qualify for PTSD
diagnosis only if physical integrity was also threatened, is as s stronger predictor than physical abuse
of trauma symptoms" ( Orzeck & Chin, 2010). Traumatic events such as physical abuse cause
development in majority of women can cause not only cause temporary or permanent damage but
also psychological damage. After a traumatic event an individual can find oneself having difficulty
connecting and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Disconnection creates an isolation state for a decrease in happiness and a higher rate to fall into
depression. Spiritual development can counter the effects of trauma for an inner belief system to
give purpose and meaning in life, and to envision a betterment of the world. Spiritual development
strengthens an individual when going through crisis or traumatic event to overcome situation and
find a positive direction in

Psychological Trauma And Behavior Of The Cold Blood By...
Psychological Trauma and Behavior
"In 1990, a landmark case went to trial in Redwood City, California. The defendant, George
Franklin, Sr., 51 years old, stood trial for a murder that had occurred more than 20 years earlier. The
victim, 8–year–old (Susan Kay Nason, was murdered on September 22, 1969). Franklin 's daughter,
Eileen, only 8 years old herself at the time of the murder, provided the major evidence against her
father. What was unusual about the case is that Eileen 's memory of witnessing the murder had been
repressed for more than 20 years (The Reality)." After psychological trauma, repressed memories
can occur. Psychological trauma is the individual experience in which an event occurs that causes an
individual to be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also stemming from trauma is Depression. Many symptoms related with this illness cause
behavioral changes. Changes with appetite and sleep can be prominent. Other symptoms include
angry outbursts, trouble concentrating, and lack of interest. Angry outbursts for example can majorly
affect someone's behavior through inciting irritability over even the smallest matters (Depression).
Borderline Personality Disorder symptoms include repeated efforts to avoid family and friend
abandonment, relationships that quickly and repeatedly move from one extreme to the other,
impulsive and dangerous behaviors, and extreme unmanageable anger. BPD usually results from
trauma such as physical or sexual abuse and neglect. Overall, psychological trauma can result in
mental illnesses that affect behavior.
Similar to mental illnesses, psychopathic tendencies can be another result of psychological trauma.
There are criteria such as the inability to feel guilt, lack of empathy, antisocial behavior, and being
unable to learn from experience. Psychopaths normally display charismatic and manipulative
behavior in order to get what they want (Childhood). Rachael S. Fullam, Shane McKie, and Mairead
C. Dolan researched psychopathic traits and found the following, "Mean response times were
greater for the lie than truth condition. Lie responses resulted in enhanced activation of the
ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. The PPI

The Role Of Trauma, Development And Spirituality In Young...
Running Head: Trauma, Development, Spirituality
Trauma, Development and Spirituality in Young Children By Pamela Anne Washington Liberty
University Online Running Head: Trauma, Development, Spirituality 2
Introduction
The figures are very disheartening. According to Feldman (2014), at least five children are killed by
their caretakers or parents daily. About 140,000 children experience physical abuse every year.
Furthermore about 3 million children are either abused or neglected in the United States on a yearly
basis (Feldman, 2014). Trauma is a term which is used to describe a drastic mental or physical
experience in a person's life which damages the normal emotional, and physical, attribute of the
IWM. When children or youth experience trauma it impairs "his/her" emotional and physical well–
being (National Center Brief). The common types of trauma which affect children greatly are
community or domestic violence, neglect, medical attention, and physical or ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
It can happen in any household regardless of SES status of the parents. It is more prevalent among
families who are living under stressful conditions such as lower SES status, single parents and more
than normal marital conflicts. Stepfathers are more than likely to abuse their step–children when
compared to the natural father (Feldman, 2014). Child abuse is more than likely to take place when
there is marital conflict between the spouses (Osofsky, 2003; Evans, 2004; Ezzo, 2004; & Young,
2012) (Feldman, 2014). Hence, any type of trauma which comes from external or internal forces can
cause tremendous changes in neural development (Psychological

Does Psychological Trauma Change People's Behavior?
"It's not who you are underneath, but what you do that defines you" (Knapp). This quote originates
from the Batman movies, where Bruce Wayne (Batman) experienced the trauma of his parents being
killed in front of him, resulting in Bruce dedicating his life to fighting crime. Despite this being an
over dramatized story, it brings up an important idea. All people are evaluated by others based on
their actions, so how does psychological trauma change people's behavior? Psychological trauma
occurs when an individual's ability to comprehend their emotional experience is overwhelmed as a
result from a severe threat to their sanity, life, or health (Giller). This has clear effects on the brain,
which means it also has a profound effect on people's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As those affected by trauma attempt to move on, the events of the past can haunt them and skewer
their judgement. Capote shows this occurring by including Perry's medical examination from Dr.
Jones. Jones says that, "'[Perry's] childhood... was marked by brutality... the subject shows mild
early signs of a disorder in his thought processes'"(Capote 296–297). From analyzing Perry's
decisions throughout his life, this medical official could see the connection between the trauma that
Perry experienced in his childhood and how Perry thought. The doctor knew that because Perry easy
choose to do things such as leave his family to go to war, steal to survive, kill, and harm others
without any compunction, that Perry had something wrong with how he controlled his thoughts,
which is reflected in Perry's behavior. In American society today, people still have their decisions
altered as a result of psychological trauma, especially in major cities. In, "Waiting to Die at the AIDs
Hotel" from the Los Angeles Time, Barry Bearak explores how receiving a deadly disease changes
people's behavior. AIDs hotels are places for those who are homeless and have fully onset AIDs, a
seemingly generous idea from the New York government. However, most people who stay there are
drug addicts that are given free reign to do as they please. Bearak explains that most of these people
that are addicts were not homeless before they were diagnosed with AIDs, and how many of them
claim, "'I had a life once'... A few were mechanics, one a carpenter, another a nanny" (Bearak 3).
This goes to prove that these were contributing members of society, but once they experienced the
trauma of being prognosticated with a terminal illness, they began to make poor decisions. One
inhabitant explains why she started drugs, saying, "'You know you got

The Damages Caused by Canadian Residential Schools for...
In the nineteenth century, the government of Canada felt it had an obligation to the nations people to
educate the Indigenous population of the country. The federal government sought to pursue this task
through the development of residential schools. Under this system, framed by the Davin Report,
Congregations of Christian missionaries were responsible for providing compulsory education to
Indigenous children within governmentally constructed schools. They were charged with
assimilating these children into mainstream culture and convert them into members of "civilized
society". The resulting actions on part of the Canadian government and acting missionaries have
caused detrimental psychological and emotional trauma to survivors of these residential schools;
trauma that has crossed intergenerational boundaries since the induction of the system. The direct
outcomes of the residential school system have resulted in a form of trauma with cross–generational
effects among contemporary Indigenous societies, known as historical trauma. The concept of
historical trauma was first applied to Jewish Holocaust genocide survivors and their descendants ,
and has recently been applied to survivors of the Indian Residential School system and their
offspring since the abolition of these schools began in the 1960s. The psychological concept of
historical trauma is comparable to the symptomatology of grief and post–traumatic stress disorder,
in that the long–term effects of the trauma are

A Review of Coping Skills for Early Sexual Abuse Victims
Running head: A REVIEW OF COPING SKILLS FOR EARLY SEXUAL ABUSE VICTIMS
Laverne A. Marks
Child and Adolescent Development u10a1 Integrative Project: Chapters I–V
Dr. Lohr
June 14,2013
A Review of Coping Skills for Sexual Abuse Victims
Table of Contents
Abstract........................................................................................................4
Chapter 1: Introduction...................................................................................5–6 Theoretical
Background........................................................................6–8
Chapter 2: Literature Review...........................................................................8–14 Proving Sexual
Abuse
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––8
What is the impact early sexual trauma has on victims? ..............................................9–10 Coping ...
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Providing an insight into positive coping skills will allow victims to gain knowledge on better
coping skills to prevent substance abuse, re–victimization and long–term psychological distress.
This research is aimed at providing knowledge of coping skills for victims of early sexual abuse.
Poor coping skills, such as avoidance has been demonstrated to exacerbate the impact of childhood
trauma on psychological distress (Wang et al, 2010). Victims of early sexual abuse tend to use
acceptance and avoidance as ways to cope with trauma. Child sexual abuse has consistently been
associated with the use of avoidant coping which have been associated with increased trauma
symptoms, which have, in turn, been linked to increased risk for adult sexual
A Review of Coping Skills for Sexual Abuse Victims re–victimization (Fortier et al, 2009).
Overemphasizing avoidant coping can result in psychological distress. Education on positive coping
skills is important in avoiding these effects. The purpose of this research is to evaluate whether a
booster coping skills training which focuses on referring to others to assist in solving problems help
sexual abuse victims ages 12–16 replace negative coping skills with positive coping skills. This
paper will review previous research and discuss the possible effects early sexual abuse may have on
the victims. It will discuss the negative coping skills that many victims use and the effects it has on
their psychological development.

Mrs Dalloway Gatsby Trauma Analysis
Sofia Mastroberti May 6th, 2016 English 220 Psychological Effects of Ignoring Trauma Trauma,
according to the Oxford dictionary , is defined as a deeply distressing or disturbing experience.
People with severe trauma often experience hardships in their day to day life due to memories and
flashbacks. Many people affected by trauma undergo therapy to work on their problems and
overcome any psychological implications associated with their traumatic experience. A person can
only overcome trauma if they are treated correctly, and not made to feel as if they are crazy. Doctors
post World War One, did not properly understand how to deal with trauma known as shell shock,
and often made ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They had undergone severe psychological duress, and were thought of as weak and unmanly. In a
novel by Virginia Woolf, Mrs. Dalloway, a man known as Septimus is a character with shell shock.
His young wife and him have a very broken relationship. She is not empathetic to his condition, and
does not understand what he is going through. Their problematic relationship is first shown when
Septimus is frightened by a car going down the street in London. He then sees a plane, and believes
that he is receiving some sort of secret message, while Rezia takes the message in a way that makes
her upset and angry towards her husband. She is hurt by the way he is behaving, and his constant
depression, especially because the doctor he is seeing said that there is nothing wrong with him. She
wants him to be normal, and seems to regret marrying him, instead of being kind and understanding
to his condition. Septimus sees the world as a cruel, evil place, and Rezia sees this, but she does not
agree, and she wants him to get over it and go back to normal. Since he has shell shock, her constant
displeasure only worsens their relationship. In another part of the novel, Septimus confuses Peter
with a man he served with in the army. He is visibly upset and frightened. Later on, Rezia and
Septimus see Dr. William Bradshaw, who Septimus believes is evil. Bradshaw believes that
Septimus should be isolated in the country, away from Rezia. He arranges for a pick up that evening.
Later that evening, Septimus and Rezia finally connect, because she finally is empathetic and kind.
Rezia is hopeful that Septimus will return to normal, but then Bradshaw and Holmes come to
retrieve Septimus, who then kills himself due to pressure from the doctors. When Rezia and
Septimus connected, it showed that Septimius was able to recover with the proper support, not by
the forcible methods the doctor were

Psychological And Psychological Aspects Of Psychological...
"Complex psychological trauma is defined as resulting from exposure to severe stressors that (1) are
repetitive and prolonged, (2) involve harm or abandonment by caregivers...a responsible adult, and
(3) occur at developmentally vulnerable times in the victims' life, such as early childhood or
adolescence" (Courtois & Ford C. A., 2009, p.13). Jim experienced prolonged physical and
psychological abuse and witnessed IVP between his parents until the age of 14. The abuse by his
father continued until he was 18. His entire childhood, he had to live in a place of fear, he was
vulnerable, unsure of how he would be treated, and likely felt helpless. As a result, he did not form a
secure attachment to his parents, did not learn healthy coping mechanisms, and had to adapt to the
unsafe environment and desired an attachment to his parent/s. "All of the abused child's
psychological adaptations serve the fundamental purpose of preserving her primary attachment to
her parents in the face of daily evidence of their malice, helplessness, or indifference: the child
resorts to a wide range array of psychological defenses to accomplish this" (Judith Herman, 1997, p.
102). There were many things that were shared in reference to his childhood that, in a different
setting, I would have liked have explored. Two areas being his substance abuse and his relationship
with his mother after the abuse stopped. Regarding the use of alcohol: Did he drink with his father
and did it feel like a bonding

Examples Of Biopsychosocial Factors
Biopsychosocial factors can impact peoples lives with both positive and negative biological,
psychological, and social outcomes. This analysis of a case study will focus on a first time mother
and the life struggles she is currently facing. Additionally, it will explore the biopsychosocial factors
that are impacting her life, and how trauma–informed care can look at improving her situation. An
action plan will also be written up and reflected upon to respond to the current issues she is facing in
her life. Biopsyhosocial can be defined as, "of, relating to, or involving the interaction of biological,
psychological, and social factors..." (English Oxford Living Dictionaries, 2017). Biological factors
are the inherited characteristics from our parents, and their genetic materials and processes, as well
as aspects of a person's psychological functioning (Caltabiano, Sarafino, & Byrne, 2008). Examples
of biological factors include inherited illnesses, genetic make–up, and health and wellness practices
learnt from childhood. Caltabiano, Sarafino, and Byrne (2008) explain that psychological factors are
both behavioural and mental process, which involve cognition, emotion, and motivation. These
psychological factors could include and impact attention, memory, reasoning, personal growth, and
emotional well being. Lastly, social factors are the affects we have on others and they have on us, as
well as how our society and community as a whole impacts individuals by promoting certain

Basi Basic Trauma Theory
If you've gone through a traumatic experience, you will be combating displeasing emotions, scary
reminiscences, or a way of constant danger. Otherwise, you could feel numb, disconnected, and
unable to trust people. Once unhealthy things happen, it will take a minute to urge over the pain and
feel safe once more. However with the correct treatment, help ways, and support, you'll be able to
speed your recovery. Whether or not the traumatic event happened years ago or yesterday, you'll be
able to heal and go on. Traumatic experiences usually involve a threat to live or safety; however any
scenario that leaves you feeling flooded and alone will be traumatic, even though it doesn't involve
physical damage. It's not the target facts that confirm whether or not a happening is traumatic,
however, your subjective emotional expertise of the event. The additional frightened and helpless
you're feeling, the additional probably you're to be traumatized. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Erich Lindemann and Gerald Caplan who developed theory and intervention directed toward
sufferers of loss/grief. Caplan expanded Lindemann's concepts by expanding their application to a
wider field of traumatic events. Their work began after a tragic event in Boston in 1942, at the
Cocoanut Grove nightclub fire, in which 493 people died. Lindemann treated many of the survivors
of the nightclub fire and noted that they shared similar emotional responses, along with the need for
psychological assistance and support. His work created awareness that many individuals who suffer
loss experience pathological symptoms but have no specific psychiatric

The Effects Of Trauma On Mental Disorders
Throughout our lives it is almost a guarantee that we will all experience a traumatic event that
changes who they are and their view on the world entirely. Whether it is war, abuse or some type of
accident, we can all fall as victims. These experiences often have the ability to manifest themselves
into a mental disorder or some other type of negative effect. Furthermore, even though being
diagnosed with a mental disorder can itself seem devastating, there are often even more effects that
can come along unless properly treated. Therefore, because trauma is so broad and has so many
victims, it is imperative that the fields of psychology and forensic psychology study the matter
thoroughly. Being that a host of different mental disorders or negative effects can come from one's
traumatic experiences, it does not matter what stage of life the experiences are had, being a part of a
serious and traumatic episode can allow these negative effects to stay with someone for their entire
lives. For all these reasons and many more the study of trauma has become one of most importance
and new theories are always being studied.
History of Trauma The first reported researcher to delve into mental illness was Jean Charcot, a
doctor in the late 1800's. He was a medical doctor at Salpetriere Hospital in Paris, France and at the
time was in no way interested in psychological phenomenon. It is said that while Charcot was caring
for women in a hospital and specifically studying hysteria.

Analysis Of The Attacks Of 9 / 11 And The Issue Of...
Analysis of PTSD in the Attacks of 9/11 and the Issue of "Survivor's Guilt" in the American Mass
media.
This media analysis will define the traumatic aftermath of the event through the psychological
problem of "survivor's guilt" and PTSD of the attacks of 9/11. Media reports often project the
trauma of the attacks of 9/11 through the personal experiences of "survivor guilt", which continually
effect the victims of the event. The original footage of the attacks of 9/11 shows the gruesome and
horrific of the destruction of the Twin Towers and the victims, yet over time, the survivors of these
attacks are continually neglected by the government in terms of psychological treatment and
healthcare assistance. However, certain media outlets expose this extremely neglectful treatment of
9/11 victims and the undercurrent of trauma that they continually experience on a daily basis. These
are the important aspects of media coverage that define the issue of the "forgotten victims" of 9/11
that illustrate the trauma and a lack of psychological care for these individuals. In essence, this
media study will define the traumatic aftermath of the event through the psychological problem of
"survivor's guilt" and PTSD of the attacks of 9/11. In the American mass media, the issue of 9/11
defines the trauma and suffering of the survivors of this event within a psychological context. On
September 11th, 2001, two airplanes crashed into the Twin Towers, which caused them to collapse
and to

Argumentative Essay On Childhood Trauma
Sixty percent of adults report experiencing abuse or other difficult family circumstances during
childhood. (Mental Health Connection, N.D.). This shocking statistic exemplifies the high
prevalence of childhood trauma. Furthermore, twenty–six percent of children in the United States
will witness or experience a traumatic event before the age of four. (Mental Health Connection,
N.D.) Trauma is an extremely common and complex phenomenon. But what is trauma? According
to Merriam Webster, trauma is defined as, "a disordered psychic or behavioral state resulting from
severe mental or emotional stress or physical injury." (Merriam Webster, 2017). Dr. Lenore C. Terr
from the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of America further describes trauma as unique to
each individual. It can be caused by a series of events or one severe incident. Unfortunately,
childhood trauma is usually experienced repeatedly. For example, many children endure sexual
abuse, bullying, and severe family problems over and over again. Children may experience a variety
of traumas that have lasting consequences on their mental health. Those who experience childhood
trauma are more likely to develop psychological disorders. This occurs because their brains lack
neuroplasticity, which inhibits their ability to adapt to various stressful circumstances.
One of the most perverse traumas experienced by children is sexual abuse. Sexual abuse is an
unfortunate reality for many children all over the world. Most

The Psychological Trauma Of Gun Violence
Every day, at least 7 teens, including children die from a gun related circumstance; 5 are murdered
and 2 shoots themselves (Brady Campaign). This tragedy is called gun violence. Gun violence is a
destructive and a inhumane issue, negatively affecting our society. It affects people of all ages and
can occur anywhere at anytime. Gun violence is a crime committed with the use of a gun. According
to the report, impulsive behavior, factors of alcohol and drugs, mental illness, hate, revenge, social
and mental pressure and practicing at killing behavior (Scholastic). This calamity is demolishing our
society and is preventing us from making it into a strong built community. Gun violence is pointless,
it doesn't lead to a solution, bringing the pain ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
" A new study finds that places with higher ownership of guns also results in more firearm– related
deaths" (livescience.org). This study shows that many places with high gun ownership tend to have
more firearm deaths, due to the high ownership of guns. In addition, high ownership of guns can
ruin society, causing more deaths and more violent crimes. "Higher ownership of guns in a state is
linked to more firearm robberies, more firearm assaults and more homicides in general"
(livescience.org). As mentioned in the above paragraph, instead of deaths, there are many situations
where high ownership will cause other problems like robbery, homicides, murder and sexual assault;
causing more violent crimes which will negatively impact future generations and ruin our society.
"This study suggest that it's really hard to find evidence that where there are more guns, there are
less crimes, but you can easily find evidence that where there are a lot more guns; there are a lot
more crimes" (livescience.org). The following study shows that many people think that higher gun
ownership will cause less crime as they think that a gun is a "key of protection", so it will cause less
violence and less crime but in reality more people find that the higher the ownership rate is the more
violent gun related crimes will

Psychological Trauma
Emotional and psychological trauma is the result of extraordinarily stressful events that shatter your
sense of security, making you feel helpless in a dangerous world. Traumatic experiences often
involve a threat to life or safety, but any situation that leaves you feeling overwhelmed and isolated
can be traumatic. It's not the objective facts that determine whether an event is traumatic, but your
subjective emotional experience of the event. The more frightened and helpless you feel, the more
likely you are to be traumatized.
Symptoms:
Trauma symptoms typically last from a few days to a few months, gradually fading as you process
the unsettling event:
Confusion, difficulty concentrating
Anger, irritability, mood swings
Anxiety and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The following techniques are commonly used in the treatment of trauma:
Get moving
Trauma disrupts your body's natural equilibrium, freezing you in a state of hyper arousal and fear.
Try to exercise for 30 minutes or more on most days–or if it's easier, three 10–minute spurts of
exercise per day are just as good. Exercise that is rhythmic and engages both your arms and legs–
such as walking, running, swimming, basketball, or even dancing–works best. Instead of focusing
on your thoughts or distracting yourself while you exercise, really focus on your body and how it
feels as you move. Notice the sensation of your feet hitting the ground.
Don't isolate
Following a trauma, you may want to withdraw from others, but isolation only makes things worse.
It is important you have someone to share your feelings with face to face, someone who will listen
attentively without judging you. Turn to a trusted family member, friend, counselor, or clergyman.
Participate in social activities, even if you don't feel like it. Join a support group for trauma
survivors. Being with others who are facing the same problems can help reduce your sense of
isolation and hearing how others cope can help inspire you in your own

Exposure Therapy
The American Psychiatric Association first introduced acute stress disorder (ASD) as a diagnosis in
the DSM–IV in an attempt to describe the acute stress reactions that preceded posttraumatic stress
disorder (PTSD). Although acute stress disorder is still a fairly new diagnosis, trauma and the
psychological effects of trauma have a long history of being studied. Most of the works on trauma
however, focus heavily on the effects of war trauma and its relation to PTSD. A subject area that has
had little attention is sexual trauma, especially sexual trauma and the development of acute stress
disorder. This is particularly concerning since it has been reported that 94% of rape survivors meet
the criteria for acute stress disorder shortly after their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nin Josefowitz and David Myran (2005) provide examples of how the conditions of person–
centered therapy can be combined within the structure of cognitive behavior therapy to produce a
safe, non–judgmental environment where clients can identify and explore their thoughts, affects, and
behaviors. One example is that therapists can use a combination of empathetic questioning along
with the "Socratic questioning" of CBT. Combining the two forms of questioning strengthens the
therapeutic alliance because it creates an environment where the client can feel understood and not
judged. Another example given is a person–centered CBT therapist would emphasize empathy and
the importance of accurate reflection of content and feelings along with reflecting clients' automatic
thoughts and meaning. A key feature of this integrative therapy would be that clients would be given
the opportunity to explore for themselves the meaning of specific situations rather than being
instructed or "told" the meaning of those situations. Integrating these two forms of therapy creates
an environment where clients can feel safe, not judged, where they can be validated, not feel
pressured, where they can have a sense of self–worth, and where they can have a supportive
therapeutic relationship. A study done in 1999 revealed

Trauma, By Daniel Gilbert, And Martha Stout 's The Mind 's...
Trauma is an inevitable aspect of life and all humans handle it in different ways. Humans have
learned over time to compensate for negative experiences in life through the interactions of the
mind, the body, and the brain. The ways in which they interact are exemplified by the biological
systems highlighted in the essays by Oliver Sacks, Daniel Gilbert, and Martha Stout. In "The Mind's
Eye," Sacks emphasizes that the trauma of losing one's vision often triggers the system of the mind's
eye to improve perception beyond sight, by means of neural plasticity and language. Comparatively,
Gilbert suggests in his essay "Immune to Reality" that negative situations in life can trigger the
psychological immune system to provide protection from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
He is implying that many people who lose their vision have described an almost automatic
improvement in their other senses, as well as mental visualization mediated by language. Similarly,
Stout explained throughout her essay that some of her patients faced events that demonstrated a
"trauma–generated dissociation from the body itself, or more accurately, from those aspects of mind
that inform one of what is going on in the body" (Stout 436). Essentially, her patients separated their
minds from their bodies, but this was a subconscious disconnection––their minds did not inform
them of what was happening in the process of dissociation. Stout would therefore agree with Sacks
that the improved perception by the mind's eye in blind people must occur subconsciously, much
like how individuals experience divided consciousness outside of their awareness. If the mind's eye
could be controlled, for instance, then humans would presumably have the capacity to drastically
improve their mental visualization even without the loss of vision. However, humans lack the
control to improve the quality of life by using these biological systems because they occur
automatically. People cannot control

Psychological Aspects Of Sexually Abused Women And The...
Introduction The topic of this article will focus on psychological aspects of sexually abused women
and the trauma recovery and empowerment. Sexual abuse can be well defined as sexual assaults and
sexual exploitation of the individual, which include the following: Rape, Incest, Molestation and
Voyeurism. An assortment of 15 empirical studies will compare and contrast their findings of
psychological sexual abuse and trauma recovery. Individuals that are victims of sexual abuse can
undergo many issues for the victim to inflict upon. Despite the fact that sexual abuse does mark
males, women are at a higher rate to be sexually abused. In fact, one out of three females is a victim
of sexual abuse (SA) or sexual violence (SV). 13% of women and 6% of men have reported they
experienced sexual cohesion in their lifetime (Sexual Violence, 2014). Sexual abuse not merely
leaves a victim with lengthily problems but also a lifetime of psychological difficulties when
treatment is not sought after. Research further suggests that certain characteristics of the abusive
experience father–daughter incest, physical force and level of sexual activity tend to be associated
with a more negative long–term outcome in women (Coffey, 1996). Sexual abuse may stint from
early childhood that has continued to surface in adulthood or a specific incident that occurred in
adulthood. Either way the psychological aspect of abuse can be a vast amount of emotional and
mental disorders. For example, the

A Summary Of Psychological Trauma
It seems to be a very controversial topic with no accurate answer. After reading some materials
online I believe that recovered memories of psychological trauma are valid and I concluded this by
reading an article "How Traumatic Memories Hide in the Brain, And How to Retrieve Them"
written by Marla Paul. The problem with a validity of the repressed memories arose many times and
made some people think that the memories were false because they were not easy to access this is
why they considered not being true. The Northwestern Medicine scientists explain that "in response
to traumatic stress, some individuals, instead of activating the glutamate system to store memories,
activate the extra–synaptic GABA system and form inaccessible traumatic

Burn Trauma Research Paper
Burn victims, although rarely discussed in reference to the types of victims of psychological
impairment and disorder, are the group of victims recorded with the highest percentages of the
development of some of the most common psychological disorders. Stated by Dr. Nicholas Tarrier,
his extensive research "indicates that at least 30% to 40% of burn injury patients will suffer from
marked and persistent psychological disorders." What sets burn victims apart from other trauma
victims as far as aftermath is the painful and intrusive medical procedures required to treat them.
The effects of a burn trauma tends to dramatically affect the victim's ability to cope with life
stressors, as well as constrict their ability to relate to others for either ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Recover a sense of safety in the world, 2. Accurately remember their story, say it out loud, and allow
themselves to mourn, 3. Reconnect with others and their lives from before the incident. Recognizing
trauma symptoms throughout the acute, rehabilitative and reintegration phases of burn treatment is
imperative in order to facilitate early and ongoing intervention. What makes the psychological
affects on a burn victim so unique is that there is a list of disorders that they tend to develop after
each step in their recovery process due to different reasoning causing the onsets. For starters,
directly after their incident, while the individual is in the hospital, is the time frame where they
would, if they do, develop delirium, depression, or anxiety. Studies show that "delirium is the most
common psychiatric problem in hospitalized burns patients, with between 41% and 73% of patients
being affected," according to Dr. Nicholas Tarrier, leading plastic surgeon at the Children's Hospital
of Philadelphia. This is so common due to the unexpected and such fast development of the fire or
explosion they encountered. Loss of either family or friends is fairly common and witnessing this
usually drives the victim temporarily insane. Following delirium is depression where "estimates
vary from between 38% to 61% of patients experiencing some depression whilst in–patients and
19% suffering severe depression upon discharge," also documented by Dr. Tarrier. While in the
hospital, burn victims have to undergo a series of extremely painful procedures that many other
trauma survivors such as rape victims or victims of witnessing murder do not have to undergo.
Debridement, only performed on burn victims, is a medical process that causes some of the worst
memories in a burn patient's life. In this procedure, doctors have to assess the burned areas by
removing the dead skin, which

Psychological Experiences While Undergoing Trauma
Psychological experiences while undergoing trauma
As human beings, we have all experienced the grief feeling of loss and undergone trauma, which
may provide an opportunity for one to grow up more maturely. No matter the loss of a treasured
object or a beloved person, that experience will surely leave a deep impression on you. In the novel
Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close, a family experiences many kinds of disasters and suffers
from trauma, which has a huge impact upon their relationship with people around them. Trauma, as
a type of damage to the psyche that occurs as a result of a severely distressing event, is one of the
most important emotional forces that cannot be ignored. It may occur with many forms and destroy
your will and depress you for a long time. Many people are trying to shake off it with many
methods, such as resorting to psychologists, confessing to ministers or asking for friends. Others
may fall into desperation for a long time or even committed suicide. This paper try to analyze the
feeling of trauma Oskar, as well as many people, has ever experienced before.
Trauma not only refers to the damages caused by physical external forces, but also can refer to the
psychological damage caused by some kinds of strong emotions, such as the suffering of loss,
family violence or others. Judith Butler, writing about trauma, says "As far as loss, he holds that if
we have lost, then it follows that we have had, that we have desired and loved, that we have
struggled

Frederick Douglass And Psychological Trauma
Last quarter in Professor Hall's class, we went over how Frederick Douglass said that it is a slave's
duty to respond to a violent slave master with violence to preserve their dignity, self–respect, and
self–confidence; Douglass wanted them to prevent psychological trauma. Trauma, as described by
the American Psychological Association, is "an emotional response to a terrible event like an
accident, rape or natural disaster." There are other events that can cause trauma, and there were
many that happened during America's slavery of Africans. To be a slave is to undergo a stripping of
one's identity, and beaten down to nothing but an object to be used by their enslavers; the process for
this to happen includes physical beatings, rape, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Internalized racism is when a person accepts the views of an outside source of their race. According
to Y. Evie Garcia and Annel Esparza, when a person has internalized racism, they "may progress to
more active and outwardly directed behaviors, such as mocking one's ethnic group, adopting racial
slurs to describe one's self and others, rejecting one's cultural heritage (foods, traditions, and values),
and demonstrating hostility toward others of one's race" (Garcia and Esparza). The connection
between psychological trauma and internalized racism, self–hatred and self–doubt are blatant.
Psychological traumas within the African American community takes the form of hatred –– hatred
for their skin, hatred for their hair, hatred for their body, and hatred for their believed intellectual
inferiority. This self–hatred gets seen in their day to day lives in the form of outright taunts. Due to
internalized racism, the African American community throws taunts about their body, hair, and skin
color at each other, having internalized the hate and definition that White people have given them
about what features are good and valuable. In Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye, Morrison captures
this internalized racism within 11–year–old Pecola Breedlove, who prays for blue eyes like the ones
White Americans have. Although

Summary: The Reintegration Of Female Child Soldiers
As the population is increasingly targeted in wars, children establish an increasing number among
the victims of each conflict. In some countries, a whole generation of children seems to have grown
up without knowing peace (Herath 2004). A lot has been written about the effects of war on people,
and the psychological consequences they bear as a result of traumatic experiences–yet, there is a
lack of studies focusing on the psychological burden of female child soldiers. While it might be
evident, war and extensive violence leave deep psychological scars–it is essential to understand
what shape these scars on female children. The relevance of the topic is striking–on a humanitarian
and developmental level psychological trauma may be long lasting. With so many young children
affected, if not efficiently tackled the damage could hinder victims life's (Kiyala 2015). I will
analyze the impact of war traumas on female children soldier and their reintegration to society.
Female Child Soldiers
Female child soldiers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The common stigma relating with rape and sexual abuse made the rehabilitation and reintegration of
female child soldiers complicated than boys (Grey 2014). A study indicated the issues surrounding
the reintegration of female child soldiers–stating the reunification may be particularly difficult for
female soldiers who have been raped or sexually abused, in part, because cultural beliefs systems
and society attitudes can make it very difficult to have a connection with family or to have any
prospects of marriage (Grey 2014). With limited alternatives, many children eventually seek to
become a victims of prostitution (Grey 2014). The social stigma attached to females abused, with
the addition of psychological and physical trauma endured, allows the reintegration of female child
soldiers extremely complex (Kiyala

Judith Herman's Trauma And Recovery
In her groundbreaking book, Trauma and Recovery, Judith Herman discusses psychological trauma.
In particular, we will focus on her conceptualization of "Complex Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder"
(which is not an official diagnosis), and how it relates to and differs from 'simple' post–traumatic
stress disorder. Beginning with a distinction between the diagnoses, we will discuss the need for the
additional diagnosis of C–PTSD, by examining the problems and benefits to both the current DSM
diagnosis of PTSD, as well as by considering the implications for diagnosis and treatment. In this
context, we will further examine how Herman understands childhood abuse and neglect. Herman
states that "the conflict between the will to deny horrible events ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As Herman states, the current criteria for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder does not account for the
sometimes complex symptoms that occur for people who have suffered chronic trauma. She
suggests, "...when the truth is finally recognized, survivors can begin their recovery. But far too
often secrecy prevails, and the story of the traumatic event surfaces not as the verbal narrative but as
a symptom"(insert page number). Repeated child abuse is the most common cause of C–PTSD, but
this does make to process of diagnoses a little more difficult. Often present in in C–PTSD are
"disguised" presentations. For instance, someone suffering from chronic trauma may complain of
physical pain, insomnia, anxiety, difficulty in relationships, etc. It is hard to connect these issues to
an underlying history of trauma. Thus, it is important that during a diagnostic evaluation, the patient
be subject to explicit questions of the type that are not asked traditionally. It is common people
suffering from chronic trauma to receive a variety of diagnoses and of other psychological
conditions, such as personality disorders. They are commonly prescribed a number of medications
that don't result in improving the individual's emotional state and behaviors. Thus, In chronic
trauma, these are usually the "symptoms" of an underlying history of

Trauma And Mental Illnesses Are A Huge Part Of A Lot Of...
Research Report 2.8 Trauma and mental illnesses are a huge part of a lot of people's lives, but many
more don't know much about it. It can take a huge toll on both the old and the young, no–one is
immune. Trauma or traumatising experiences are something that are often spoken about, but not
truly understood. After recently studying 'Lord of the Flies', which looks into lives of a group of
boys who get stranded on an island and turn against each other, I was curious as to how huge,
traumatic events might affect children like those in 'Lord of the Flies'. It is never explicitly stated,
but I was sure that an event like that in a child's life would be extremely traumatising, especially
seeing as the boys witnessed a few deaths during their time on the island, and not peaceful ones.
This made me want to better my understanding of trauma, especially in children, so that I could treat
it with full respect and to try to comprehend what it may be like to live with traumatic experiences
in your life, events from your past and what affects they can have on you after. Question 1: What
sort of events do we define as traumatising and how does trauma occur? First of all, I had to ask
what sort of events are defined as traumatising? One definition I found for trauma in general, was
that trauma is a deeply distressing or disturbing experience for an individual or a group of people.
There are, however, a very wide range of events that can be defined as causing emotional and
physiological

Child Abuse And Its Effects On Children
Around the world the number of children abusing drugs has been on the rise for quite some time.
Children often turn to drug abuse in order to cope with psychological trauma such as rape, violence,
physical abuse, and even mental abuse. In order to limit the number of children abusing drugs and
prevent the rate from continuing to rise, the plan is to install a program in the elementary school
systems to evaluate these students. When counselors evaluate students away from home they can
generally see how their home life is by their reactions to things and their actions when certain things
are mentioned. Counselors evaluating these type of actions and getting the children help at
Around the world drug use is a major problem, drug use can lead to AIDS, STDs, Hepatitis, and
several other communicable diseases as well as several social problems. Children participating in
drug use at such young ages typically stems from a home problem, such as watching their parents
perform the act of doing drugs. Many people who have experienced psychological trauma turn to
substance abuse for a coping mechanism. Experiments with children and young adults that have
experienced different things in their childhood such as sexual abuse, physical abuse from parents or
other family, and mental abuse are being performed to see if the experience they have went through
is leading them to drug abuse. As stated in the article by Maia Szalavitz "How Childhood Trauma
Creates Life–long Adult Addicts", "Early

Casualties Gone Unnoticed : The Marginalizing Effect Of...
Casualties Gone Unnoticed: The Marginalizing Effect of Relief Efforts
*Geetika Ahuja, **Arshiya Kochar
*Geetika Ahuja– Student of B.A. Sociology, Department of Sociology, Lady Shri Ram College,
University of Delhi
**Arshiya Kochar– Student of B.A. Psychology, Sri Aurobindo College (E),
University of Delhi
ABSTRACT
Wherever several different identities co–exist, conflicts are bound to happen. However, trivial
conflicts get magnified into severe clashes and such clashes, can often metamorphose into violent
uprisings, bloodshed and riots, which we can broadly consider as man–made disasters. In the
aftermath of such man–made disasters, rescue forces are put to work, and immediate health
assistance is given to those physically or visibly injured. However, it is important to note that there
is a fundamental exclusion and overlooking of the psychological trauma suffered by the survivors,
their families and the deceased 's families. Sidelining this extremely important tangent of an
individual and group 's well–being, the institutional records only throw light on the physical
casualties, not focusing on psychological health. This can be seen to have severe repercussions, as
people who haven 't recovered psychologically may harbor feelings of antagonism, hatred, hostility,
and may be unable to accommodate themselves to mainstream society again. Such individuals may
face alienation from society and are hence, rendered to live their lives at the margins. This
marginalization and

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